Why have there been no coups or mutinies in the history of the United States like other countries?

Yes

The American Civil War

1861-1865, a war between the northern states of the United States and the slave states in the south that launched rebellions. The result of the intensification of the antagonism between the capitalist North and the slave-owning South.

In 1860, Lincoln, the opponent of the slave system and the party candidate, was elected president of the United States. For the Democratic Party, which was heavily influenced by slave owners, this meant losing power across the country. The slave owners' response to Lincoln's election was to announce that the southern slave states would secede from the Union and prepare for civil war to maintain their power. In February 1861, the "Southern Confederacy" was established, with 11 of the 34 states in the United States participating. In April 1861, the "Southern Confederate" army launched a rebellion and occupied many fortresses in the south and arsenals containing large amounts of weapons and ammunition. Only Fort Sumter in South Carolina resisted the rebels for two days, but surrendered on April 14. President Lincoln took office on March 4, and officially declared the southern states to be rebel areas on April 15, 1861. The American Civil War broke out. Southern rebels fought this war to preserve the social institution of slavery. At the beginning of the war, the northern bourgeoisie believed that rebuilding the Union and preventing the expansion of slavery were their main tasks. The northern states were far superior militarily and economically to the southern states. The population of the 23 northern states was 22 million, and the population of the 11 southern states was only 9 million, of which 4 million were black slaves. 86% of all industrial and mining enterprises in the United States, 97% of military production, and more than 80% of national bank capital are concentrated in the north. Of the 50,000 kilometers of railway lines, 35,000 kilometers are in the northern states. During the war, 2.7 million people in the north were drafted into the army, compared with 1.1 million in the south. The number of ships in the Union fleet increased from 90 ships in 1861 to 700 ships in 1865. The organizational structure of the armies of both sides is roughly the same. The infantry division has 3 brigades, each brigade has 2 regiments, each regiment has 10 companies, and each company has 80-100 people. 2-3 divisions are combined to form an army, and several corps (usually 2 corps) are combined to form a group army.

The southern states were well prepared for the war and therefore had an early military advantage. In early 1861, long before Lincoln became president, large arms reserves were established in the southern states under the auspices of former President Buchanan's administration. The Southern Army had an experienced command backbone, because the commanders of the U.S. Army were traditionally mostly representatives of southern states. Many officers of the U.S. regular army, including General Lee, who later served as commander-in-chief of the Confederate Army, joined the "Southern Confederacy" early in the war. The military quality of the Southern Army was much higher than that of the Northern Army. However, Southern slaveholders' advantage was temporary. Their war plan was adventurous, relying on surprise attacks and aid from Britain and France to win. They attempted to quickly capture the three states of Missouri, Tennessee, and Virginia, and then march straight to Washington, thus ending the war victoriously. The Northern Army's plan was of a passive defense nature. Only some defensive operations and local assaults would be carried out before the army was fully formed and ready for the attack.

The first stage of the war (1861-1862). This period was characterized by the Lincoln administration's indecisiveness in fighting. This was the result of the vacillating attitude of the northern bourgeoisie toward southern slaves, and showed a tendency to use compromise methods to resolve conflicts rather than to engage in revolutionary war. In 1961, the main combat operations were launched in the direction of Washington and Richmond. In mid-July, General McDowell led the Northern Army (35,000 people) into Virginia and reached the Bull Run River. At the same time, General Beauregard led the Confederate Army (31,000 people) also approached the area. On July 21, the Northern and Southern armies engaged in a large-scale battle for the first time in Manassas on the Burland River. The Northern Army was defeated, in disorder, and retreated toward Washington. However, the Confederate army did not take advantage of the victory and stopped pursuing McDowell's army. The failure of Manassas forced the Lincoln administration to take the following emergency measures: expand and consolidate the army, mobilize northern economic resources, purge hidden rebel sympathizers in the army and government agencies, and build fortifications; formulate a new strategic plan to use land and The navy established encirclements in the southern states and then gradually tightened them until the southern rebellion was completely suppressed. The plan was based on an outdated cordon strategy that had been sharply criticized by Marx and Engels.

In 1862, the Northern Army achieved some victories in the secondary directions (the Western Front and the Southern Front). In April, with the support of the Navy (Admiral Farragut's squadron), General Butler's army landed at the mouth of the Mississippi River and captured New Orleans. General Grant's army successfully launched an attack from north to south along the Mississippi River. The Northern Navy blockaded the coastline and some major ports controlled by the "Southern Confederacy", cutting off the Alliance from Britain and France, which provided military assistance. However, the Southern Army on the main eastern front was victorious in consecutive battles. The mediocre and incompetent General McClellan personally led 100,000 Northern troops in an attempt to annihilate the Confederate army and capture Richmond, but it failed. From June 26 to July 2, in a battle between the Northern Army and 80,000 Southern troops on the banks of the Chickahominy River (east of Richmond), the Northern Army was defeated and withdrew to Washington. In September 1862, Confederate General Lee attempted to capture Washington. However, after achieving initial victory, he failed to win the battle near Antietam (September 16-17) and was forced to retreat to the other side of the Potomac River. .

From December 11 to 13, Union Army General Hooker's Army of the Potomac River was defeated near Fredericksburg. Therefore, the Union Army's attempt to attack Lidoman again failed. From June to November 1862, the Confederate cavalry of Jackson and Stewart attacked the enemy from the rear several times. He also failed to achieve success. The defeat at the front and the threat of Washington's fall produced profound changes in public opinion in the North. The people demanded that Lincoln declare a national war against slave owners and ruthlessly punish traitors and traitors. Under pressure from the people, Congress passed a series of measures in 1862 to adopt revolutionary methods for conducting the war. Acts were enacted to confiscate rebel property, the military was purged, and Lincoln stalwarts were placed in key command positions. The Homestead Act (Homestead Act) passed on May 20, 1862 stipulated that every American citizen had the right to obtain a piece of land. It also determined the capitalist path for the development of agriculture, as well as the Lincoln Declaration (1863) that liberated the black slaves in the rebellious southern states. January 1), all have special significance. Slaves were freed without paying ransom, but they were not given land either.

The second stage of the war (1863-1865). This period was characterized by significant changes in domestic political life and in the strategy and tactics of the federal army. The political enthusiasm of the people in the northern states was high, and the army was supplemented by new troops. About 190,000 blacks (72% of them from the southern states) enlisted in the army, and 250,000 blacks served in the rear service troops. The government had built and used black troops in combat. Many uprisings broke out among the people in the southern rear, and black slaves played an active role in the uprisings. The Northern Army includes many European revolutionaries living in the United States (Wedemeyer, Clyseley, Jacobi, etc.) and international troops: the Italian "Garibaldi Guards", the "Polish Legion", the Irish "Phoenix" team, and the participation of the Russian Volunteer Army, headed by General Turchaninov. The struggle of the people of the northern United States against the slave owners of the south was supported by the working people of Europe and all progressive people. The British working class actively opposed the plans of the British and French ruling groups to provide armed assistance to the states of the "Southern Confederacy". Russia's position also played a very important role in obstructing the implementation of the above plan. Russia was concerned about the world situation at that time. In order to maintain the distribution of various forces on the international stage and maintain the unity of the United States, it tried its best to oppose foreign interference in the Civil War. In 1863, two squadrons of the Russian Navy arrived in New York and San Francisco and were warmly welcomed by the authorities and residents. The visit of these two squadrons to the United States enhanced the North's international status.

In the first half of 1863, the Southern Army still held the initiative in the war. From May 2 to May 4, the Southern Army defeated the Northern Army in a battle near Chancellorsville (80 kilometers southwest of Washington). But soon the situation took a turn. The Southern Army's offensive in Virginia in June 1863 ended in failure from July 1 to July 3. The 75,000-strong army commanded by General Lee encountered the 85,000-strong Northern Army commanded by General Meade near Gettysburg. , the Southern Army was defeated (see the Battle of Gettysburg). This battle can be said to be the pinnacle of the American Civil War. On July 4, the Northern Army commanded by General Grant captured the Vicksburg Fortress in the Mississippi River Valley. The Union Army controlled the entire Mississippi River, dividing the territory of the "Southern Confederacy" into east and west halves. In April 1864, under the unified leadership of Grant, the new commander-in-chief of the Northern Army, a new strategic plan was formulated. The new plan stipulated the implementation of three major assaults: General Meade led the Army of the Potomac (122,000 men) to attack from north to south. The task was to defeat the main force of General Lee's Army and capture Richmond. The Army commanded by General Sherman ( (100,000 men) was tasked with launching an attack from west to east, detouring around the Allegheny Mountains from the south, seizing the main economic zone in southern Georgia, reaching the Atlantic coast, and then heading north to launch an assault on the main force of the Army Group commanded by General Johnston; The 36,000-strong Army Group commanded by General Butler directly attacked Richmond from east to west.

In early May 1864, federal troops launched an attack. Sherman's Army's "March to the Sea" was of particular importance, as it was consistent with the plan proposed by Marx and Engels as early as 1862 to occupy Georgia and divide the "Southern Confederacy"). Sherman's Army defeated the Confederate resistance, captured Atlanta on September 2, occupied Savannah on December 21, and reached the Atlantic coast. Afterwards, Sherman sent his troops north to capture Columbia (February 18, 1865), inserting himself behind the main force of Lee's Army, putting Lee's army in a desperate situation. In the spring of 1865, federal troops under Grant's command resumed their offensive and captured Richmond on April 3. The Confederate army retreated southeast, but was overtaken by Grant and surrounded. On April 9, Lee's Army surrendered near Appomattox. By June 2, other Confederate troops stopped resisting. On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was assassinated by slave owner and Northern reactionary group agent Booth (actor), and was fatally wounded. The civil war lasted for four years and ended with the complete defeat of the slave owners.