Who were Sima, Situ and Sikong in the Western Han Dynasty? What exactly is it?

Zhou Li Shimonoseki has a fu who is in charge of state affairs. The Han Dynasty inherited the Qin system and placed the Prime Minister, the Imperial Adviser and Qiu, while the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty put Qiu in charge of Fu. During the Western Han Dynasty, consorts who were often granted power were often associated with generals, generals in title of generals in ancient times and chariot generals, some of whom did not hold the title of generals.

At the beginning of the eastern Han dynasty, it was one of the three fairs, and it was changed to Qiu. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it was not a tax, and it was above the three fairs. Wei and Jin dynasties are one of the nobles, ranking above the three fairs and ranking first. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Fu and General Wei Qi in the Northern Dynasty were combined into the "second largest", and their military affairs were also above the three fairs. Chen Dan is a gift officer. Used as another name for the history of the Ministry of War in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Fu is the ancient name of China for Wu Zhi, the highest official of the central government. Similar to the later "Grand Marshal of the World" and the modern "Commander in Chief of the Three Armies". Take Fu as the leader. "Fu, palm nine founding, assist Wang Pingbang countries. ? The method of nine cuts is also a country. "

Ying Shao said, "Sima, a master of martial arts, is also honored by all military commanders" (Official List). Zhao Wei's "Distinguishing Names and Interpreting Names" said: "Fu Ma, Ma, and Da Zong are also military affairs. Fu commanded the army. The ancients had four horses and one cart, so they named officials after horses. Train the horse into a warrior and take its speed. "

2, big Stuart:

It was the highest official position in charge of the local official system of the state financial institutions in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Its main post, Zhou Li Local Official Situshang, said: "The method of land equalization is divided into five things and nine grades, and the world is unified to levy land, so as to serve as a civilian post and collect money from the land." That is, the total palm is flat; Distinguish native products, classify land grades and formulate tax collection and management.

His position evolved from Stuart, a local official in Zhou Li. There were four Shang Shulang in the Han Dynasty, one of whom was the director of the finance office. When he was in Wei Wendi, he set up Shangshu Temple, which was in charge of military affairs. In the Sui Dynasty, it was changed to the Ministry of Civil Affairs, and in the Tang Dynasty, it was renamed the Minister's Book to avoid Li Shimin's taboo.

In the first year of Qing Dynasty (AD 656), the Ministry of Household Affairs was changed to a branch; In the second year of Longshuo (AD 662), Du Zhi Shangshu was changed to Siyuan Taichangbo; In the first year of Xianheng (AD 670), it was reinstated as Shangshu. The Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties remained unchanged. The minister of housing is responsible for the national household registration and tax laws and regulations. Assistant minister is in charge of auditing books, taxation, taxation and other accounting statistics.

Its daily work is to reclaim land for immigrants, recruit and resettle refugees, and suppress the merger of noble families according to the fish scale atlas and yellow book; Cutting heretics by limiting the field; Teach agricultural officials with tree art; Raising horses and grazing on the grassland; Call for the best use of electricity; Compensation for accumulated arrears for many years can be exempted according to the situation; Adjust the surplus and deficiency according to the income and expenditure situation of each province; Reduction or exemption of officers;

Pensions and relief for poor elderly people in disaster areas, and rewards for meritorious personnel; Weigh the market and evaluate the price; Taxes on Shanze slope pool, Guanshi and Keng metallurgy; Support the army and lose, supervise the grain transportation, support the seeds, open the border and fix the border, and support the official salary; Regularly fabricate household registration books, transfer accounts, etc. Understand the changes in population and land; Timely stop and correct illegal acts such as concealing household registration and occupying land.

3, sikong:

Since the Western Zhou Dynasty, it has been placed in the third place, equivalent to the sixth Qing Dynasty. With Sima, Sikou, Shi Si and Situ, they are called "Five Senses" and are in charge of water conservancy and construction. Jin Wen is a department staff member. Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period.

He was a handicraft manufacturing official in charge of the Ministry of Industry, representing the most advanced scientific and technological level at that time. There was no such official in the Han Dynasty. When he became emperor, he changed the official to a general official, but his position was different from that of the Zhou Dynasty. Sikong is also one of Chinese surnames.

Yao Beng was recorded in Historical Records-Chronicle-Next Chronicle. Shun Di asked April, "Can anyone become a beautiful Yao official?" They all said: He is a mediocre man, and he can achieve the achievements of beauty and Yao. It can be seen that Shun made Yu a mediocre man and let him control water. So it was common before the Western Zhou Dynasty.

Presided over the water and soil affairs, swept away the suburban musical instruments, and restored the school to the soil with heavy losses. Shun acceded to the throne, Yu Yong. The son of the deed is called a ghost, which is also common in summer. It is not uncommon for Tang Yin to take responsibility. During the week, he was the winter official and was in charge of state affairs. Han Xijing didn't say anything at first. In the first year of He Sui's reign, he changed his name to Dasikong. After mourning for emperor Jianping for two years, he returned to the ancient bachelor's degree; In the second year of Shou Yuan, it became a common thing again;

In the twenty-seventh year of Jianwu, Emperor Guangwu removed the word "big". Thirteen years after Di Xian Jian 'an, he was no longer an ordinary person. He was appointed as an ancient consultant. Lv Chi, the ancient censor, was forgiven and didn't add anything. Wei Chu, commonplace.

Extended data:

The historical evolution of Fu Zhi.

1, pre-Qin period

In the Tang, Yu, Shang and Zhou dynasties, when there was military affairs, Fu was in charge, but in normal times, Fu was still placed as a security guard, responsible for daily military and political affairs. For example, Fu Rongguang, Jiang Ziya (Lu Shang and Jiang Shang), Qi Fu and Tian Rangcha (Sima Yi) in Huangdi Neijing.

2. Qin dynasty

During the Qin Dynasty, the central government established Qiu. After Qin ascended the throne, three officials and nine ministers were replaced successively. The three fairs are respectively the Prime Minister, an imperial envoy, Qiu, Fuzheng, the army supervisor and the leader. However, the Qin dynasty did not set a specific candidate for Qiu, that is, in name only.

Xiang Yu in Western Chu was named Longchev. Long Qie is the first valiant soldier under Xiang Yu, and he is also called the general of Chu Army with Lu Bu, Zhong Limei and Ying Bu. Officials in Western Chu worshipped Fu. Long Qie and Xiang Yu were brothers since childhood. With the uprising of Xiang Yu's uncle Xiang Liang, he personally went into battle to kill the enemy in every battle, which won the trust of Xiang Yu. Fu is also the highest Wu Zhi in Western Chu.

3. Western Han Dynasty

At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, Qiu was set up in the center without Sima. In the second year of Jianyuan (BC 139), the Emperor of the Western Han Dynasty abolished Tai Wei, and in the fourth year of Yuanshou (BC 1 19), he changed his title to Fu. General Wei Qing and General Huo Qubing, an ancient general title.

When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty appointed Fu Daiwei, but "not sealed, add officials" to increase officials. Its position depends on the position of the added general.

During the Western Han Dynasty, there were four kinds of generals who were qualified to be named Sima, namely, general, general in title of generals in ancient times and general Wei.

After the coronation of Sima, the rank remains unchanged. General fu is more respected than the prime minister, and general fu is more expensive than Shang Qing. General, the title of a general in ancient times, the title of a general in ancient times, the title of a "fu" and the title of an "official", can manage daily military and administrative affairs in an orderly manner.

Because the power of the former prime minister was too great, since the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the examination and reading of Zhangzou was transferred to Shangshu, headed by the general. The minister was guilty and was illegally played by the minister; The appointment of an ancient scholar is determined by the quality of the minister; Officials are promoted and report to the minister; State and county officials entered the court to play things and met ministers. If the prime minister is wrong, he will be asked by the ministers to play illegally.

As a result, the power of the prime minister was deprived step by step, but it was still a long time in etiquette. ("Han Shu" Volume 19, "Guan Bai Gong Qing Table 7"). In the Qin Dynasty and the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the prime minister (sometimes called) was in charge of government affairs, Qiu was in charge of military affairs, and Yushi was the deputy of the prime minister and was responsible for supervision. The three restricted each other, and the power was concentrated in the emperor's own hands.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed General Fu to lead troops to fight, and when he was not fighting, he became the de facto ruling party and the prime minister was a puppet (Common Sense of Chinese Culture). North Korea gradually became a central cardinal and mastered the secret decisions of the central government. As a leader within North Korea, General Fu can lead the rehearsal of political affairs within North Korea and participate in decision-making. His main task is to "assist the government", that is, to assist the emperor to exercise the monarchy, and he is the highest-ranking assistant minister.

As an important measure for Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to strengthen centralization, Fu was not only in charge of the military, but more importantly, he was able to participate in the administration of state affairs in the Inner Korea and serve as a cardinal.

From the prime minister to the six hundred stones, it is also a foreign dynasty. "As the head of China and the DPRK, its main function is only to act as a staff officer and consultant when handling government affairs for the emperor, so as to better reflect the auxiliary government functions.

In the Western Han Dynasty, officials of the Imperial Palace were in charge of minister affairs, so for generals, official uniforms actually became an important symbol of leading the central cardinals, directly assisting the emperor and handling the government affairs of the Imperial Palace. For consorts, it is important to see if we can attack Sima. Fu's power can be seen.

In the period of Emperor Cheng of Han Dynasty and Emperor Ai of Han Dynasty, Fu gradually changed from an official to an official. The deposed prime minister was changed to Da Situ, but Fu still exists, and he is one of the three public officials, and * * * is in charge of state affairs.

Fu, who had to be attached to the general, became a gold medal, had an official in Stuart, a prime minister and a truly independent official, and became a well-deserved official. He was formally incorporated into the normal bureaucratic system, which meant that Fu changed from an old leader in the inner dynasty to a leader in the outer dynasty.

No matter in name or in practice, Fu has become the first eunuch in the world, quite like a prime minister in the early Han Dynasty. For example, Dong Xian is a general in Fu Wei, in charge of history, and a very important minister. Hundreds of officials play with things because of their talents. In the end, Wang Mang usurped the Han family's world and became a Sima.

4. Eastern Han Dynasty

In the early days of the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the official system of the Eastern Han Dynasty basically followed the official system of the late Western Han Dynasty, with Fu as the head of the three public offices and in charge of the military. Guangwu Emperor Liu Xiu named haing s ngor Fu and Du Mao as general.

In the spring of the second year of Jianwu, (Wu) Han Yin, Jianyi General Zhu _, Du Mao General, Jinwu General Jia Fu, General Pian General. He rode a captain, Liu Long, Ma Wu, Yin Shi, and * * * in Honolulu, Dong Ye, to fight thieves, and got water and caused great damage. More than 100,000 people fell.

After the death of haing s ngor, Fu was changed to Qiu. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Tai Wei, Si Tuleideng and Sikong were called "three fairs" or "three divisions". Qiu is a "god" and a "man", and Si Tuleideng is a "man".

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the three fairs (Taiwei, Situ, Sikong) became vacant posts, and the three fairs were assigned outside and above the three fairs. For example, with the powerful minister Li.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Liu Bei also served as a great Sima. See the reflection of the three kingdoms. Shu Shu II. The first master passes 2.

5. Three Kingdoms Period

(1) Wei:

The official system of the Three Kingdoms basically followed the official system of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the State of Wei set another tax above the three fairs, which was higher than that of generals, and was generally promoted by generals, such as Coss, Cao Xiu and Cao Zhen.

In the twenty-fifth year of Jian 'an, Wei Guochu was appointed as a high official, and his class was in Qiu. Sima Shi was a general and his uncle Sima Fu was Qiu, so he began to work for Qiu. And go back to the old days. There are eight members before and after: Xiahou _, Cao Ren, Cao Zhen, Sima Yi, Yan, Cao Shuang, Sima Shi and Si Mazhao. "In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Qiu, Stuart, were three divisions.

Huang Chu in the second year, AD 22 1 year. Cao Pi worshipped Coss as a general. He also asked Coss to be the governor and moved him to Linying and Fufu, where he stationed troops in Wujiang and Hefei.

Xelloss took Cao Xiu as Wu Dong's general and pretended to be Huang Yue. Wei Mingdi and Cao Rui acceded to the throne, and Cao Xiu was Pinghou. Promoted to fu, still in charge of Yangzhou.

In 226, after Wei Mingdi Cao Rui succeeded to the throne, Cao Zhen was promoted to general. In 230, Cao Zhen went to Luoyang to appear before the emperor, was promoted to Fu, and was given a sword to the temple.

(2) Shu Han:

Shu Han's fu is above the generals, such as Zhuge Liang's successor Jiang Wan. Biography of the Three Kingdoms: In the twelfth year of Jianxing (234), Zhuge Liang died in the army, with Shiwan, the prime minister's office, as the official order and the president as the state affairs.

In the summer and April of 13th year, Jiang Wan was promoted to be a general. In the second year of Yan Xi (239), in March of spring, Jiang Wan became a fu. In November of six years, he was appointed as a general with the order of ministers. In the winter and November of nine years, Fu will die.

③ Wu:

Martial arts include Fu, Zuo Fu and You Fu. They are above generals and are generally promoted by generals or generals. Such as Lv Dai, Shiji, Lu Kang, Ding Feng, Zhu Ran and Quan Cong.

In the first year of Huanglong (A.D. 229), Zhu Ran rode a general and the right guard commanded Yanzhou. In the ninth year of Chiwu (AD 246), Sun Quan sent envoys to worship Zhu Ran as the left fu and right strategist.

In the fourth year of Huanglong (AD 232), Lv Dai was transferred as a general. In 252, after Sun Liang ascended the throne, he worshipped Fu.

In 258, Sun Xiu ascended the throne, and Ding Feng was promoted to general and protected by the national seal. In 264 AD, after the death of Sun Xiu, he and Prime Minister Pu Yangxing followed Wan's advice and made Sun Hao emperor. Ding Feng was promoted to right fu and left strategist.

In 258 10, Sun Xiu ascended the throne, and Shi Ji was appointed as a general and commander-in-chief. In July 264, Sun Xiu died, Sun Hao ascended the throne, and the historical records were appointed as, and was appointed as You Fu.

6. Jin Dynasty

The Jin dynasty basically followed the characteristics of the three kingdoms official system, and Fu ranked first among the military officials. Wei has Qiu, Fu and General are officials respectively, and there are three divisions. Jin was subjected to Wei Zen, and because of its system, eight people were tied at the same time, and there was no prime minister. Since Yiyang Wang became a fu, the order remains the same, in the third division.

Taizai, Taifu, Taibao, Situ, Sikong, Zuoyou Dr. Guanglu and Dr. Guanglu are civil servants, and they are crowned with sages and three beams.

Fu, General, Qiu, A title of generals in ancient times, Che Qi, General Wei and other generals are all military commanders, all wearing military crowns and equal to men in black.

All officials are fake gold medals, fake purple ribbons, and wear five-time clothes. His prime minister and prime minister are all Guan Qing, so they are different from long-term workers. "

7. Southern and Northern Dynasties

Abandoning children was not common in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Chen was used as a gift officer. Fu and General of Wei and Qi in the Northern Dynasties were the "second largest", and their military affairs were also above the three fairs. The Northern Zhou Dynasty appointed six officials according to the ceremony of "Zhou", thinking that Xia Dynasty was the leader and Qing was in charge.

8. After the Southern and Northern Dynasties

Abandoned after the Sui Dynasty. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was used as another name for the Ministry of War Shangshu, who was in charge of the national military chief. Ming dynasty is the second product, Qing dynasty is the first product. Equivalent to 20 18, Chief of General Staff of China or Secretary of Defense of the United States.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-Sima

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Dastu

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-sikong