Seek a summary of political knowledge points in the eighth grade book next semester!

People's Education Press History and Society

The second volume of the eighth grade

Unit 5 the arrival of industrial civilization

Lesson 1 The Rise of Industry and Commerce

First, the factory developed from this time.

1, time:14th century location: Italy

2. What's the difference between a handicraft workshop and a handicraft workshop?

owner

worker

mode of production

Site and scale

correlation

efficiency

Manual workshop

Workshop owner

Workshop owners and their families and helpers

Feudal style

small

The relationship between workshop owners, apprentices and helpers

low

Handicraft workshop

Handicraft workshop owner

Handicraft workshop worker

Essence of capitalism

big

The relationship between employment and being employed

high

The most fundamental difference: there is an employment relationship in handicraft workshops.

3. Function:

(1) has improved people's lives.

(2) further promoted the development of trade.

(3) It has promoted the changes of social class and class structure.

First, the change of businessmen: becoming the predecessor of the bourgeoisie

Mode of operation: from simple business to being both a manual workshop owner and a businessman.

Economic status: more powerful than princes and nobles.

Political status: even the mayor.

Reasons for the change:/kloc-After the 6th century, the monarchs of western European countries made great efforts to develop industry and commerce in order to make Qiang Bing rich, and pursued policies in favor of businessmen.

B, aristocratic change: the economy is in trouble and heading for decline.

C. Changes of farmers: Some of them lost their land and became workers in handicraft workshops. Become the predecessor of the working class

4. Other knowledge points:

(1) Handicraft Workshop-Handicraft Workshop-Factory

(2) Handicraft workshops in Western Europe have developed, but Western Europe is still in an agricultural society.

(3) Handicraft workshops (the seeds of capitalism) also appeared in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The second lesson is to break through the cage of thought.

I. Mona Lisa's Smile (Renaissance Movement)

1, time:14th century Location: Italy's commercially developed city target: Catholic Church.

2. Reason: (1) The emerging bourgeoisie thinks that it can create wealth and should also enjoy life. It is required to attach importance to people's role and needs.

(Concept) (2) Some advanced intellectuals promote the humanistic spirit by studying the culture of ancient Greece and Rome and through literary and artistic creation.

3, representative figures and works:

Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa and The Last Supper are the most perfect representatives of the Renaissance.

English Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, King Lear and Othello (four tragedies)

Three outstanding Renaissance artists: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael.

Three outstanding figures in Renaissance literature: Dante Petrarch Bo Kaya

4. Humanistic spirit in the Renaissance: During the Renaissance, some advanced intellectuals affirmed the value and dignity of human beings through studying the culture of ancient Greece and Rome and through literary and artistic creation, attached importance to the role and needs of human beings, advocated that everything should be people-oriented, demanded that everything should start from people, and ultimately everything should be for people. This is the humanistic spirit of the Renaissance.

5. Evaluation: It was an ideological emancipation movement, which reflected the desire of the emerging bourgeoisie at that time and liberated people's thoughts from religious ignorance.

6. China's literary works with the same theme: The Peony Pavilion by Tang Xianzu.

Second, the liberation of the "Pope Cow" (Religious Reform)

1, Leader: Martin Luther Rising Country: Germany Time:16th Century Object: Catholic Church

2. Proposition: On the issue of faith, everyone is equal. Just believe and not teach.

3. Comparison between Renaissance and Reformation;

The historical background and social conditions are the same. They are all anti-feudalism in the historical era of the decline of feudal system and the budding development of capitalism in Western Europe. They are all aimed at the church, seeking and absorbing nutrients from ancient times and finding classical basis. Humanism promoted the humanistic spirit by restoring the form of ancient Greek culture, and Luther also sought theoretical support from Christian classics.

4. Results: The Reformation swept across Germany, and churches everywhere became independent. Switzerland, Britain and other western European countries also set off a magnificent religious reform movement, got rid of the control of the Roman church and embarked on the road of independent development.

5. Evaluation: It broke through the shackles of traditional religions and permanently ended the feudal rule of the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe. It was a political liberation as well as an ideological liberation, which provided the bourgeoisie with revolutionary ideological weapons.

Third, the birth of modern science

1, date: 15,16th century.

2. Knowledge is power (Bacon): It is pointed out that as long as we know nature and master its laws, we can conquer nature and make it benefit mankind.

3. Reason: (1) The improvement of productivity provides a lot of materials and research methods for scientific research, which is the fundamental reason for the development of natural science.

(2) The opening of new air routes has broadened people's research horizons.

(3) During the Renaissance, people's cognitive and creative abilities were convincing.

4. Evaluation: It laid the first and most important cornerstone for the prosperity of industrial civilization in the future and paved the way for the revitalization of science.

Let nature no longer be mysterious, and people gradually find the beating pulse of nature. With the further development of science, mankind has ushered in the climax of technological invention.

5. Enlightenment to our modernization:

Rejuvenating the country through science and education attaches importance to the role of knowledge and the harmonious development between man and nature (environmental protection).

6. On behalf of:

Polish Copernicus, the beginning of Heliocentrism's scientific revolution.

Bruno, the Italian universe is infinite.

Newton's law of universal gravitation in England (in the field of physics) pushed the development of science to a new peak.

7. The role of science: It can help human beings to understand nature, prompt the mysteries of nature, and thus look at the world with a scientific haircut attitude.

Fourth, the light of reason (enlightenment)

1, time: 17,18th century countries: Britain and France, etc.

2. Meaning: Strongly criticize absolutism and religious ignorance, and advocate freedom, equality and democracy.

3. Reason: The development of science has promoted people's thinking about society. Dispel the darkness with the light of reason

4. On behalf of:

French Voltaire was endowed with human rights. He believes that all people are born free and equal, and all people have the right to pursue bottom-up and happiness. This is a birthright and cannot be taken away. (political freedom)

Rousseau believes that all power belongs to the people and their sovereignty. (Reflected in the French Revolution. The Declaration of Human Rights)

The separation of powers of Montesquieu in France

event

Get up first

visual angle

represent

The object of struggle

The Renaissance

Italy and so on

people-oriented

Three outstanding literary writers and three outstanding artistic writers.

Feudal theocracy

reform

Germany and so on

Everyone is equal in faith.

Martin Luther and others.

the Enlightenment

Britain, France, etc.

Rationality, Natural Human Rights and People's Sovereignty

Voltaire Rousseau and others.

natural science

Italy and so on

Knowledge is power.

Copernicus, Newton, etc.

Lesson 3 The world begins to move towards the whole.

First, "discover the new world" (open up new routes)

1, reason: (conditions) The most fundamental reason: the development of capitalism and the development of commodity economy.

(1) The demand for oriental goods, such as silk, porcelain, precious stones and spices, is exported to Europe. In the eyes of Europeans, the East is very rich.

(2) Under the influence of the budding capitalism, the demand for money has increased, and "money worshippers" hope to grab gold outside Europe. After the description of the East Durham peanuts in Marco Polo's Travels was widely circulated, it aroused people's yearning for the East.

(3) The Turks blocked the traditional trade route and needed to open up a new direct trade route to the East.

(4) Spain and Portugal have been able to build large ships suitable for long-distance voyage, and have learned a lot of navigation knowledge from Italians. The Portuguese king has sailors from all over the world.

(5) The compass invented by China was introduced to Europe and has been widely used in navigation. Globes, nautical charts and books related to navigation prepare technical conditions for navigation.

(6) The ancient Greeks' theory of earth circle was gradually accepted by people.

(7) the support of the king

(8) A navigator has the spirit of exploration and superhuman will and wisdom.

2. People and events

time

1487- 1488 1492 1497―― 1498 15 19―― 1522

Diaz Columbus da Gama Magellan

Portugal Italy Portugal Portugal

Route Western Europe-Cape of Good Hope Western Europe-America Western Europe-Cape of Good Hope-India Global Navigation

Supporters Portugal Spain Portugal Spain

Among them: Columbus's arrival in America was called "discovering the new continent" by Europeans.

(1) Time: 1492

(2) Significance: People are greatly encouraged, and more and more navigators join the ranks of maritime adventure martyrs and open up new routes in the East. It contributed to the formation and development of "immigrant countries" such as the United States and destroyed Indian civilization.

(3) Columbus's discovery of America was not a personal credit, so it was imperative to open up a new route. Even without the exploration of Columbus and Spain, other countries and other navigators would explore and discover the new continent. Columbus's discovery of America was not accidental, but was caused by many objective conditions at that time, and Columbus was the first pioneer to realize this great task according to these objective conditions. 3. Function: These activities of European navigators have had a great impact on human history. The opening of new sea routes has strengthened the ties between continents, broadened people's horizons and promoted the spread and integration of human civilization.

Second, strengthen global ties.

The positive impact of the opening of new routes;

(1) The opening of new air routes promoted the migration of population (Europeans came to America).

(2) The opening of new sea routes has promoted the flow of species (corn, potato, tomato, peanut (America)-Asia and Europe).

(3) The opening of new sea routes has promoted the expansion of international trade (Netherlands (/Kloc-one of the most developed commercial countries in the 7th century)-sea coachman.

(4) The opening of new air routes has promoted the blending of civilizations.

(5) The opening of new air routes has promoted the spread of scientific and technological achievements.

Third, how did black people come to America?

The negative impact of the opening of new routes;

(1) It is convenient for colonial countries such as Portugal and Spain to colonize and expand America, Africa and Asia, brutally slaughter local residents and plunder land and wealth. (plunder gold, etc. ) has caused backwardness and poverty in Asian, African and Latin American countries.

(2) Killing indigenous people (Indians and Indian civilization suffered a devastating blow)

(3) The slave trade has caused great losses to Africa (since16th century).

Others: Britain becomes an empire where the sun never sets.

The American region south of the United States is called Latin America and belongs to the Latin family.

Lesson 4 bourgeois revolution: the establishment of a new system

(British, French and American bourgeois revolution)

First, the parliamentary victory over the monarchy (British bourgeois revolution)

1, time:1640-the beginning of modern world history 1688.

2. Conditions: (1) Take advantage of the favorable conditions at the crossroads of the Atlantic route to actively carry out overseas trade and colonial plunder.

(2) The enclosure movement has accumulated huge capital and made capitalism develop rapidly.

(3) With the development of economy, the strength of the bourgeoisie is growing day by day, which requires mastering political power and further developing capitalism.

3. Process: (1) 1640, Charles I called the parliament (fuse) to raise military expenses.

(2) 1642, Charles I declared a "crusade against parliament" and provoked a civil war (symbol).

(3)1649, Charles I was guillotined.

(4) 1688, the bourgeoisie staged a coup and overthrew the restoration dynasty without bloodshed.

(5) 1689, the bill of rights was passed-the constitutional monarchy was established (the political system in which parliament restricted the power of the king; Created in England; Japan, Thailand, Belgium, Spain, Sweden, the Netherlands, Portugal and other countries have also adopted constitutional monarchy.

4. Leader: Cromwell

5. The people (the parliament organized the army, and many farmers and craftsmen participated in the battle of the parliamentary army, which greatly increased the combat effectiveness of the parliamentary army) showed that outstanding figures were the promoters of history and the people were the creators of history.

Second, the emergence of the first president in history (American bourgeois revolution, national independence war)

1, date:1773-1781year.

2. Leader: Washington

3. Roots: British colonial rule hindered the development of colonial economy in North America, and the formation of American nation and the awakening of national democratic consciousness conflicted with British economic oppression and colonial oppression.

4. Process: (1) 1773, Boston Tea Party (fuse) (The East India Company's tea is cheap, why should the North American people refuse it? )

(2) 1775, the gunfire in Lexington started the American War of Independence.

(3) 1776 On July 4th, the Declaration of Independence was adopted, which marked the birth of the United States of America (Declaration of Independence: the first bourgeois political appeal put forward in the form of a program in the world), denounced the British king's tyranny over the colonies, declared that all people are created equal, and that people have inalienable rights such as bottom-up, freedom and pursuit of happiness, and declared the formal birth of the United States of America. )

(4) 178 1 year, the war of independence was won.

5. Reasons for victory: the North American people long for independence, the justice of the war itself in opposing colonial rule and striving for national liberation, and the promotion of the bourgeoisie.

6. 1787, the United States enacted the constitution and determined the political power, and Washington was elected as the first president of the United States (according to Montesquieu's theory of "separation of powers", the legislative, executive and judicial powers were separated; Founded in the United States; Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Egypt, Indonesia and other countries have adopted this method. )

7. The change of American flag and territory shows that the United States has embarked on the road of colonial expansion after independence.

Third, selfless French citizens (French bourgeois revolution)

1. The three-level hierarchy before the French Revolution: the king has the highest power "I am the country" ―― Louis XIV's first level: the priest's second level: the aristocrat (the first and second levels are called the privileged level) and the third level: the bourgeoisie, craftsmen, urban poor and farmers.

2. Root: feudal autocracy hindered the development of French capitalism.

3, fuse: 1789, Louis XVI held a three-level meeting.

4. Three armed uprisings of the people of Paris:

(1)1789 July 14 captured the Bastille (symbol, national day), the Bastille and the declaration of human rights: "sovereignty belongs to the people" is one of the achievements of the people's armed uprising in Paris during the French Revolution. It is a programmatic document of the revolution, and its core content is to clarify the human rights of the bourgeoisie. The relationship between the French bourgeois revolution and the Enlightenment: Voltaire believes that people are born free and equal, and the Declaration of Human Rights declares that people are born free and equal, and they will always be free and equal in rights; It can be said that the Enlightenment made a unique ideological preparation for the French Revolution and was a great practice of the bourgeois Enlightenment.

(2) 1792, the people of Paris revolted again, abolished the monarchy, established a * * * peace system, and Louis XVI was guillotined (the French national anthem "Rhineland Army Warsong"-"La Marseillaise").

(3) 1793, the third uprising of Paris people. Robespierre came to power and implemented the revolutionary policy-the revolution reached its peak.

5. Significance: The French Revolution ended the feudal autocracy in France and dealt a heavy blow to other feudal systems. It fully shows the great strength of the people. * * * and masculine bodies were finally established and continue to this day.

The three revolutions have highlighted the power of the masses, indicating that the masses are the creators of history. After the three revolutions, an advanced political system was established, which is one of the reasons why the west is advanced.