Does Jiangxi and Hunan belong to Jiangnan?

"Jiangnan" is a changeable historical concept, and its geographical scope is different according to different division standards. Generally speaking, the geographical scope of Jiangnan should include four aspects: physical geography, administrative geography, economic geography and cultural geography.

physical geography

Jiangnan, literally speaking, should refer to the area south of the Yangtze River. However, in history, when people used the word "Jiangnan", they were given different geographical scope. According to scholars' research, the word "Jiangnan" first appeared in the Spring and Autumn Period, referring to the southeast section of the capital of Chu (now Jiangling), with a small scope. During the Warring States Period, Chu State expanded its territory on the south bank of the Yangtze River, and the scope of the south of the Yangtze River also expanded to the southeast, extending to the south of Wuchang and the Xiangjiang River Basin. During the Qin and Han dynasties, Jiangnan mainly refers to the area south of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, that is, southern Hubei, all of Hunan, and the Nanling Line in the south. In practical application, the scope of "Jiangnan" is extremely extensive, and its use has reached the level of "knowing with one mind". For example, Li Si's "The Book of Departing Guests" says: "Jiangnan is useless, and Danqing in western Sichuan is not for mining"; "Historical Records of the First Emperor" contains: "Wang Jianding Jing, Jiangnan, the monarch, set up Huiji County." Suk Kim has always been regarded as a local tribute in the southeast of wuyue. Thus, in the concept of Qin and Han Dynasties, Jiangnan includes Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. However, compared with the Jiangnan area in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, the terms "Jiangdong" and "Jiangzuo" were most commonly used in Qin and Han Dynasties.

Since Sun Wu founded Jiangdong, the economy and culture of Jiangdong have experienced a few hundred years of relative silence in Qin and Han Dynasties, and started to get new development. Later, after the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, Jiankang, as the capital, has become the political, political and cultural center of the South. Subsequently, the scope of "Jiangnan" also shifted from west to east, becoming a meaningful concrete concept. Xie Tiao, a writer in the Southern Dynasties, praised "the beauty of the land in the south of the Yangtze River and the imperial capital of Jinling" in "Folk Songs", which provided two clues for understanding "the south of the Yangtze River". First, at this time, the scope of Jiangnan has moved from two lakes in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River to Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the lower reaches; Secondly, the connotation of the word "Jiangnan" is linked with economic development and cultural prosperity, so it is called "the land of beauty". Later generations used "Jiangnan in the north" to refer to the scenery in the north, and its focus is also here.

Administrative geography

The earliest administrative division named after "Jiangnan" was that Wang Mang changed a county (now Hubei branch city) into Jiangnan county. However, Wang Mang's restructuring was short-lived, and Jiangnan County was abolished, which was little known.

In the first year of Zhenguan of Emperor Taizong (627), "it started from mountains and rivers and divided into ten roads". Among them, Jiangnan Road has the widest scope, covering the south of the Yangtze River and the north of Nanling, starting from Sichuan and Guizhou in the west and nearly half of China in the east, which is a veritable Jiangnan. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan (733), Jiangnan Road was divided into three parts: Jiangnan East Road, Jiangnan West Road and Guizhou Middle Road. Among them, Jiangnan East Road includes southern Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian and parts of southern Anhui and northeastern Jiangxi. In the first year of Su Zonggan Yuan (758), Jiangnan East Road was further divided into four roads: West Zhejiang, East Zhejiang (sometimes divided), Xuanhua and Fujian, among which West Zhejiang governed southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang and Shanghai. Jiangnan West Road is also divided into Hunan Road and Jiangnan West Road (Jiangxi Road for short), which became the origin of the names of Hunan and Jiangxi provinces today. In the early Tang Dynasty, Daoism was first sent by the imperial court to inspect the counties and counties' monitoring areas. After the Anshi Rebellion, most of our military and political envoys were responsible for the inspection, and the Tao evolved from a monitoring area to the highest administrative area above the county level.

In the Song Dynasty, it was changed to one road, and the east and west roads in the south of the Yangtze River. Jiangnan East Road governs one government (Jiangning), seven states (Xuan, Hui, Jiang, Chi, Rao, Xin and Taiping) and the second army (Nankang and Guangde), generally including Nanjing, southern Anhui and parts of northeastern Jiangxi. West Road is about the whole province of Jiangxi today. There are two Zhejiang roads in the southern Jiangsu and Shanghai-Zhejiang areas east of Zhenjiang today, and then they are divided into two roads: East Zhejiang and West Zhejiang. Zhejiang West Road includes Lin 'an, Pingjiang, Zhenjiang, Jiaxing, Anji, Changzhou, Yan, and Jiangyin Army, that is, southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang and Shanghai around Taihu Lake, similar to Zhejiang West Road in Tang Dynasty.

In the second year of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty (1⑥45), Nanzhili in Ming Dynasty was changed to jiangnan province, and its jurisdiction included Jiangsu, Shanghai and Anhui provinces. In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1), jiangnan province set up a left and right ambassador, the left ambassador was stationed in Jiangning, and now the right ambassador is stationed in Suzhou, leading the five governments of Jiangning, Zhenjiang, Changzhou, Suzhou and Songjiang, which took the first step to divide the south of the Yangtze River into provinces. Later, jiangnan province added a governor and a provincial judge, both of which were divided into districts. In the twenty-five years of Qianlong (1760), Jiangsu and Anhui provinces were finally established. Due to the complexity of Jiangsu affairs, a member of the vassal department was added. "The six States of Jiangsu, Huai, Yang, Xu, Hai and Tong were placed under the vassal department of Jiangning, and the five States of Jiangsu, Song, Chang, Zhen and Taiwan were placed under the vassal department of Suzhou." Although jiangnan province was completely separated in the 25th year of Qianlong (1760) at the latest, people used to call Jiangsu Province jiangnan province until the end of the Qing Dynasty. For example, in July of the 17th year of Daoguang (1837), Sun Baoshan, a storyteller, called it "Xuzhou House in jiangnan province" in his memorial.

economic geography

The scope of economic geography in the south of the Yangtze River is one of the concerns of economic historians in Ming and Qing Dynasties, but there has never been a unified understanding. In the works of related scholars, Jiangnan University covers the southern part of Jiangsu, the whole province of Zhejiang and even most parts of Jiangxi, and it is only the corner of the eastern plain of Taihu Lake. Among them, Susongchang Town or Susongchang Jiahu 4, Susongchang Hangjiahu 5, Susongchang Hangjiahu 6, Susongchang Hangjiahu 7, Susongchang Town Ning Hangjiahu 8, Susongchang Town Ning Hangjiahu Hui 9, Susongchang. Therefore, according to Shi Jianya's regional research theory, Mr. Li Bozhong put forward two criteria for dividing the scope of "Jiangnan area": first, the area has geographical integrity; Second, the region has the tightness of economic ties and the tightness of economic level. The so-called "geographical integrity" must be an area with relatively unified natural and ecological conditions. In other words, there should be a natural barrier outside it to separate it from its adjacent areas; In its interior, it should not only have roughly the same natural ecological conditions, but also belong to the same water system, so that its various parts are closely related to each other. Li Bozhong obviously accepted Shi Jianya's theory of "region is watershed" and emphasized the role of water system. The close degree of regional economic ties mainly adopts Shi Jianya's advanced central place theory, that is, "an economic zone should have a core where population and wealth are concentrated, and around this core is a concentric circle with decreasing population and wealth density." The commercial hinterland of major cities in the region are all within the boundaries of the region, and the commercial links between these cities are very close, and the most intensive intercity trade is almost in the core of the region. "Based on this, it can be concluded that Jiangsu, Songsong, Taiyuan, Changzhou, Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Hunan, Nanjing and Zhenba in the south of the Yangtze River during the Ming and Qing Dynasties should be a very complete economic zone. First of all, the area is connected by Taihu Lake water system and Jiangnan Canal. Secondly, the region has formed a number of large and medium-sized commercial cities with the function of high-rise centers, and eight governments and one state are the basic economic hinterland of these high-rise centers. Again, among the high-rise centers in this area, one center (Suzhou) is higher than others. Fourthly, the region has formed a regional differentiation structure of core-periphery relationship. Around Suzhou, the center of the highest level, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Songjiang (Ming) and Shanghai (Qing) form a triangular core area, while Ningzhen hills and mountainous areas in the west of Taihu Lake are economically dependent and belong to the periphery.

Li Bozhong's definition of Jiangnan region in Ming and Qing Dynasties is consistent with that of Taiwan Province scholar Liu Shiqi, and has also been recognized by many domestic scholars. However, there are obvious differences in topography, geomorphology and economic level between the east and the west within the scope of these eight prefectures and one state. It is not enough to define the concept that Jiangnan was formed by history only based on the relationship between water system and economy. Li Bozhong also believes: "There is another major difference between this economic zone and the economic zone defined strictly according to the stone standard, that is, the commercial hinterland of some big cities in this region greatly exceeds the boundary of this region. Among them, Nanjing and Hangzhou are not only the capital cities of Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, but also close to the western border of these eight provinces and one state, so their commercial hinterland is not completely limited to the border. " Suzhou is "the only city in China with the status of national economic center before the middle of19th century, and its economic hinterland can be said to extend to most parts of China". "Even in some professional towns in the south of the Yangtze River, the scope of trade often crosses the above borders". But "on the whole, the links between the centers in this region greatly exceed their links with other places, and their basic commercial hinterland is mainly within this region." This close internal economic connection makes the region truly become an economic unity. "In this way, the determination of the scope of this economic region is based on two objective criteria, while still incorporating strong subjective judgment factors. Taking eight prefectures and one state as a complete economic zone is still far from the two objective standards set by the author.

From the perspective of specific scholars, Japanese scholars' research on Jiangnan mainly focuses on Susong Taichang Hangjiahu, Liuzhou and Yizhou in Taihu Plain. American scholars are more engaged in the study of specific places, and few are labeled as "Jiangnan". If the Jiangnan area does not include Nanjing (Jiangning), it refers to the Yangtze River Delta east of Zhenjiang. Even though some domestic scholars agree with the scope of eight provinces and one state in the south of the Yangtze River, the actual research is still concentrated in the eastern region, and rarely touches the Ningzhen region in the west. Similarly, in an important paper recently published by Li Bozhong, "For the convenience of discussion, the' Jiangnan' area is geographically limited to the Jiangnan Plain (or Taihu Plain), and the scope generally includes Suzhou (Pingjiang House), Changzhou, Xiuzhou (Jiaxing House), Huzhou and Jiangyin Army under the jurisdiction of Zhejiang West Road in the Song Dynasty." It is hard to say that this change is only for the convenience of discussion, but should be regarded as a confirmation of the differences between Taihu Plain and Ningzhen area. In the list of towns with more than 1,000 households in the south of the Yangtze River compiled by Liu Shiqi in Ming and Qing Dynasties, all the towns with more than 1,000 households are concentrated in counties around Taihu Lake, and there is no pre-list in Ningzhen area. After the opening of Shanghai in modern times, especially after the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the economic gap between the East and the West further widened. Although Ningzhen is located in the south of the Yangtze River, it has been excluded from the scope of "Jiangnan" and is unknown to people. 1⑨ In 1984, the "Shanghai Economic Zone" divided by the China government took Shanghai as the center, plus Suzhou, Wuxi, Changzhou, Nantong, Hangzhou, Jiaxing, Huzhou, Ningbo, Shaoxing and 55 counties with a ratio of * * */kloc-0, accounting for 0.8% of the national area and 5% of the population. In this economic zone dominated by traditional Jiangnan, Zhenjiang and Nanjing are not close at hand.

cultural geography

Culturally speaking, Ningzhen area and Taihu area have shown different regional characteristics since the Neolithic Age. In the Neolithic Age, the cultural development order of Taihu Lake basin was Luojiajiao early remains, Majiabang culture, Songze culture and Liangzhu culture. Cultural types are rich, continuous, clear and self-contained. The production technology of jade, black pottery and silk in Liangzhu culture represented the highest level at that time, and the decorative style of pottery was characterized by plain face. The development order of Neolithic culture in Ningzhen area is Dingshadi culture type, northern Yin and Yang culture, Zanmiao Phase I and Zanmiao Phase II. There are few types of cultural relics, rough pottery, and plain decorative patterns, but painted pottery accounts for a certain proportion, and its cultural characteristics are close to Xuejiagang culture in Jianghuai area and Yangshao culture in Central Plains. This is mainly because Ningzhen is located in the north-south traffic tunnel, so it is more susceptible to the influence from the Central Plains culture. The lake cooking culture in Ningzhen area of Shang Dynasty was quite different from Maqiao culture in Taihu Lake basin. The cultural origin of Hushu culture mainly inherited the late Neolithic culture in this area and the Shang culture in the Central Plains. Maqiao culture, on the other hand, has a cultural fault with local Liangzhu culture for hundreds of years. Its main cultural source comes from the geometric pottery printing factors in the south and some Xia culture factors, so its development level has actually regressed. After the establishment of the State of Wu in the late Shang Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty, Ningzhen area and Taihu Lake were culturally integrated because they were located in the territory of the State of Wu. However, due to the lack of descriptive literature and archaeological data, it is still difficult to determine the degree of their integration.

After the southern crossing of Jinshi, a large number of northern refugees lived in Ningzhen area, and there were as many as 220,000 overseas Chinese in Jingkou (now Zhenjiang), 20,000 more than the indigenous people. Due to the fundamental changes in population structure, the dialects, customs and cultural features in Ningzhen area have undergone great changes. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War, the population of Ningzhen suffered heavy losses. After the war, immigrants from Jiangbei and other places flooded in, and Ningzhen dialect gradually merged into the Jianghuai Mandarin dialect system and separated from the Wu dialect area. Today, Danyang, Jintan, Liyang and Gaochun belong to Jianghuai Mandarin in the west and Wu dialect in the east, which are quite distinct. Compared with Ningzhen area, Taihu Lake basin is the settlement of the indigenous gentry of Sun and Wu, and the overseas Chinese gentry in the north are newcomers. In order to achieve peace, they avoided the Wu gentry and developed to the east of Zhejiang, thus ensuring the continuity and relative independence of Taihu Lake basin culture.

It can be clearly seen from "History of Song Dynasty Geography IV" that the folk customs of the east and west roads in the south of the Yangtze River (including Jiangning) are quite different from those of the two Zhejiang roads. Jiangnan east-west road, "its vulgarity is fierce and urgent, and it is impolite; Especially good at litigation, its gas is still made "; Two Zhejiang roads, "human nature is soft and intelligent, and it is still the teaching of pagodas." Vulgar extravagance without accumulation is stronger than taste. Be enterprising, be eager to make profits and be original. "During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the folk differences between Ningzhen area and Taihu Plain were still clearly discernible. For example, Zheng De's "Songjiang Prefecture Records" contains: Songjiang. People "believe in ghosts and worship ghosts, but up to now, their hometown is very bad, they are praying for illness, and there are people who have lost everything and have no regrets"; Elegant, beautifully decorated, natural in the territory and prosperous in the southwest; I am afraid of the first thing and like to follow the crowd, then the government will accept it. " Qianlong's "Yuanhe County Records" contains "Wuzhong people have many skills and each has its own strengths. Although ordinary utensils are handmade, they will be twice as exquisite as others. " "Comfort and joy, fear and luxury. Although the platform is cheap, the hall is big, riding on horses, wearing cold clothes and drinking too much; That is, women, women, wear light clothes, straight hair, change the ancient style, or wear dazzling clothes, which are worth 20 to 30 gold. ..... the text is complicated but the quality is few, and the rich are poor in the outside. "

Because of its backward economy, Ningzhen area is relatively closed compared with Susong area, and its folk customs are relatively simple. During the Hongzhi period of the Ming Dynasty, Gu Lin, a native of Jinling, said: "Most of my hometown is also bold and studious, emphasizing righteousness but making small profits, with beautiful customs, and enjoying literature and art but being disgusted with vulgarity, which is very popular in the world." After Wanli, the folk customs of Jinling began to change greatly. "There are many lazy people and few pouting people;" There are many people who are pregnant with the soil, but few people go out of Xinjiang. ..... Vulgar luxury, especially women, can't afford to keep stones at home, and they have been renewing their frontiers. They have accumulated not cleverness, but a few things, and then they capsized, and they are everywhere. "But in Lishui County, people's morale is still simple. According to Guangxu's "Lishui County Records", during the Wanli period, "Li people were simple and generous, and donated very little ... women stayed at home and worked hard. The poor are not ashamed to eat dirty clothes, the rich don't ride horses when walking in the neighborhood, the scholar-officials don't listen to selling slaves and don't leave their names, Dong Yu doesn't play chess and don't paint, his clothes are not flattering and his diet is not innovative. ..... Marriage is important, and lottery, money, invitations, home visits and temple fairs are all in accordance with ancient rituals. ..... Most people live in groups, emphasizing their ancestry, and different surnames are not popular. ..... The village is simple and self-protective, not seeing foreign affairs, content with acres of land, and have no worries about food and clothing. "Liyang County, which is adjacent to Lishui, was still a' folk custom, planting valley and not doing business' during the Kanggan period of the Qing Dynasty." Living in a family, advocating harmony, there are many ancestral halls, and it is expected to burn silks for food. A gentleman is rich, regardless of wealth. There are scholars in the village, mysterious and light. "From Gaochun County to the Republic of China, it was still" filial piety, honesty, shame, ... the poor refused to be the land war, and the village officials did not bear the land. "... marriage must focus on the portal, lottery, coins, invitations are in accordance with the ancient. "Look at Zhenjiang house. In the Southern Song Dynasty, "the local wind is thick, and the scholars are straight in Kaze Jun". During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, scholars "made their own books without paying attention to them. The so-called book makers only succeeded in making them, but they did not have the skills of learning classics through the ages, so they could catch up with those who heard before." The decline of literature and art, the decline of friendship, even the songs of the court and the countryside, and the bribery of goods are all advocated by the school. "

It should be admitted that even in Hangjiahu, Susong and Taihu Plain, there are differences between counties, between urban and rural areas, and between towns and villages, but as a whole, their customs of believing in ghosts and gods, loving obscenity, respecting literature, respecting luxury, valuing business and litigating are still universal. This is in sharp contrast to Ningzhen area (especially its subordinate counties such as Lishui, Liyang and Gaochun), which is frugal, service-oriented, staying at home and ignoring books. Although the atmosphere of Jinling began to change after the middle of Ming Dynasty, and the number of extravagant and lazy people began to increase, the influence was mainly confined to cities with developed commodity economy, while the changes of social associations in counties and villages were extremely slow. From the perspective of folk customs, Ningzhen area and Taihu Plain should belong to two different cultural areas.