Chao Cuo, why did Chao Cuo die the most unjustly?

Why did Chao Cuo die the most unjustly? In fact, it is wrong to say it, and there is nothing wrong with saying it.

Why is it wrong? The policy of separating the vassal states is correct in itself. It is against the historical trend to separate the vassal states as soon as possible, and it really makes the vassal states uncontrollable. Therefore, it is necessary to strike first while you are young, and the central government can still suppress it at this time. Later facts also proved that the vassal state at this time could not compete with the central government, and it would soon be pacified, and it was impossible for the seven countries to be opposed, because there was no way out. A group of ministers and emperors in the DPRK themselves thought that killing Chao Cuo would make the world peaceful, so in this respect, Chao Cuo was wronged. First, his claim is right. He shouldn't die. Second, the emperor made a decision and then tried to kill him to calm things down. He's not dead. However, it is not unfair. Why? Because Chao Cuo is a loyal minister, but he has some fatal shortcomings. First, his popularity is not good. He is a close friend of Jingdi and a minister who follows dragons. Jingdi listened to him (but in the end Jingdi personally decided to kill him, which is a great irony). He is so arrogant that ministers in the DPRK will dislike him. Second, be good at seeking the country but not for yourself. It's a bit like later. & lt Chao Cuo>；; Chao Cuo, a native of Yingchuan, is an anecdote because of his literature. Chao Cuo is harsh and mean. When Emperor Xiaowen of Han Dynasty was in power, there were no people who studied Shangshu. He only heard that Yi Fu Sheng of Jinan was a doctor of the State of Qin and studied the Book of History. He is over ninety years old and too old to invite him to Kyoto, so he sent a letter to Taichang to send someone to study there. Too often, Chao Cuo was sent to Fu Sheng's residence to study Shangshu.

When he returned from his studies, he quoted Shangshu as saying that it was good for the country. Emperor Xiaowen appointed him as a doctor and family order in the Prince's Mansion. Chao Cuo was favored by the prince because of his eloquence, and his family called him a "brain trust". During Emperor Xiaowen's reign, Chao Cuo repeatedly wrote to suggest weakening the influence of vassal states and amending laws and regulations. I've said it dozens of times. Although Emperor Xiaowen didn't listen to his advice, he appreciated his talent and promoted him to Chinese medicine. At that time, the prince was full of praise for Chao Cuo's strategy, while heroes such as Yuan Ang didn't like Chao Cuo.

Emperor Jingdi acceded to the throne and appointed Chao Cuo as literature and history. Chao Cuo asked Chen to say something many times, but he always let it go. He was favored by Jiuqing and made many laws. After he was promoted to an ancient bachelor's degree, it was suggested that the land of the vassal state should be cut off and the surrounding counties and cities should be incorporated. When writing a letter, Emperor Jing ordered officials and the emperor to gather for discussion. No one dared to accuse Chao Cuo, only Dou Ying argued with him, so there was a bad blood with Chao Cuo.

There are thirty chapters in Chao Cuo's letters, and the governors are clamoring to attack Chao Cuo. Hearing the news, Chao Cuo's father came from Yingchuan and said to Chao Cuo, "Jingdi has just acceded to the throne. You are in charge of political affairs, trying to weaken the power of the rulers and alienate your own flesh and blood, but people are talking about you and accusing you. Why? " Chao Cuo said, "This is the way things should be done. If not, the emperor is disrespectful and the ancestral temple is unstable. "

Chao Cuo's father said, "In this way, the Liu family will be safe, but the Chao family will be in danger! I want to leave you. " So he took the medicine and killed himself. Before he died, he said, "I can't bear to see disaster befall me." Ten days after the death of Chao Cuo's father, with seven countries really rebelled in the name of killing Chao Cuo. Yuan Ang remonstrated with Chen, and Emperor Jingdi ordered Chao Cuo to wear royal robes and be beheaded in the east of the city.

After Chao Cuo's death, the governors regarded Wu and Chu as a captain and a general in the army. After returning from the battlefield, he wrote a letter stating the military situation and visited Jingdi. Jingdi asked him, "You came from Wu Jun and Chu Army, and heard that Chao Cuo died. Is there a truce in Wu Chu? " Deng Gong said: "The King of Wu has been deliberately rebelling for decades. He was angry because of the land cut. In the name of killing Chao Cuo, its original intention is not in Chao Cuo! Besides, I'm afraid everyone in the world will shut up and dare not say anything. "

Emperor Jing said, "Why are you here?" Deng Gong said: "Chao Cuo is worried that the vassal power is too big to control, so the state demands to reduce their land to maintain the revered status of Kyoto, which is really good. As soon as the plan was implemented, it was actually killed, which not only put an end to the advice of domestic loyal ministers, but also avenged foreign princes. I personally think that your majesty should not be like this. " Jingdi was silent for a long time before he said, "What you said is really good, and I feel a little sorry about it."

The commentary said: Chao Cuo is good at making long-term plans for the country, but it can't see its own harm. His father saw it, but he is good at managing ditches, which is not good for saving the defeat. Zhao Kuo's mother had better point out Zhao Kuo's weakness to save his family. Sadly, although Chao Cuo may not live a lifetime, the world sympathizes with his loyalty. So write down what he did and attach it to the book.

Second, the original: "Historical Records" Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty

Chao Cuo is also from Yingchuan. Take literature too ordinary to tell stories. The wrong person is steep and straight. When Emperor Xiaowen was in the reign of Emperor Xiaowen, no one in the world ruled Shangshu. Only doctor Qin, who lives in Jinan, ruled Shangshu. He is over 90 years old and can't be confiscated. That is an imperial edict that often makes people suffer. Too often, Fu Sheng was sent to Shangshu by mistake. There is also because of cheap things, as the book says.

A letter to the prince, a doctor, a family order. Because of his views, the prince was dubbed the "think tank". No. Xiao Wendi, the word chop princes, the law can be more fixed. After reading dozens of books, Xiao Wen refused to listen, but he was brilliant and moved the idea of becoming a Chinese medicine practitioner. When really, the prince is good at making mistakes, and Yuan Ang's heroes are not bad.

Emperor Jing ascended the throne, taking mistakes as internal history. If you are wrong, please talk about the matter, listen, take chances, and the law will be more fixed. Move to the empire, please blame the princes, cut their land and collect their branches. When playing, the imperial officials and ministers were ordered to get together to discuss. It's not difficult, but Dou Ying will fight for it alone, so there is a gap with the fault. What's wrong? Chapter 30 is even worse, and all the governors are clamoring for Chao Cuo. The wrong father heard of it and came from Yingchuan. He said: "When I acceded to the throne in the early days, the public (the monarch in the Han Dynasty was a minister, the father called the son, and the peers called each other public) was used for political purposes, invading the princes, not caring for the people's flesh and blood, and there were many people who complained about the public. Why? "

Chao Cuo said, "Of course not. The emperor is disrespectful and the ancestral temple is uneasy. " The wrong father said, "The Liu family is safe, but the Chao family is in danger. I am going to the public! " Then he drank the medicine and died, saying, "I can't bear to see disaster happen to me." "More than ten days after death, with seven countries turned against each other in the name of making mistakes. Yuan Ang said, orders from Chao Cuo, toward the clothes to cut the east city.

After Chao Cuo's death, the emissary shot a captain and attacked General Tachileik. Also, the book says that soldiers have an audience. He asked: "When the Daojun came and heard that Chao Cuo was dead, would Wu Chu stop?" Deng Gong said, "The Prince of Wu has been rebelling for decades. He cut the ground in a rage, in the name of punishing evil and promoting good, and his original intention was not wrong. Moreover, I am afraid that everyone in the world will shut up and dare not say anything! " He said, "What is it?"

Deng Gong said, "My husband Chao Cuo is suffering from a powerful vassal, so please cede your land to show your respect for the capital, which will benefit generations to come. When I counted on it, I beheaded DUZH to avenge the princes, but I secretly refused to take it for your majesty. " So Jingdi was silent for a long time and said, "I hate public praise."

Taishi Gong said: When Chao Cuo is a family order, there is no need to say anything; After taking power, many changes have been made. When the princes attacked, they were not in a hurry to rescue them. They wanted revenge, but they died. As the saying goes, "if you don't die, you're dead", which is wrong.

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First of all, the profile of the character

Chao Cuo (200 years ago-before 154), Han nationality, was born in Yingchuan (now Yuzhou, Henan), a politician and writer in the Western Han Dynasty. When Emperor Wendi was in power, he told too many stories about him. Later, he served as the prince Sheren, the doctor and the prince's family order. After Emperor Jingdi ascended the throne, he became a physician.

Chao Cuo formulated the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining business", and advocated taking millet as pride, increasing agricultural production and revitalizing the economy. On the issue of resisting Xiongnu's invasion of the border, he put forward the strategic idea of "migrating to the real border", and suggested that the people should be nurtured to enrich the border jam and actively prepare for Xiongnu's attack and plunder; Politically, it is suggested to cut down governors and deprive them of political privileges to consolidate centralization, which harms the interests of governors. In the name of "Please punish Chao Cuo to be clean", transfer troops to rebel. Jingdi listened to Yuan Ang's plan and beheaded Chao Cuo in the East City.

Two. Brief introduction of the author

Sima Qian (former145-no textual research) was born in xia yang (now south of Hancheng, Shaanxi). Historians and essayists in the Western Han Dynasty. Sima Tan's son, Ren Taishiling, was imprisoned for defending Li Ling's defeat and surrender, and later served as the secretariat. He worked hard to complete his own historical records, and was called Shi Qian, Tai Shigong and the father of history by later Buddha.

Third, the creative background

Emperor Wen of Han pursued the policy of "sharing interest with the people" and attached importance to farming and mulberry, which promoted the prosperity of agriculture and the development of commerce. But it also led to the development of business, hurt farmers and intensified class contradictions. Chao Cuo comprehensively discussed the importance of "attaching importance to millet" (attaching importance to grain), and put forward a series of propositions, such as attaching importance to agriculture, restraining commerce, being a millet official, and paying homage to nobles.

What's the story of Chao Cuo? Persuading the emperor eventually became a scapegoat for others.

After Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang won the world, in order to consolidate his dynasty rule, he began to make his own kin Liu King, and gave each Liu's children fiefs to live in their own fiefs. In the era of Liu Qi, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the power of Wang with the same surname became stronger and stronger. Among them, some people are overbearing, while others bully the soft and fear the hard. In fact, they are no longer bound by the court. There are too many fiefs with the same surname Wang. For example, there are more than 70 cities in Qi, 50 cities in Wu and 40 cities in Chu. The proliferation of Wang's surname and his disobedience to the jurisdiction of the central government have actually seriously affected the social and political order of the Han Dynasty. Liu Bang, Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty, originally enfeoffed Liu's children in order to consolidate his rule, but it brought trouble to the later emperor.

At this time, Han Jing's ancient Chao Cuo stood out. He is worried that if this situation continues, it will lead to rebellion and even carve up the world of the Han Dynasty, which is not easy to stabilize. Chao Cuo said to Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, "Liu Bi, the king of Wu, should be beheaded if he doesn't come to the imperial court. The first emperor (referring to China Emperor Liu Heng) was kind and generous to him, but he was more arrogant, stubborn and arrogant. The prince of Wu carved mountains in the fief to make money, cooked sea and made salt, and recruited troops to prepare for rebellion. If your majesty doesn't cut the land in time, he will raise a tiger as a menace. In this case, it will be difficult to clean up the situation in the future. "

Liu Qiping, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, appreciated Chao Cuo's talent. Chao Cuo put forward the proposal of "cutting vassals", that is, cutting the fiefs of vassals, and Emperor Wu agreed. However, the emperor of the Han Dynasty was somewhat worried. Han Jing said to Chao Cuo, cede territory is good, but their rebellion is terrible. Chao Cuo comforted Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty and said, "If they cede land, if they don't cede land, then they will rebel now, which will do less harm to your majesty and the country, but if they rebel again when they are strong, the consequences will be unimaginable." After careful consideration, Emperor Han Jing thought that Chao Cuo's words were very reasonable, so he finally made up his mind to behead the vassals!

Chao Cuo's father heard that his son advised the emperor to cut the vassal, and specially rushed to Beijing from his hometown to dissuade his son. Chao Fu said, "As an ancient consultant, you have a high salary. Why not mind your own business and live a good life? Instead, meddle and ask for trouble? Princes are all relatives of the royal family. Can you manage them? If you cut off their fief, they will certainly resent you. What do you want? "

Chao Cuo replied to his father: "Resentment is inevitable, but if we don't cede territory now, the country will be unstable. If this continues, the world will be in chaos one day. " Hearing this, Chao Fu sighed, "If this goes on, the Liu family can live in peace, and our Chao family will be in trouble. I am old and really don't want to see such an ending! " Chao Cuo persuaded his father again and again, but the old man still just sighed. Later, Chao Fu returned to his hometown and committed suicide by taking poison. The news of his father's suicide reached Chao Cuo. He was sad, but cutting land was a matter of national security, and he had to do it. But his fate finally failed to escape his father's prophecy.

Han Jing listened to Chao Cuo's advice, and first cut off a part of the land of King Chu and Jiao. Then they discussed cutting the fiefs of Wu Wang and Liu Bi. Liu Bi, the king of Wu, got the news that it was better to strike first than to give in easily. Appreciation of Landscape Paintings So, he contacted the governors of Chu, Zhao, Jiaoxi and Jiaodong, and rebelled under the banner of "killing Chao Cuo and clearing the monarch's side". This is the famous "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion" in history.

Emperor Han Jingdi didn't expect the King of Wu and Liu Bi to join forces with the people of the Seven Kings to rebel. The rebels were so powerful that people were frightened. He remembered Emperor Wen's last words and sent Zhou Yafu, a general who was good at running the army, to crusade against the rebels. At that time, some people in the imperial court were jealous of Chao Cuo and wanted to blame Chao Cuo for the chaos of the Seven Kingdoms. These people slandered Emperor Han Jing, saying that the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion was to kill Chao Cuo. If your majesty can agree to their demands, kill Chao Cuo, pardon the innocence of the seven countries and return the fiefs to them, their demands will be met and they will naturally quit. Emperor Han Jing was already crazy at that time. Hearing these words, he said, if so, why should I be reluctant to part with Chao Cuo alone? Therefore, Emperor Han Jing approved the memorial to behead Chao Cuo and ordered the seven countries to withdraw their troops as soon as possible.

When Liu Bi, the prince of Wu, heard that Chao Cuo had been beheaded, he laughed and said that Chao Cuo should have been killed long ago, but it was too late. Now that I am the Emperor of the East, what's the use of receiving Liu Qi's letter? Then he continued to laugh and ordered to March on Chang 'an.

Soon after, Deng Gong, a captain, returned to the court to report the military situation. When Han Jing met Deng Gong, he asked him, "With the Seven Kingdoms, do you know that Chao Cuo is dead? Are they willing to quit? " ? Deng Gong replied that the prince of Wu had long been interested in rebellion, and he had been preparing for it for decades. This time, it is just an excuse to rebel against Chao Cuo under the banner of punishing him. Unexpectedly, the emperor really killed Chao Cuo. I'm afraid it's hard for anyone to persuade the emperor for the court in the future. Hearing this, Jingdi felt that it was useless to regret again.

Fortunately, Emperor Jingdi remembered his father's last words and used Zhou Yafu as a general to quell the rebellion. Zhou Yafu was rigorous in running the army and used his troops wisely. He avoided fighting the rebels in Wu Chu directly, and only sent a group of elite soldiers to cut off the rebels' traffic. When Wu Chu's army lost its food supply, they first became chaotic. After several days of stalemate, Wu Chu's army ran out of food and grass. Seeing this, Zhou Yafu thought it was time to send troops immediately. He personally led the soldiers to attack and defeated Wu Chu's army.

Wu Chu is the two countries leading the rebellion. When they lose, other countries will lose without a fight. Within a few months, the seven-nation rebellion was put down.

After the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion, Emperor Han Jing ordered the vassal state not to govern his vassal state personally, and the officials of the vassal state were appointed and removed by the imperial court, which gradually left a hollow reputation for the vassal state. Later, the law of pushing favors was implemented, and all disciples belonging to the same feudal country were assigned to the land of their own feudal country, so that the more people who could inherit a feudal country, the smaller the fief of each person. Due to the victory in the struggle with the vassals, the prestige of the Han court was greatly strengthened.

In fact, the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion ended with Han Jing killing scapegoat Chao Cuo. "Punish Chao Cuo, be clear in heart" is just an excuse for Liu Bi's rebellion. Even if Emperor Han Jing didn't have Chao Cuo around him, he would find other excuses and opportunities. This is a great drawback that Liu Bang, the great ancestor of the early Han Dynasty, did not think of when he enfeoffed Wang with the same surname.

Whether Emperor Han Jing destroyed Chao Cuo during his reign, Emperor Han Jing just arrested Chao Cuo and beheaded him in the East City.

In the third year of Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty (KLOC-0/54 BC), on the first day of the first month, Emperor Liu Qi of the Western Han Dynasty sent Chen Jia, the deputy commander in charge of the imperial army of the Imperial Capital, to Chao Cuo Palace and ordered Chao Cuo to enter the palace for an audience.

Chao Cuo changed into royal robes and went out to board the carriage. The car rattled, but it didn't go to Changle Palace, but went straight to Chang 'an Dongcheng. After getting off the bus, the stunned Chao Cuo was carried to the guillotine by soldiers with halberds beside him.

Jia simply announced the charges against Chao Cuo, and at one command, Chao Cuo was beheaded and died.

Extended data:

Due to Chao Cuo's long-term policy of reducing vassals, the influence on King Jing is increasing, and reducing vassals has increasingly become a top priority for the central government, and a sense of crisis has emerged in c * * headed by Liu Ying.

During this period, Liu Bi, the king of Wu, joined forces with Liu Wu, Yang, Guang, Liu Xian, Liu Ang, the king of Jiaoxi, and Liu Xiongqu, the king of Jiaodong, to launch a rebellion, which was called the "rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms" in history and was pointed out by the soldiers of the Seven Kingdoms. Suddenly, the world shook.

Later, Yuan Ang met King Jing, stated the reasons for the rebellion of the King Wu, and pointed out that it was because Chao Cuo repeatedly proposed to cut the vassal and squeezed the living space of the vassal. Therefore, as long as your majesty kills Chao Cuo to thank the world and restores the vassal fief, you can solve the crisis without bloodshed.

Finally, Jingdi killed Chao Cuo, but the Seven-Power Allied Forces headed by Liu Bi did not retreat. Jingdi sent Zhou Yafu and Dou Ying to lead the counter-insurgency, which was put down in three months.

Chao Cuo died to cut the vassal. Although there is constant controversy behind it, his patriotic feelings of disregarding personal interests, country and home have been celebrated for thousands of years.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Chao Cuo

Translation of Chao Cuo's biography;

Chao Cuo, a native of Yingchuan, started with his literary talent. He was strict, straightforward and harsh, and the emperor attached great importance to him, so he was appointed as the official of the prince. At that time, the Huns were powerful and harassed the border repeatedly, and the emperor sent troops to resist. Chao Cuo wrote to express his views on the war, and Wendi appreciated him very much. Later, he ordered the responsible officials to recommend a bachelor of arts with high moral character, and Chao Cuo was among the candidates. So he was promoted to Chinese medicine.

Chao Cuo and persuade should weaken the governors, and the law can be modified, a * * * wrote 30. Although Emperor Wendi didn't fully listen to his advice, he thought he was a rare material. At that time, the prince thought Chao Cuo's plan was good, and most heroes like Ang didn't like Chao Cuo. Han Jing acceded to the throne, let Chao Cuo as a civilian. Many laws have been amended (according to Chao Cuo's opinion).

Chao Cuo was promoted to an ancient counselor (later), wrote a letter (searched out) for the crime of a vassal, and cut off the fiefs of his branches and relatives. Chao Cuo changed the law for as many as 30 chapters, and the princes were in uproar. When Chao Cuo's father learned of this, he came from Yingchuan and said to Chao Cuo, "The emperor has just acceded to the throne. You are in power to handle government affairs, infringe on the interests of the rulers, alienate the people's flesh and blood, and cause a lot of blame and resentment. What are you doing? "

Chao Cuo said, "Of course. If not, the emperor will not respect him, and the royal family will not be at peace. " Chao Cuo's father said, "Liu Jiaan is peaceful, but Chao Cuo's family is dangerous. I left you and went back. " So he committed suicide by taking poison and said, "I can't bear to see the disaster affect me." Later, after more than ten days, all seven countries in Wu Chu rebelled, nominally saying that they would kill Chao Cuo.

The emperor asked Ang, "Now Wu Chu is rebelling. What do you think? " Yan Ang replied: "This matter is not worth worrying about. It can be solved now. " The emperor asked, "How to make a plan?" Aang replied, "Both Wu and Chu wrote that the enfeoffment children of Emperor Gaozu had their own territories. Now Chao Cuo, the thief, has the right to slap the princes and cut their land, so he rebelled. In the name of * * *, come to the Western Heaven to punish Chao Cuo and restore the original fief.

Now, the only way to plan countermeasures is to slay Chao Cuo, send envoys to pardon the seven countries of Wu Chu (the crime of rebellion) and restore the original fiefs, so that the rebellion can be completely quelled without force. "The emperor was silent for a long time without speaking. Later, he sent a lieutenant to call Chao Cuo and tricked him into walking in the street by car. Chao Cuo was killed in Dongshi wearing royal clothes. Deng Gong was a captain who attacked the rebels in Wu Chu as a general. Go back to Beijing to see the emperor.

The emperor asked him, "Did the rebellion in Wu Chu subside after hearing the news of Chao Cuo's death?" Deng Gong said, "Wu Di-mou has been rebelling for decades. (This time) he angrily cut their fiefs and asked for the name of Chao Cuo. They didn't mean Chao Cuo. And I am worried that scholars all over the world will shut up and dare not say anything. "

The emperor asked, "Why?" Deng Gong said: "Chao Cuo was worried that the vassals were too powerful to control, so he demanded that their power be weakened to improve the dignity of the court. This is the interest of future generations. As soon as the plan was implemented, suddenly I was killed. (in this way) I blocked the loyal minister's mouth in the court and avenged the princes outside the court. I personally think that your majesty should not be like this. "

So Jingdi sighed for a long time and said, "You are right. I feel sorry too! "

Chao Cuo studied legalism when he was young. When Emperor Wen of Han was a prince, he was eloquent, so he was called a "think tank". Han Jing was an emperor of literature and history, and later he was promoted to an ancient scholar. He repeatedly wrote to advocate strengthening centralization, reducing vassal fiefs and attaching importance to agriculture and millet. When Wu and Chu rebelled, he was killed by Jingdi by mistake. Chao Cuo's economic thoughts can be found in Hanshu Shihuozhi and Biography of Yuan Ang and Chao Cuo.

Chao Cuo is outspoken, outspoken and dare to remonstrate. He formulated and presided over the implementation of many positive policies to develop the economy of the Western Han Dynasty and consolidate the Han regime. He also wrote a large number of political articles, such as On your expedient measures, Talking about the military, Talking about Emperor Jing's former conquest of vassals, and Raising People's Trust. There are "Thirty-one Articles of Chao Cuo" in the Records of Han Shu Literature and Art, but unfortunately not all of them have been handed down from generation to generation.

Source: Historical Records-Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty

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Creation background

Sima Qian went to Chang 'an with his father at the age of ten, and studied under Dong Zhongshu and Kong Anguo successively. At the age of 20, he began to travel to famous mountains and rivers, where he visited local customs and collected historical relics and legends. After Sima Qian succeeded his father, Taishiling, he was able to enjoy the imperial collection and cruise around with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, which increased his knowledge. At the same time, he began to sort out historical materials in order to fulfill his father's last wish and write a general history of "the name of a monarch, the loyalty of a minister and the death of righteousness"

In the second year of Emperor Tiandi of Han Dynasty (99 BC), when Li Ling went to Xiongnu, he was trapped in a tight encirclement because of the poor response of friendly forces, and he ran out of food and surrendered to Xiongnu. Sima Qian angered Emperor Wudi by protecting Li Ling and was sentenced to prison.

Suffering from this great humiliation, Sima Qian was angry and unwilling to live, but in order to realize his ideal, he was determined to "submit to humiliation". After he was released from prison, he served as the secretary of the secretariat of the secretariat, continued to write books with indignation, and completed the famous "Historical Records" praised by Mr. Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, leaving Sao without rhyme".