The historical background of The Journey to the West

During the late Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China, due to natural disasters and the Qing government's call for immigrants, a large number of people in the Central Plains and Jiangbei areas were forced or took the initiative to cross Shanhaiguan and Bohai Sea to travel to the Northeast, reclaim land and settle down.

There are two concepts: broad sense and narrow sense.

Throughout history, people in Shanhaiguan inland area make a living through customs, which can be described as "crossing the Kanto", which is broad. The narrow sense of "breaking through the Kanto" only refers to the history of people from Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Henan, northern Anhui and northern Jiangsu who went to Kanto make a living from the Shunzhi period of Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. What we usually call "crossing the Kanto" is narrow.

As a social custom, traveling to the East is widely accepted. The East Gate of Shanhaiguan City defines the land outside Shanhaiguan and the Central Plains. During the hundreds of years from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, people from Shanhaiguan, such as Shandong, left their hometown and began to travel eastward. In the Qing dynasty, the system of ethnic hierarchy and segregation was implemented, and Han people were forbidden to enter the "Longxing land" in the northeast for farming-a customs ban was issued. Shunzhi warned Manchu nobles to finally retreat to Kanto. The Manchu family poured into Shanhaiguan, and the population of Kanto dropped sharply. Under the pretext of "ancestors prospering the king's office", we protected "the benefits of participating in the mountains and rivers" and implemented the policy of banning Kanto for a long time. At the beginning of Shunzhi, more than 1,000 kilometers of "wicker fence"-the Great Wall of Northeast China (wicker fence, willow wall, Liucheng fence and striped fence) was built in sections, covering the whole territory, and it was completed in the middle of Kangxi. From Shanhaiguan via Kaiyuan and Xinbin to the wicker edge in the south of Fengcheng, it is called the "old edge"; Jilin City has been called the "new frontier" ("secondary sea") in the north since Kaiyuan Northeast. Therefore, there are folk sayings of "border people" and "border people".

/kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, the door of Shanhaiguan, which was left unlocked, was opened and the tide of refugees surged. People are the carriers of culture and information, and the flow of people is actually the flow of culture. The superposition of the wave of "Crossing the Kanto" means that the culture of the Central Plains has been promoted to kanto region on a large scale, and cultural exchanges have entered a new stage. If the cultural exchange in the "closed-door" era is characterized by the "influence" of Central Plains culture on the inherent culture of Northeast China and the artificial interference of "closed-door", then under the open historical conditions, Central Plains culture spread rapidly in kanto region, making Central Plains culture and Kanto culture coexist in the vast Kanto.

The "copy" of Shandong Village, hebei village and henan village in Guandong is actually a plane transplant of Central Plains culture, and there are a large number of them, so they have every reason to maintain Qilu culture or Yanzhao culture. Living together, their language and customs are as old as before. They can adapt to local social customs and religious beliefs and use local languages and characters without changing themselves. In a sense, this is also cultural conservatism. When talking about the significance of "de-orientalization", Zhao Zhongfu said: "In the social sense, the four eastern provinces and regions are basically the expansion of agricultural society in North China. There is a geographical distance between them, but there is no obvious cultural difference. North China and the four eastern provinces are similar in language, religious belief, customs, family system, ethical concept and economic behavior. The most important thing is that the members of the immigrant society in the four eastern provinces have no different ideas from the cultural matrix. "

In the face of Qilu culture and Yanzhao culture, Kanto culture can't be without vigilance, and it can't be without the contradiction of "natives". For example, "Introduction to Heilongjiang Province" said: "While hiring people to open up wasteland, there are many Zhili and Shandong provinces. Every time after the ice is valued, pedestrians can be seen everywhere in Ji Feng and Jilin provinces, and the indigenous people hate it and bully each other. " An Guang County, Liaoning Province (now Xinping 'an Town, Da 'an City, Jilin Province) is also an example. "An Guang County Records" records: "Before the county was founded, the Mongols were not proficient in farming. This is a barren land. After the Han people came to cultivate seeds, the flag was rented. However, due to different nationalities, language barriers and irreconcilable feelings, Mongolians bullied them more ... In the 30 th year of Guangxu (1904), members were allowed to open up wasteland and recruit households' territory. The guests arrived at the news, and then ... Mongolia became worse. "