Wen Weng in the Western Han Dynasty: The Origin and Development of the First Person with Sichuan Wen surname

Wen surname is a surname that originated in the north and later flourished in the south. At present, people with Wen surname are mainly concentrated in Sichuan and Hunan provinces, accounting for almost 40% of the population with Wen surname. Guizhou and Chongqing in southwest China are the third and fourth largest provinces and cities with Wen surname population respectively. Since the pre-Qin period, people with Wen surname have been active in the historical stage of China. Wen Weng of Shucheng, Lujiang (now Shucheng, Anhui Province), was appointed as the county magistrate of Shujun during the reign of Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty. He was the first Wen surname in Sichuan in the literature and history records, and left many traces in Sichuan.

There are many people named Wen who have made outstanding contributions in politics and culture. "Four champions, five prime ministers and six masters" (four champions: Liao Wenchong in Southern Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang, Wen Yunzhong in Yuan Dynasty and Wen Meng Zhen in Ming Dynasty; Five prime ministers: Wen Yanbo in the Northern Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang in the Southern Song Dynasty, Wen Meng Zhen in the Ming Dynasty, Wen Anzhi in the Southern Ming Dynasty and Wen Xiang in the Qing Dynasty; Six great masters: Wen Tong in the Northern Song Dynasty, Wen Zhiming, Wen Peng, Wen Boren, Wen Jia and Wen Chu in the Ming Dynasty, and Wen Chu in the Qing Dynasty. In Chinese, Wen Tong is from Chengdu and Yanting. In addition, there were two Jinshi 12 in Song Dynasty, two in Yuan Dynasty (including Sichuan Jinshi 1 person), three in Ming Dynasty (including five in Sichuan) and 64 in Qing Dynasty (including five in Sichuan).

pre-Qin period

A generation of sages helped Gou Jian defeat Wu.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, people surnamed Wen mainly lived in Henan, Shandong and Hubei. By the Warring States period, Wen had already moved to Jiangzhun area.

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Gou Jian, the king of Yue, had two effective ministers: Fan Li and Wen Zi, who made great contributions to Gou Jian's final defeat of Fu Cha, the king of Wu, and were praised as a generation of sages by later generations.

Language category

Language, also written in Chinese, can be written in words, and there are few birds (one is child birds). In order to let Gou Jian carry out his revenge plan smoothly, Wen Zi put forward "seven techniques" to Gou Jian: "First, donate money to please the minister; Second, buying millet bags is expensive to accumulate; Third, leaving beautiful women to confuse the mind; Fourth, the wonderful works and excellent materials left behind have used up the money in the palace; 5. The courtiers' legacy confuses their plans; Sixth, in Xinjiang, its admonishers make suicide weak and auxiliary; Seventh, accumulate wealth and train troops to bear its disadvantages. "

Gou Jian was deeply impressed by the "seven methods" of literary genre. In 473 BC, the State of Yue defeated Wu, Fu Cha committed suicide, and Wu perished.

After success, Fan Li chose to retire. He wrote a letter to Wen Zi, saying: "Birds are exhausted, so it is good to hide with a bow;" A sly rabbit dies, but a running dog cooks. The King of Yue is a bird with a long neck. He can have trouble with * * *, but he is not happy with * * *. Why not go? " After reading the literature, he did not choose to leave, but chose to avoid it, saying that he was ill and could not face the DPRK.

Wen Zi's behavior made Gou Jian suspicious. At this time, someone told Gou Jian that Wen Zi might want to rebel and make trouble! The more Gou Jian thinks about it, the more he feels right. Why should I leave you instead? Gou Jian gave Wen Zi a sword, and Wen Zi had to commit suicide.

After Wen Zi's death, his family left Yue State and scattered all over the country.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Wen Weng, the county magistrate of Shu County, became the ancestor of Sichuan Wen surname.

During the Han Dynasty, people surnamed Wen entered Sichuan to the west, Shanxi to the north and Jiangnan to the south. Today, Henan, Shandong and Shanxi have all become the breeding grounds of Wen's family. Most of Wen's families in Henan are located in Kaifeng, Nanyang, Yongcheng and Gushi.

The most interesting man surnamed Wen in this period was Wen Weng. Wen Weng (BC 156- 10 1) was born in Yi Shu, Lujiang (now Wenjiachong, Fengxiangshu Township, Shucheng County, Anhui Province), and another said that he was born in Luling County (now southwest of Lujiang County, Anhui Province).

It is said that Wen Weng is descended from Wen Zi. In the last years of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, Wen Weng was appointed as the Chief of Shu County and came to Chengdu with his family. In Sichuan at that time, the folk customs were barbaric and backward, and Wen Weng, who had always been kind, educated the people of Shu. He founded the first public school in China, built a study palace (stone room) with stones, and recruited young students from all over the country. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Central Committee popularized Wen Weng's experience in running official schools and ordered all counties in the country to run official schools and vigorously develop education.

After Wen Weng started school, Sichuan's literary style flourished. "Sichuan's writing style is better than Qilu's." 200 years later, historian Ban Gu said in Hanshu: "Bashu is so elegant so far, and Wen Weng has changed." A descendant of Wen Weng took the idea and named this hall Huashutang. Today, people surnamed Wen in Shucheng, Anhui Province and parts of Sichuan belong to this hall number.

In addition, due to Wen Weng's "building a stone room to live in", "stone room" became the code name of Wen Weng, and Shu scholars claimed to be "descendants of stone room". Today's Shishi Middle School in Chengdu dates back to the official school founded by Wen Weng more than 2000 years ago.

During Wen Weng's tenure, he not only promoted the cultural and economic development of Sichuan, but also made Wen's family grow into a famous family in Sichuan. His descendants were distributed all over Sichuan, and later migrated to other famous branches of Wen.

At the end of the Western Han Dynasty and the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Sichuan Zitong Wenqi was born. When Wang Mang was in power, the people of Yizhou County were overwhelmed and rebelled. Follwed sent troops to suppress, and sent Wen Qi to conquer. Wen Qi adopted a policy of appeasement, wanted to avoid war, and urged everyone to lay down their arms and surrender to the imperial court. Because of Wen Qi's achievements in suppressing the uprising, Wang Mang appointed him as Yizhou magistrate.

During his tenure, Wen Qi organized people to reclaim land, build irrigation canals, train horses and establish border blockades. Wen Qi also presided over the construction of the Great Wall of the Eastern Han Dynasty in Shilin, Maitreya and Lvliang in central Yunnan.

In the first year of Jianwu (25th year), Gongsun Shu occupied Sichuan as an emperor, cutting off the contact between Yizhou County and the mainland. Then, Gongsun Shu sent troops to capture most of Yizhou County, threatening Wen Qi to surrender. Relying on the Great Wall, Wen Qi was fearless in times of crisis and resolutely refused to surrender.

Wen Qi heard that Liu Xiu acceded to the throne in Hebei, and sent an envoy to Hebei to express his feelings to Liu Xiu, which was praised by Liu Xiu. After Gongsun Shu was killed, he was appointed General Zhenyuan and made him Cheng.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Wen family in Henan and Anhui was the most active.

During the Cao Wei period in the Three Kingdoms, people with Wen surname were very active, especially in the Cao Wei regime, two families, Wen Pin in Henan and Qin Wen in Anhui, appeared, which lasted until the Jin Dynasty.

At the end of the Shu and Han Dynasties in the Three Kingdoms period, Wen Li of Linjiang (now Zhongxian, Chongqing) in Ba County studied in imperial academy, Shu Province when he was a child, and studied under the great scholar Qiao Zhou, specializing in Shi Mao and Li San. Fei Yi, the secretariat of Yizhou, took a fancy to his talent and appointed him as a state official (an official under the secretariat, similar to the current office secretary, mainly responsible for paperwork and supervising officials).

Later, Wen Li entered the DPRK as a businessman. After Fei Yi became a general, he promoted Wen Li to Dong (senior secretary) and soon became a senior minister. After the Jin Dynasty unified the whole country, Wenli became Liangzhou (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi). In the second year of Taishi (266), Emperor Sima Yan of the Jin Dynasty appointed Wen Li as the prefect of Yin Ji (now Heze, Shandong).

Wen Li is modest and prudent, and is very appreciated by Sima Yan. After Sima Yan awarded the title of Prince, Wen Li was transferred to the imperial court as the son of the Prince (the attendant of the Prince). Later, Wen Li was appointed as a constant attendant of Sanshou (an attendant of the emperor, a consultant in the palace, and a personal accompanying official when going out), and was promoted to Wei Wei, ranking one of the nine Qing. After Wen Li's death, he specially ordered "to hold a funeral in Shu" and sent officials to handle Wen Li's funeral and build a mausoleum.

According to the Records of Huayang Country, Wen Li wrote to Sima Yan, hoping to appoint "descendants of Zhuge Liang, Jiang Wan and Fei Yi" of the former Shu Han Dynasty. This has two advantages: one is to comfort the hearts of Bashu people, and the other is to "pour the hope of Soochow scholars." Sima Yan agreed to Wen Li's proposal.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, a large number of gentry in the Central Plains moved south, and people with Wen surname were also in this team. This migration to the south laid the foundation for the later prosperity of the southern surname than the northern surname.

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Southern Dynasties, Wen Qiu, a descendant of Wen Weng and living in Xingqingfang, Chaoyangmen, Chengdu, went to Jizhou, Jiangxi (now Ji 'an, Jiangxi) to give lectures (equivalent to the director of the Education Bureau). Wen Qiu got married and had children there, settled down, and formed the famous Wen family in Jiangyou (especially in ancient Jiangxi), which was a great achievement of the Wen family in Sichuan. Wen Qiu was the first person with Wen surname who moved to Jiangxi. All the old genealogies of Wen surname called Wen Qiu the ancestor of Shu School of Wen surname.

Wen Weng, a descendant of the Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, became the ancestor of the Wen family in Jiangxi.

Wen surname appeared in Guangdong and Guangxi in the Tang Dynasty, but the Wen surname family in Jiangxi and Anhui developed best. In the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, there was a man named Shi Wen in Jiangxi.

Shi Wen, whose name is Chunyuan, is a descendant of Wen Qiu. Among the "Chun" generation, (Wen Chunyuan) is the most famous, and people surnamed Wen regard him as the ancestor of Jiangyou (the ancestor of Jiangxi).

Shi Wen's birthplace is now disputed. According to Wen's genealogy, Wen is a native of Chengdu and a descendant of Wen Weng. However, his ancestor Wen Qiu has moved to Jiangxi, so it should be Jiangxi. What is going on in the end remains to be studied by relevant experts.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Li Zhuang ruled Tongguang for three years (925), and Guo Zongtao, the minister of war, attacked the former Shu. Guo Zongtao secretly recruited insiders in Chengdu, and found more than 2,000 people in his writing to help Guo Zongtao calm down the former Shu. After the reward, Shi Wen was appointed as the commander in front of the account, a captain without pomp.

Later, Shi Wen was ordered to guard He Yong Town, Jiangxi Province. When I moved to Kengdong (now Qianxi Village, Lianzhou Township, Yongxin County, Jiangxi Province) when I went to Yongxin County, Jizhou, I found it beautiful and liked it very much, so I temporarily stayed at Tong Yuan's home in Kengdong. Tong Yuan found that Shi Wen was all-rounder, handsome and kind, so he married his baby daughter to Shi Wen.

After the late Jin and Shi Jingtang destroyed the late Tang Dynasty, Shi Wen refused to work for Shi Jingtang, resigned and retired, took his wife back to his father-in-law's house, and settled in the east of Qianshikeng, gutang, Yongxin. Since then, the family has flourished, with nearly 2 million descendants, widely distributed in more than half of China, such as Jiangxi, Hunan, Guangdong, Hubei, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan, Sichuan, Fujian, Hainan, Henan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shandong and even Hong Kong and Taiwan, forming the famous Jiangyou Wen family, "No Pit East, no surname Wen".

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the northern Wen family moved south, and Wen Tianxiang resisted the involvement of the Yuan Dynasty.

During the Song Dynasty, there were more than 654.38+08,000 literary surnames in China, ranking 79th in China. The largest province with Wen surname is Shanxi, with 54,000 people. During this period, people surnamed Wen mainly concentrated in Shanxi, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Henan, Hebei, Guangxi and other places, and the population mainly migrated to the southeast, south and west. At the end of Song Dynasty and the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, Wen was influenced by Wen Tianxiang and developed slowly.

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there were at least 60 Wen surnames recorded in historical books. The most famous is Wen Yanbo, who served as a general for 50 years around the Northern Song Dynasty and experienced four dynasties. Cousin Su Shi, a painter and calligrapher, was a scholar in Yanting, Sichuan, a scholar in Mianyang, Sichuan, Wen Tianxiang, who resisted Yuan Dynasty at the end of Southern Song Dynasty, and Wen Yunzhong, the top scholar in Yuan Dynasty.

Wen Yanbo was a famous politician and calligrapher in the Northern Song Dynasty. Wen Yanbo's ancestor's original surname was Jing, belonging to Jing Gaiwen's family. After the Five Dynasties, in order to avoid Shi Jingtang, the high-impedance of the late Jin Dynasty, he changed his surname to Wen. After the death of the late Jin dynasty, it was changed to your surname. Not long after that, the Song Dynasty was established. In order to avoid the taboo of grandfather temple, it was changed to Wen surname. Since then, this family name has been Wen, and it has been integrated into Wen's family.

Song Renzong Tiansheng five years (1027), 22-year-old Wen Yanbo was admitted as a scholar, once known to Yizhou. In the seventh year of Qing Dynasty (1047), 42-year-old Wen Yanbo was appointed as a Tang Dynasty envoy, who participated in the discussion of state affairs and was equivalent to the vice premier. In the same year, Wen Yanbo was promoted to Pingzhangshi (prime minister) and a university student of Jixian College for his meritorious service in suppressing the Wang Ze uprising.

Wen Yanbo died at the age of 92. He was an official under four emperors, Song Renzong, Song Yingzong, Song Shenzong and Song Zhezong. He has been in the photo for 50 years and has been praised as a wise man by the world. In the year of 6 1 (1722) of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, Wen Yanbo visited the Imperial Temple with 40 heroes of past dynasties.

Among Wen's contemporaries, there are also children who are good at poetry, Chu Ci, cursive script and painting, and have the reputation of "four musts". Wen Tong and Su Shi are cousins, and they are highly respected by Wen Yanbo, Sima Guang and others, especially Su Shi.

At the turn of the Song Dynasty, people surnamed Wen in the north migrated to the south under the influence of the war at that time, and further spread to all parts of the south. By the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang, a famous national hero, appeared in the literary surname. Wen Tianxiang, born in Luling, Jizhou (now Ji 'an, Jiangxi), is a descendant of Shi Wen and Wen Weng.

In the fifth year of Ding Jing (1264), Wen Tianxiang went to gutang in Yongxin to worship his ancestors. It is said that all the six sons of an uncle in Wen Zhengdao were admitted to Juren and wrote the name of Liuyitang for Wen Zhengdao's bedroom. Later, Liuyitang became the hall number of people surnamed Wen in Hengshan, Hunan and parts of Jiangxi. In addition, according to Wen Tianxiang's title and ethics, Wen's descendants took Xinguotang and Zhengqi Hall as their names respectively. Most of the literary surnames in Chaoshan area of Guangdong and some areas of Guangxi take Zhengqitang as the hall name.

Wen Tianxiang has three sons and six daughters: Wen Daosheng, Wen Fosheng and Wen Huansheng. Wendao was born and died in 19, and his wife Su and her son Wen Boping fled to Fengshun County, Guangdong Province. Wen Boping has six sons, and his descendants now have more than 30,000 people, distributed in Guangdong, Fujian and Hainan.

Wen died in the battle of Yashan, unmarried and childless. Young Wen Huansheng fled to Hainan and lived incognito in Changhua and Dongfang. There are now more than 20,000 descendants.

Wen, Wen Tianxiang's younger brother, became an official in the Yuan Dynasty in order to ensure the safety of future generations of literati in the Southern Song Dynasty. After his death, Wen was posthumously named as the Duke of Yanmen County and "Wen Hui" in posthumous title.

During Zhao Yun's reign of Emperor Duanzong of the Song Dynasty, Wen Ruzhou, whose ancestral home was Huguang, took his family to Fuzhou, Sichuan (now Fuling, Chongqing) as an official, and later landed in Wenjiaping, Fuzhou. During the Yuan Dynasty to Mindfulness, Wen Zilong, a descendant of Wen Ruzhou, was a professor in Shunqing Prefecture (now Nanchong) and settled in Dewey Dam in Pengxi. This surname has been passed down to this day.

The stone carvings in Dazu, Chongqing are very famous, but few people know that 150 years ago, there were many Wen craftsmen from Zhao Zhen, Song Renzong to Zhao Dun, Song Guangzong. What family these craftsmen came from and why they are so concentrated have not yet reached a convincing conclusion.

In the Yuan Dynasty, Chengdu won the first place in the humanities entrance examination, and later became an official in charge of Confucianism education in Sichuan, and finally died in the mutiny.

After Huguang filled Sichuan in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the population of Wen surname in Sichuan surged.

After the hardships led by Wen Tianxiang's family at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, by the Ming Dynasty, the number of Wen surnames was about160,000, which was 20,000 less than that of the Song Dynasty, showing a negative growth trend, and it also fell to 100 in the national surname ranking.

In the early Ming Dynasty, Shanxi Wen surname became a part of Sophora japonica immigrants and moved to neighboring provinces and Anhui. After recuperation and reproduction in the Ming Dynasty, the population of Wen gradually increased. After the migration of Huguang into Sichuan in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, a large number of people with literary surnames poured into Sichuan, which led to a sharp increase in the population of Sichuan's literary surnames, resulting in the situation that Sichuan now has the largest population of China's literary surnames.

In the fourth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty (137 1), Ming Sheng, the son of Ming Yuzhen, surrendered to the Ming Dynasty and returned to Yingshan and Xiaogan in Hubei to recruit villagers to Sichuan. As a result, a large number of local people surnamed Wen entered Sichuan and scattered all over Sichuan (including Chongqing today).

The man's surname is Wen, and his ancestral home is Sichuan. After breeding for a period of time, he migrated and relocated in Sichuan. For example, Wen Qi in Chengdu has three sons, the eldest son Cai Wen moved to Shehong, the second son Wen En lived in Chengdu, and the third son Wenchang moved to Jiange and Langzhong.

The most famous Wen family in Ming Dynasty belongs to Jiangsu Wen Zhiming family. Wen Zhiming is a descendant of Shi Wen, and he and Wen Tianxiang are of the same ancestry. His sons Wen Peng and Wen Jia, his nephew Wen Boren and Wai Sun Wen, Zeng Sun Wen Congjian, his great granddaughter and his eldest son Wen Peng Zeng Sun Wen Dian are all painters, seal engravers and real masters of calligraphy and painting. In addition, Zeng Sun Wen, a famous politician, once served as Zuo Assistant Minister and a university student in Dongge.

After the Qing dynasty pacified the world, in view of the long-term war in Sichuan, the land was vast and sparsely populated, and the fields were barren, the migration movement of filling Sichuan with Huguang began. People from Huguang and other places have moved to Sichuan, including a large number of people surnamed Wen.

According to Suining Wen's genealogy, his ancestor Wenlai originally lived in Luling County, Ji 'an Prefecture, Jiangxi Province, and Ming Taizu fought against Jingnan. Wenlai moved to Taihe County with his family for three years. Seeing the spread of war, he moved to Quanzhou, Guangxi for temporary residence. After the war subsided, I moved to Dong 'an County, Yongzhou Prefecture, Hunan Province. I saw the beautiful scenery of Yanzitang (now Shuiling Village, Yangui Village) in Xia Feng Village and decided to settle down.

During the Kangxi period, Wen Yongkun, a descendant of Wen Lin, moved to Sichuan and lived in Daheba, Hezhou, Chongqing (now Taihe Town, Hechuan), Yujiantan, Anyue County, and Shantou, Renshou County. Wen Yongkun's branch lived in Blue Whale Valley, Suining (now Blue Whale Village, Xining Township, chuanshan district, Suining, Zhang Shuyan Village).

In the 20th year of Kangxi (168 1), four brothers, Wen Zhixing, Wen Zhihua and Wen Zhifu, who lived in Wang Jiaqiao, Fuling County, Jingzhou, Hubei Province, moved to Sichuan. However, their road to Sichuan was not smooth. According to the regulations, their destination in Sichuan is Tongchuan Prefecture (now Santai). In Bazhou (now Chongqing), the third Wen Zhihua family lost contact with everyone.

The other three brothers continued to hike along the Jialing River with their families, all the way over the mountains and mountains, and stayed overnight. Finally, they went to Tongchuan Prefecture and reported to the government. The government department in charge of immigration draws lots for immigrants who report before allowing them to leave. I don't know where eldest brother Wen's rich paintings went, and the rich family of fourth brother Wen also moved to other provinces, and I don't know where they are.

Only the second son Wen, with his wife Xu and five sons Wen Gui, Wen Huai and He, won the lottery in Panlonghe Town, Lezhi County, and he went out of business there. Wen is capable, polite and gentle. His five sons are hardworking, constantly buying fields and increasing their property. In addition, his descendants lived in many places in Lezhi. Wen is revered as the ancestor of this surname.

192 1 year, a 72-year-old county senator named Wen Huachun in Ziyang wrote a brief introduction to the family history of Wen's ancestors.

It records the deeds of his ancestor, the Literati, who led the whole family in the process of moving to Sichuan. Wen Lishi is Wen's wife. Wen's ancestors lived in Guilin, Guangxi for generations, and Wen later made a living and got married in Hubei. In the thirty-seventh year of Kangxi (1698), Wen died of illness at the age of 62.

In the forty-third year of Kangxi (1704), the 57-year-old literati took six sons, Wen Yongcheng, Wen Yongshi, Wen Yongqian, Wen Yonglun, Wen Yongrang and Wen Yongji, to Sichuan by boat from Hubei. They passed Jiujiang, Hankou, Wuchang, Kuimen and Wuxia along the way. On the way to Sichuan, thousands of miles away, the literati led the way with bamboo crutches, followed by Liuzi with a burden, and climbed up the mountain all the way through hardships.

Finally, they left their jobs in Li Kui Town, Lezhi County, Tongchuan District, and made a living by renting the land of a local man named Chen. During the ceremony, Liu Zi was warned: "Wanli left his hometown and founded a portal. He should rectify his spirit, be independent, be thrifty and get rich, and gather wealth frugally."

After three years in Sichuan, Wen Lishi died. The six brothers of Wen family started their own businesses and followed the instructions of Wen Li. Finally, they bought more than 20,000 mu of real estate in Shaojiagou under Dongzhen Temple in Ziyang, becoming a famous family in a rich country. Today, there is still a tomb of the Literati in Shaojiagou Maanshan, Ziyang (now Shi Cun in Huilong Township, Ziyang), and the number of people with this surname Wen has grown to thousands, most of whom live in Huilong Township.

There were a large number of literary names in Qing Dynasty, but most of them were Manchu, such as Wen, a poet, scholar and reformist thinker in Pingxiang, Jiangxi Province, who was a scholar with Huang Qi, a novelist and one of the leaders of Zhenghongqi.

From 55 years of Qianlong's reign (1790) to his death, judging from his personal resume, Wen Fu held several positions in the local and imperial courts, almost 90 positions, and basically treated all the officials he deserved. Of course, his ultimate goal is to be a college student in Wen Yuan Pavilion, give gifts to Taibao and paint a portrait of Ziguangge. His nephew's name is Qishan. Yes, he was the representative of the pacifists during the Opium War.

Wenkang was a famous soldier in Qianlong and Jiaqing years, and he was the grandson of Lebao, a university student in Wuyingdian. Because Lebao named posthumous title "Wen Xiang", he changed his surname to Wen. Wen Kang used to be the magistrate of Huizhou (now Huangshan, Anhui), and was later appointed as the Minister in Tibet, but he was unable to take up his post due to illness. Wenkang was born into a noble family, and his family was very rich when he was young. However, Wen Kang's wealth declined in his later years, because his sons were black sheep, and they sold all their possessions.

Wenkang was deeply touched by the indifference of the world and the repeated human feelings. He wrote the novel Biography of Heroes of Children (also known as Jin Yuyuan and New Books in the Sun), which is the earliest novel in the history of China's novels that integrates chivalry and romance.

Wen Xiang, one of the famous leaders of the Westernization School in the late Qing Dynasty, was admitted as a scholar in the 25th year of Daoguang (1845). 1860, British and French forces attacked and forced Beijing. After Xianfeng left Jehol (now Chengde, Hebei Province), he stayed in Beijing with Prince Gong and made peace with Britain and France. The following year, he signed a letter with the university students, demanding that the foreign trade system of the Qing Dynasty be changed, the Prime Minister's Office be established, and he was appointed Minister of the Prime Minister's Office.

After Xianfeng's death, Wen Xiang and other ministers invited Cixi and Empress Dowager Ci 'an to listen to politics. After Guangxu succeeded to the throne, Wen Xiang was promoted to a bachelor's degree in Wuyingdian, full-time Minister of Military Aircraft and Minister of the Prime Minister's yamen. Wen Xiang is diligent and honest, honest and honest, and lives frugally. Guangxu praised him and said: "The internal governance of diplomacy is all planned wholeheartedly. It is really a strong-hearted minister."

Wen was born in the second year of Guangxu (16). He is determined to save the world and dares to speak out when something happens. Also known as "Weng Liuzi" with Wang Mingluan and Zhang Jian, he was one of the important figures of the Emperor Party in Guangxu period. In the 22nd year of Guangxu (1896), Yang Chongyi, Li Hongzhang's in-laws and suggestion, was dismissed and expelled from Beijing.

1898 After the coup, Wen Xiang was pursued by the secret telegram of the Qing court and had to leave Japan. After returning to China four years later, Wen Xiang kept close contact with Yung Wing, Yan Fu and Zhang Taiyan. In the following years, Wen Shiting was sad and haggard because of state affairs, and sent her love and wine to write.