The Ownership of Suizhou in Southern Song Dynasty

Suizhou in Song Dynasty belongs to southwest Beijing Road, near Bianjing. Suizhou can get the benefits first when the government rewards farming and the rent is tax-free. The famine in the early Song Dynasty was a common phenomenon, and it was also inevitable near Gyeonggi. There are two or three states around the capital, and Fiona Fang is thousands of miles long, and only two-thirds of the land has been reclaimed. The government strongly advises the people to cultivate the land. Although land reclamation is constantly opening up, new phenomena of abandoning land are constantly appearing. "The strong have no fields to plant, and those with fields are unable to plow." "Dragon Edition" Volume 27 "Wu Jia Yongxi three years in June". The disparity between the rich and the poor and unreasonable land use are inevitable phenomena under the rule of the landlord regime. The imperial court issued an imperial edict: "If the people are invited to rent the land of the States, it will be a permanent business, and they will still rent it at the age of three; After the age of three, MINUS one third. " Long Edition Volume 38 Ding You in June of the first year of Taoism. The implementation of this sacred decree in Suizhou area is relatively effective, and the number of people advised by state and county officials to plow the land has been registered in order to reward them according to their work. The rulers of Zhao and Song dynasties clearly realized that the "political foundation" was farming, and they specifically advised farmers. Agricultural advice farmers are active in Chen, Xu, Cai, Ying, Xiang, Deng, Tang, Ruzhou and other places to persuade farmers to farm. Suizhou area is an area where farmers are advised to contact frequently, which increases the number of reclamation years. Besides "persuading farmers to keep pace with the times", there are two other tasks. First, gather refugees who are about to flee their hometown, recruit them to return home, and create conditions for them to resume production; The other is to check the tax trap.

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In the Song Dynasty, Wang's pain was heavy taxes, and Suizhou was no exception. The so-called "tax trap" is tax evasion. Suizhou's tax problem is relatively light, because you can get some special care, such as planting mulberry trees, without increasing taxes. "Refugees in the southwest road of Beijing are free to buy cattle." In order to average taxes, the square field method was implemented, starting from Jingxi Road and Hebei Road. In the Song Dynasty, there was a fixed place to pay taxes, and the surplus was insufficient, that is, "moving this and losing that, moving closer and losing distance". This is the so-called branch. Originally, the principle of migration was "get rich first and then poor, from near to far". Because of graft, the case-handling officials do not apologize if they are rich, that is, they use the materials from the harvest area to adjust the difficulties of the poor harvest area; On the contrary, it is the opposite of "moving an apology to make a fortune". By this means, you can enrich yourself. Although poor households are exempt from transfer, their valuation is high and they collect more money, which becomes a disguised tax. The "change" related to transfer is a kind of torture for Wang. Because it was inconvenient to pay in kind, he converted it into cash. Corrupt officials play tricks, "Fold money with silk and wheat with money." After many conversions, Wang Yue became more and more miserable. In the southern song dynasty, "silk is twice as much money as silver." The more expensive the silver is, the more difficult it is to get money, and the more the grain cannot be sold, making the people cheap and expensive. " The goods sold by Wang are cheap, and the price converted by the government is twice as expensive as the actual price, which makes Wang extremely miserable. However, the old Jingxi Road did not move, and Suizhou people relieved this pain for a long time. By the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Huizong was politically corrupt and the court was profligate. In Chongning (1102-1106), it was ordered that "the relocation should be the same, and it is exempted; If you spend money in the field, you should lose money. " From then on, full fees were often collected. There were 56 articles in History of Song Dynasty (volume 174) and Foodstuffs II, which were paid in one bucket, which was equivalent to the regular tax of Yuanfeng (1078- 1085), but "repeated losses were several times higher than before". The people are miserable. If it has been implemented for more than 30 years and the foreign money is less than a barrel, it will be free; Where the tax money is less than a barrel, the transfer is free.

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Suizhou not only enjoys the privilege of not moving, but also enjoys care. The armies of Suizhou, Chen, Slip, Cai, Ying, Ying, Deng, Jin, Xinyang and other places did not dispute with each other in the past, that is to say, the government did not monopolize alcohol and tax in this area. During the period of Taiping and Xingguo (976-983), the government monopoly law was changed, but the government made little profit, but the people suffered greatly. Long Bian (18), Xin Wei in October of Taiping and Xingguo years, Songshi (185), the next seven foods. It shows that this area has simple folk customs, few alcoholics and small alcohol consumption, which is the fundamental reason why there was no monopoly.

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There are many official fields in the west of Beijing, and those who rent official fields, "the official borrows cattle breeds, and it takes eight years to pay for it", History of Song Dynasty (volume 173) and First Grain. The preferential conditions enjoyed by people renting official land on Jingxi Road are rare in other places. In the Song Dynasty, "the county is vast, and the corvee benefits many people", and many households went bankrupt because of heavy corvee. "People avoid heavy labor, and dare not plow more, so they avoid households, etc. ; The flesh and blood dare not gather, fearing people. " There are thousands of people in Zhaozhou who became monks to avoid heavy service. During the Qing Dynasty (1041-1048), workers in Beijing's east, west, Hebei, Shaanxi and Hedong were laid off and changed soldiers. Suizhou, southwest of Beijing, is among the "laid-off workers", and the phenomenon of "not daring to cultivate more land" has been alleviated. Of course, it is very difficult to completely avoid land abandonment and population flight, but it is definitely different from not cutting the disabled. In the Song Dynasty, in order to relieve the sufferings of the people, Hengcang, Yicang and Huimin Cang were set up. Regular positions are closed at Pinggu price, and easy positions are prepared for serious disasters. Huimin warehouse is sorry for the new year's goods, and the price reduction benefits the people. Jingdong West Road Changcang was set earlier than Jinghu, Xia Chuan and Guangnan 15. History of the Song Dynasty (volume 65,438+076), the fourth issue of Food. Although there is a limit to alleviating the suffering of Suizhou people, it is undoubtedly beneficial to economic development. ?

In the early years of the Southern Song Dynasty, Suizhou lived in the front line behind enemy lines, and powerful families moved southward in large numbers, concentrated in the southeast, vying for polder fields and enclosures, colluding with Zhejiang Dahe, doubling the encirclement and occupying water, affecting farmers' drainage and irrigation. Half of the farmland in Huiji is irrigated by Jianhu Lake, and Mulan pond in Xinghua nourishes vast farmland. This large-scale water conservancy irrigation system has been seriously damaged, and it is "the officials enrich the people and occupy the land, and the siltation is narrow." Suizhou area, but no such catastrophic thing happened. There is a phenomenon of "vast territory and sparsely populated" in Suizhou, followed by light taxes and less taxes. "Since Jingnan, An, Fu, Yue, Hubei, Han, Mian, there are few hukou, and all the narrow townships in the south of the Yangtze River provide for the elderly and raise children. They come from afar to discuss tenancy, and the land is wide and the tax is light." People from "narrow villages" in the south of the Yangtze River migrate to An, Fu, Yue and E, which attracts people with "vast territory and few people" and low taxes. In the fourth year of the Southern Song Dynasty, Shaoxing announced that Xiangyang and other six counties (including Suizhou) would pay taxes for three years. In Huaibei, Jingxi and Hubei, "the land is vast and the population is sparse. If you want to plow, you are still afraid. If you pay taxes by mu, who is willing to migrate to plow for the benefit of the public? " The History of the Song Dynasty (Volume 174) Part I Food Commodities. Wide land and light taxes provide an important opportunity for the development of agricultural production in Suizhou. Compared with other regions, Suizhou has a rare advantage. The economy of the Yuan Dynasty made a new breakthrough on the basis of the Song Dynasty. There were two outstanding achievements in Suizhou economy during the Song and Yuan Dynasties:

(A) the promotion of rice field system

Since the Han, Wei, Jin and Tang Dynasties, for Shouchun in Chen, Xu, Deng, Ying, Cai, Su, Bo and other places, "building water conservancy to cultivate farmland" has become an important method to convince Dunben farmers. People of insight realize that paddy fields are much better than fields: "The life of fields hangs in the sky. Although there are manpower to repair them, if there are floods and droughts from time to time, the achievements of one year will be wasted." If paddy field is cultivated by manpower, it can exhaust its geographical advantages, and the harm of insect disaster is less than that of field. The paddy field has been repaired, and the benefit has doubled. "In order to carry out the paddy field system, some people put forward a specific plan:" Choose people of insight, learn well and be an official, divide governors and officials, take charge of farming, open up public lands to build water conservancy projects, send troops to Jianghuai to support the people, give a cow to every thousand people, and rule 50 thousand mu of land. "It is estimated that you can earn about 3 hectares,10.5 million hectares per year. Set up 20 villages among seven States, and you can get 3 million welcome at the age of 18. The paddy field system will make you rich in two or three years. This suggestion was adopted by Song Taizong, who immediately sent someone to the United States to make active preparations. Song Taizong actively supports the popularization of paddy field system, including Changbian (Volume 37), Application of Daoism on the Fifth Day of the First Month, History of Song Dynasty (Volume 176) and Eating on the Four Sides. He advocated planting rice in Jianshui, Hebei, which was opposed by many people. Undaunted, he sent several cars with ears of rice to the capital and solved his objection with practical examples. "Long Bian" (Volume 34) was abandoned in March of Chunhua four years, which consolidated the paddy field system in the north. During the reign of Emperor Zhenzong, Jingxi Road was still struggling to grow rice. Zhenzong appointed Wang Geng as the traffic ambassador of Jingxi Road, established a farm and planted more than 300 hectares of rice. King Geng Chu appointed Cheng Wu of Dali Temple as the general manager of field affairs, but I'm afraid Wu Cheng is opposed to planting rice. Fortunately, the emperor was not confused, so he transferred Wu Cheng to his county and appointed a new person, Long Bian, Volume 44, Xianping, February and April, and Bingzi. The implementation of the paddy field system in Suizhou benefited from several successful emperors in the early Song Dynasty, who recognized the benefits of paddy field and were firm in their attitude towards the implementation of paddy field system. After the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty expanded the scope of rice planting to the north, moved rice growers from Jiangnan to Hebei and Henan, and opened up important rice producing areas near Dadu (now Beijing). " West to Xishan, east to Town, south to Baoding and Hejian, north to Tan (now Miyun County) and (now Shunyi County) "yuanshi county (138)" Tuo. In this vast rice producing area, there is a bumper harvest every year. In addition, rice is also planted in Shaanxi and Gansu. Rice is the main grain crop and rice variety in Yuan Dynasty. According to conservative estimates, there were 20 kinds of glutinous rice and as many as 50 kinds of japonica rice. The authenticity of this book is mixed, and this figure is credible. It was successful to popularize paddy field system in Song and Yuan Dynasties.

(B) the rise of the cotton textile industry

China's silk industry has a long-standing reputation and is well-known in the world. The silk industry in Suizhou in Song Dynasty was in a leading position in southwest Beijing. The textile industry in the Southern Song Dynasty had new development and new content, namely the rise of cotton textile industry. There are two kinds of cotton, one is perennial kapok and the other is annual cotton. Kapok originated in Africa. Kapok is distributed in India, Vietnam, Malay Archipelago, Cambodia and southern China. Grass cotton is one of the ancient cultivated plants in Asia, which originated from wild grass cotton and distributed in South Asia, Southeast Asia, southern Yunnan and Guizhou. Cotton planting in China has gradually spread from Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian to the south of the Yangtze River, which is called South Island Cotton. From the western regions to Shaanxi, it is called North Island Cotton. South and North roads meet in the Yellow River Basin, which is most suitable for cotton planting. With the advancement of cotton planting, the center of cotton textile industry in China has shifted from Hainan to Fujian, and from Guangdong to the southeast. Suizhou began planting cotton plums in the Southern Song Dynasty, and at the latest in the Yuan Dynasty (Wang Fan). History of Cultivated Plants in China, 234 pages, Science Press, 1984. "By the Song Dynasty and beyond, cotton cultivation may have spread all over the country." This statement is vague, and the so-called "later" seems to refer to the Yuan Dynasty. The word "probably" seems to have been deleted.

Cotton was widely planted in Yuan Dynasty and became an important cash crop. Suizhou is suitable for planting cotton, with suitable climate and superior geographical conditions. Especially in the Southern Song Dynasty, the land was vast and the population was sparse, but this situation did not change in the Yuan Dynasty. If anything, it is that the vast land and sparse population are more conducive to promoting cotton planting. It should not be ignored that the Yuan government carried out cotton planting by compulsory means, and made it compulsory for areas where cotton was not planted to pay cotton tax. In the 26th year of Zhiyuan (1289), in April, Zhejiang, Jiangdong, Jiangxi, Huguang and Fujian established kapok lifting companies, which collected 654.38+million kapok plants every year. This provision was not reasonable enough and was once abolished. In the second year of Yuan Zhen (1296), the Jiangnan summer tax system was established, which stipulated that wood, cotton, silk, cotton and other things should be paid, from the beginning of Yuan Dynasty (15), the twelfth ancestor (93) and grain, tax and grain (93). In order to meet this demand, cotton was planted in areas where cotton was not planted. Suizhou's "planting kapok by households and learning cloth by the people" began in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, which pushed the cottage industry from a narrow specialty to a national economic field that is suitable for the needs of the broad masses of the people and has broad development prospects.

Second, Suizhou resistance to economic development

When Qin Gui was in power at the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, he secretly instructed all sectors to increase the civil tax by seven or eight points. "Manpower is heavy, and many people starve to death." Suizhou cannot escape this bad luck. ? There are many factors that are not conducive to Suizhou's economic development: the cruel oppression and exploitation of the landlord class have long been deeply rooted; During the confrontation between Song and Jin Dynasties, being located in the frontier, the burden of supporting the frontier was very heavy. Even in a relatively stable period, people are restless, which affects the enthusiasm for production. Suizhou farmers' tax burden is relatively light, but Suizhou's "push" and "opposition" are still miserable. "Things in Beijing, Shaanxi and Hebei are short of soldiers' grain, and local counties and counties have accumulated grain and listed it, that is, pushed it; It is unusual to take the upper-class version of the book and pay the rent as appropriate. " The History of Song Dynasty (Volume 175) Part III Grain Commodities. Push, that is, search for accumulated grain; Yes, it is to raise the rent. What is even more frightening is that because it is not "formal", such a burden may be imposed on the people at any time.

The disaster of Suizhou farmers in Yuan Dynasty was worse than that in Song Dynasty. In addition to class oppression, there is also national oppression. The Yuan Dynasty divided the people of the whole country into four classes. The first class is Mongolian, with the highest status and the most privileges. The second category is semu people, including Xixia people, western people and Europeans; The third category is Han Chinese, including Khitans, Jurchen and Koreans; The fourth category is southerners, that is, people from the Southern Song Dynasty and people from all ethnic groups in the southwest. Suizhou people are classified as the fourth class, especially discriminated against, losing all their freedom, and being forbidden to pass at night, assemble and associate, and gather for hunting. In the early days of the Mongolian invasion, the Han people were slaughtered first, then horses, Ding Zhuang and grain were plundered, and many fertile fields became pastures. Especially when attacking the Southern Song Dynasty, they extorted gold and silver from the surrendered counties, saying "scattered flowers". For the cities that insisted on resistance, after entering the city, they killed and set fire to their children, saying "beating Lu". People in Suizhou personally experienced the tragic disasters of "spreading flowers" and "beating Lu", and many innocent people lost their lives in these tragic disasters.

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Kublai Khan in Yuan Shizu gave up the backward nomadic economy and exploitation mode and adopted a series of measures to restore agricultural production, such as limiting grazing to occupy more private fields and prohibiting grazing from destroying agriculture and mulberry trees; Advocate improving agricultural production technology and building water conservancy; Support settlers and immigrants, and give cattle and farm tools and grow food; The government issued the "Summary of Agriculture and Mulberry" to summarize and popularize the experience of agricultural farming. This has a positive effect on the social and economic recovery and development of Suizhou, but the Mongolian army ravaged Suizhou many times when it went south, which once interrupted the continuity of economic development. Thanks to Yuan Shizu's efforts, Suizhou's economy has recovered, but Yuan Shizu's economic policy has obvious tendency, focusing on frontier development, that is, the vast area north of the Great Wall, which was originally sparsely populated. Yuan Shizu inherited Genghis Khan's immigration policy, organized Han Chinese and people of other nationalities to cultivate fields and accumulate grain around cities such as Helin and Shangdu (that is, near Kaiping and Duolun in Inner Mongolia) and Altai Mountain, Hang 'ai Mountain and Krulun River, and moved to the mainland to teach pottery-making skills. The purpose of building Zhaozhou City in Northeast China is to "secure the city and house". In the northwest, paddy fields in Zhongxing, Xiliang, Gansu, Jiangsu and Guasha are opened. In the southwest of China, people were sent to Sang Ma, where there is no japonica rice, to teach people to plant seeds and build ponds to prepare for floods and droughts. The economic and cultural development in the border brotherly ethnic areas is unprecedented. In contrast, the pace of Suizhou's economic development in the Yuan Dynasty was much slower.

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In the Yuan Dynasty, the handicraft industry developed greatly, the silk weaving industry was extremely developed, and a large number of luxurious gold threads were used, and the gold thread weaving technology made unprecedented achievements. Suizhou, which had a certain foundation of silk industry, was silent in the Yuan Dynasty. Suizhou was listed as Shangzhou in the Song Dynasty and became Xiazhou in the Yuan Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, commerce was in the hands of Mongolian aristocrats and western businessmen. The ports in Dadu, Quanzhou, Hangzhou and the southeast coast are active in commerce, and some emerging cities have appeared in the area north of the Great Wall. Suizhou's business failed to keep pace with the national business. When Kublai Khan just ascended the throne, in order to exchange markets with the Southern Song Dynasty, he set up Bazaar in Guanghua Army (now Laohekou, Hubei). Because he is in a state of war, it is open and closed. Suizhou's position in the Yuan Dynasty was not as good as before, and it was difficult to rank in the national commercial cities, which was related to the inconvenient transportation. On the contrary, cities with convenient land and water transportation have developed, such as Yangzhou, which is adjacent to the Yangtze River in the south. It was also the starting point of the new canal in the Yuan Dynasty, and became the economic hub and trade center in the Jianghuai area. In the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, Jiangning (now Nanjing), Wuhu, Wuchang and Jiangling are developed in industry and commerce. Xiangyang, located in the middle reaches of Hanshui River, became the trade center between North and South. The silk industry was not as good as Suizhou in the Song Dynasty, but jumped above Suizhou in the Yuan Dynasty.