How much land was ceded in the unequal treaties signed by China and Russia?

The unequal treaties signed by China and Russia have ceded more than 1.9 million square kilometers of land.

1. On September 7, 1689 (July 14, the 28th day of the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty), the Treaty of Nerchinsk between China and Russia was signed, covering 250,000 square kilometers of land north of the Xing'an Mountains. Placed under Tsarist Russia.

2. On October 21, 1727, China and Russia signed the Treaty of Kyakhta, and China lost 100,000 square kilometers of land south of Lake Baikal.

3. In the 1858 Sino-Russian Treaty of Aihun, Tsarist Russia forced the Qing government to cede more than 600,000 square kilometers of land, including the 64 villages in Jiangdong.

4. In 1860, Tsarist Russia signed the "Beijing Treaty" with the Qing government and obtained 440,000 square kilometers of northeastern China. For the first time, China completely lost its outlet to the Sea of ??Japan.

5. In the 1884 "Sino-Russian Treaty on the Demarcation of the Northwest Boundary", China was ceded more than 400,000 square kilometers of land area in the northwest region. Lake Balkhash, once an inland lake in China, will never belong to China. Extended information

In 1856, the capitalist countries led by Britain and France launched the Second Opium War against the Qing Dynasty, intensifying their aggression against the Qing Dynasty. On May 28, 1858, the Russian Empire forced Yishan, the Heilongjiang general of the Qing Dynasty, to sign the Treaty of Aihun. On June 13 of the same year, they forced the Qing government to sign the "Qing-Russia Treaty of Tianjin" and took advantage of China. However, Tsarist Russia was still not satisfied with the privileges and benefits it had obtained.

When Britain and France were extorting greater money from the Qing Dynasty, the Russian Empire tried its best to encourage the British and French forces to go north to attack Beijing and Tianjin, trying to use British and French military aggression to threaten the Qing Dynasty. At the same time, it wooed the United States, pretended to be neutral, and appeared as a "mediator" in an attempt to maximize the benefits of aggression.

In October 1860, the British and French forces captured Beijing, looted the world-famous Old Summer Palace, and threatened to bombard Beijing and destroy the Qing Imperial Palace. Prince Gong, who was ordered to negotiate, was eager for peace and humbly asked Ignatiev, the Russian ambassador to China, to mediate. The frightened Yi Xin hurriedly expressed her acceptance.

Just a few days after signing the "Beijing Treaty" with Britain and France respectively, Ignatieff insisted that the Sino-Russian negotiations should be kept secret from Britain and France, and submitted a draft of the Russian-Qing treaty to Yi? As the basis for negotiations, the Qing government was forced to accept Tsarist Russia's harsh conditions.

The representatives of the Qing government suffered humiliation during the negotiations and were at the mercy of others, and they did not dare to raise objections to Russia's demands. On November 8, Emperor Xianfeng issued an edict allowing Yi? to sign. On the 14th, Yi? was forced to sign the "Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty" with Ignatiyev.

Baidu Encyclopedia-China-Russia Beijing Treaty