The Spread of Manle in the South of China in Qin and Han Dynasties

Echoing that the northern nationalities are collectively called "Hu", the non-Huaxia nationalities in the southern region are generally called "Yue". "Yue" is the general name of many nationalities with different dialects and customs, which is also the fundamental reason for the name "Baiyue" in history books. Baiyue can be divided into three parts: wuyue, South Vietnam and Luoyue, which are mainly active in today's southeast coast, Guangdong, Guangxi and parts of Vietnam. "Southwest Yi" and "Nan Man" in the history books are also briefly described in this part. Many "Southwest Yi" also come from Baiyue system, such as Yunnan, Yelang and Ailao. The main activities are in Yunnan and Guizhou today. Wu Lingren, Ba people, half people, etc. , is a long-term concern of the Eastern Han Dynasty "Nan Man". They mainly live in Xiangjiang River, Dongting Lake, western Hubei and eastern Sichuan in Hunan. The historical records of these southern nationalities are relatively simple, and there are relatively many documents and archaeological remains in South Vietnam and Yunnan. Wuyue in>& gt Baiyue includes Dongou (Dongyue) and Minyue. There is no king in Fujian, and the king of the East China Sea is teetering. "Gou Jian first, then Ye" (Biography of Historical Records in East Vietnam), the descendants of Wu people and Yue people in the pre-Qin period were probably leaders. Qin annexed the six countries, abolished the leader of wuyue as the monarch, and set up Minzhong County to govern its land. When there was chaos in the world at the end of Qin Dynasty, Wu Rui, who was ordered by Poyang, joined the Vietnamese who took part in the war to destroy Qin, and later assisted the Han army in attacking Qin. In the fifth year of Emperor Gaudi (the first 202 years), Wu was named King of Fujian and Yue, ruling over the old land in central Fujian, with its capital in the east (now Fuzhou, Fujian); In the third year of Huidi (former 192), he was named the King of the East China Sea, both in Dong 'ou (now Yongjia County, Zhejiang Province, or Wenzhou), and his common name was Dong 'ou King (Biography of Historical Records in Yuedong). During the rebellion between the Seven Kingdoms and Wu Chu, Dongou followed Liu Bi to arise; After the failure of the uprising, Dong 'ou was rewarded by the Han Dynasty and killed Liu Bi in Dantu to atone for his sins and return to China. Liu Bi's son fled to Fujian and Vietnam, resenting Dong 'ou for killing his father and encouraging Fujian and Vietnam to attack Dong 'ou. In the third year of Jianyuan (138), Fujian and Vietnam attacked Dongou, and Liang Wudi sent troops to rescue them, but the reinforcements did not arrive, and Fujian and Vietnam retreated. In order to avoid the threat from Fujian and Vietnam, Dong 'ou requested to be attached at home, which was approved by Liang Wudi. Wang Dongou led more than 40,000 people to migrate between Jianghuai, that is, between Lujiang and Anqing today. & gt& gt In the sixth year of Jianyuan (before 135), Fujian and Vietnam attacked the border areas of South Vietnam, and South Vietnam was in a hurry. Liang Wudi sent troops to attack Huiji and Zhang Yu, and Wang Ying of Fujian and Vietnam sent troops to resist. Brother Ying killed a lot, and Han stopped fighting. The ugly king who had no grandchildren was named Yue King in the Han Dynasty. Yu Shanwei was walking in the country, and many people joined him. The Han Dynasty named him the King of Dongyue. In the fifth year of Ding Yuan (before 1 12), the Han attacked South Vietnam, and Yushan wrote a letter to leave the Han army, but at the same time he had an affair with both sides of South Vietnam. After the destruction of South Vietnam in the Han Dynasty, Yang Fu, a general of the Han army, sent a letter to attack East Vietnam. The following year, the East Vietnam rebelled, and Yushan became the "Emperor Wu" and attacked the Han army. In the first year of Yuanfeng (before 1 10), the Han army invaded Dongyue, and the nobles of Dongyue killed the rest. In the Han Dynasty, Li Dengren moved the Yue people between Jianghuai and gradually became the editor of the Han Dynasty. & gt& gt Set up counties on the land of South Vietnam. At the end of Qin Dynasty, Zhao Tuo, the commander-in-chief of Longchuan in Nanhai County (now Guangzhou, Guangdong Province), was also the commander-in-chief of Nanhai County. He could not defend himself and occupied Lingnan. The territory of South Vietnam includes Guangdong, Guangxi and northern Vietnam. Zhao Tuo (? ~ 137), a native of Zhengding County, Hebei Province, was the founding monarch of South Vietnam and reigned for nearly 70 years. In the early Han Dynasty, the policy of softening South Vietnam was adopted: in the 11th year of Emperor Gao (BC 196), Lu Jia sent a mission to South Vietnam and made Zhao Tuo the king of South Vietnam. Zhao Tuo accepted the title of Han, and expressed his willingness to be a vassal. Lv Hou adopted a company's suggestion: prohibit trade with South Vietnam, close the market, and prohibit the export of ironware and farm tools. The exported horses, cows and sheep can only be male, not female. Zhao Tuo used this as an excuse to establish himself as Emperor Wu of South Vietnam and attack Changsha Border Town. Lured by property and transportation, it belongs to Fujian, Vietnam and Xi 'ou, which are more than 10,000 miles apart. "It's a system of balancing the Huang family with China" (Historical Records, Biography of South Vietnam). & gt& gt During Emperor Wendi's reign, in order to ease the tension with South Vietnam, Lu Jia was sent to South Vietnam again, and Zhao Tuo promised to cancel the emperor's name and restore the relationship between vassal and vassal. At the time of Emperor Jingdi, South Vietnam was a vassal, inviting Han Emperor to enter the DPRK, and the etiquette was like a vassal; In South Vietnam, Zhao Tuo still proclaimed himself emperor, using his old name. In the fourth year of Jianyuan (BC 137), Zhao Tuo died, and his grandson Zhao Hu succeeded to the throne, with the title "Wendi". The archaeological discovery of Wendi's surname is Zhao, which is different from that recorded in literature. ; Later, Prince Zhao stayed in Chang 'an. Ten years later, Zhao Hu died, and his Zi Ying acceded to the throne, and he didn't go to see Emperor Han Xian on the pretext of being ill. After Qi Ying's death, Prince Zhao Xing acceded to the throne, and his biological mother was the Queen Mother. In the fourth year of Ding Yuan (before 1 13), the Han Dynasty sent envoys to lobby Zhao Xing and the Empress Dowager to enter the DPRK, and Zhao Xing wrote "Please invite the princes in Penn to be three years old, except for the border" according to his mother's wishes (Biography of Historical Records of South Vietnam). This move aroused the dissatisfaction of Lv Jia, the prime minister of South Vietnam, and killed Empress Zhao Xing and the ambassador of Korea, and made Jiande, the son of Qi Ying's eldest son, king. The Han Dynasty sent troops to pacify South Vietnam, captured Lv Jia and Jiande, and many nobles in South Vietnam fell to the Han Dynasty to seal Hou. Han established nine counties on the land of South Vietnam, which lasted 93 years. & gt& gt Before the collapse of South Vietnam, it nominally surrendered to the Han Dynasty, but remained basically independent. The difference between it and the "inner minister" is that its political particularity is obvious: first, it makes an irregular pilgrimage to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty; The second is to appoint officials at all levels with full authority; Third, we can't use China's method. The legal relationship between the imperial court and the vassal kingdom in the early Han Dynasty from the newly published Han bamboo slips, published by the editorial board of this book: Collected Works of the 60th Anniversary of Mr. An's Historical Research, Qilu Bookstore, 2007, p. 382. The reason why Korea wants to belong to South Vietnam again and again is to fundamentally control South Vietnam; The reason why South Vietnam didn't belong to the country was that it inherited the political idea since Zhao Tuo. "There was no disrespect during the emperor's period, so you can't say good things; If you advance, you will not return, and the country will perish "("Historical Records and Biography of South Vietnam "). Emperor Wu sent troops to attack Fujian, Vietnam, and Dongou, which somewhat meant going to South Vietnam. & gt& gt South Vietnam was originally built along the old land of the three counties of Qin, and its political system generally followed the Qin and Han Dynasties. In terms of official positions in the central government, the central government has established ministers such as Prime Minister, Imperial Adviser, Civil Affairs Officer and Captain, as well as hundreds of civil and military officials, such as Dr. Lang, Dr. China and General. In local administration, the county system is implemented, such as Jiuzhen County and Jieyang County, and official posts such as fake guards, supervisors and county magistrates are set up; Also enfeoffed the king and Hou, such as King Cangwu. In the aspect of legal system, from the "flogging" records in Historical Records of South Vietnam, South Vietnam seems to have followed the flogging of the Qin Dynasty. Culturally, South Vietnam is also deeply influenced by the culture of Qin and Han Dynasties: the system of weights and measures in South Vietnam is basically the same as that in Han Dynasty. The tomb of the king of South Vietnam is modeled after the tomb of Han Dynasty, and most of the funerary objects are Chinese-style objects, using official script and seal script. Guangzhou Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, etc. Brief report on the excavation of wooden slips of the Western Han Dynasty at Nanyue Palace site in Guangzhou, No.3 Archaeology, 2006. , and so on. South Vietnam is a place where many ethnic groups live together, so it is natural to adopt strategies according to local conditions. When Lu Jia first met Zhao Tuo, Zhao Tuo "abandoned the crown belt" and "settled in a basket", which led to the ridicule of Lu Jia's "anti-natural first step"; Lu Jia made some remarks, saying that Zhao Tuo "suddenly sat up" and thanked Yue for "living in barbarians for a long time and being extremely disrespectful" (Biography of Lu Han Jia). It can be seen that Zhao Tuo's rule over South Vietnam is adapted to the customs of Vietnam and integrated into it. In order to consolidate his rule, Zhao wooed the Vietnamese to participate in politics and married the Vietnamese. Lv Jia, the prime minister, is said to have been born in the Yue people and won the hearts of the people. There are more than 70 officials in the Lujiazong ethnic group. "Men are kings and women, and women are kings and brothers" (Historical Records of South Vietnam Biography). & gt& gt Under the rule of Zhao Tuo, the country of South Vietnam not only changed the old customs of Vietnamese attacking each other, but also increased the number of "Zhongxian people" who moved to South Vietnam. In this case, it is reasonable that the Yue culture has a great influence on South Vietnam, and the cultural characteristics of the funerary objects in the tomb of the King of South Vietnam have been well explained: the number of funerary objects with Yue culture is second only to that of Han-style funerary objects, such as Yue-style bronze ding and Yue-style iron ding. The geographical location of South Vietnam is very convenient for overseas contacts, and the appearance of foreign goods such as ivory, frankincense and silver boxes is conducive to understanding the maritime traffic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West. & gt& gt Luoyue, or Xi Ou. It used to be an elephant county in the Qin Dynasty and later became a part of South Vietnam. After the Han Dynasty pacified South Vietnam, Luoyue was mainly distributed in Yulin, Hepu, Jiao Jiao, Rinan, Jiuzhen and other counties, that is, Guangxi went from south to north. Although there are counties in Jiaocheng and other places, the languages of the people under their jurisdiction are different, and it takes many translations to know its meaning. It can be seen that Luo Yue is also a general term, which actually includes different nationalities. Luoyue people have the custom of "tying a knot around their neck and writing through their heads with cloth" (The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Biography of South Manchuria and Southwest Foreigners). During the Han Dynasty, many criminals from the Central Plains were moved here to live with Luo Yue. When Emperor Guangwu was in power, he made friends with Taitai Xi Shou Guanghe Jiuzhen Taishou Renyan, taught Vietnamese people to cultivate crops, make crown shoes and build schools, educated local people with courtesy and righteousness, and changed customs. At that time, many barbarians led people to join, or barbarians offered sacrifices to pheasants and white rabbits. & gt& gt In the 16th year of Jianwu (40 years), two women and girls were recruited. Su Ding, the satrap of Jiaozhou, dealt with her husband's poems according to law, so Zheng He and his sister began to rebel against the satrap of Jiaozhou. "So Jiuzhen, Rinan and Hepu all responded" (Biography of Nan Man Southwest Yi). Judging from the scale of the development, the reason why they went to war was not only out of resentment, but also related to the official governance measures of the Han Dynasty. They occupied more than 60 cities and became kings themselves. The cross-stabbing history and the satrap of each county can only protect the city and are unable to fight back. Guangwudi ordered Changsha, Hepu and other counties to prepare vehicles, build roads and bridges, and reserve grain and grass. In the eighteenth year of Jianwu (42), he sent Fu Bo general Ma Yuan to crusade, saying that "coastal progress will pave the way for thousands of miles along the mountain" (The Biography of Ma Yuan in the Later Han Dynasty); In the spring of the following year, the army arrived in Langbo, defeated its opponent, beheaded thousands of people and dropped more than 10 thousand people; In the twenty years since Jianwu was founded, he conquered the second frontier expedition and later defeated the Yu Party. The place where Ma Yuan marched was to repair the battlements of counties and counties, "canal irrigation is beneficial to its people"; Rectify the law, "The Yue people affirm the old system to restrain it, and Luo Yue will follow the story of General Ma from now on" (Biography of Ma Yuan in the Later Han Dynasty). Ma Yuan also seized Luoyue bronze drums. "Bronze drum culture" can make up for the shortage of literature records and deepen our research on the history of southern nationalities. & gt& gt There are many ethnic groups in the southwest of China, with different languages and customs. The official history is collectively called "Southwest Yi". Generally speaking, there are Yelang and Galand in western Guizhou, Dian in Dianchi area of Yunnan, Kunming in Erhai area, Qiong and Yan in southwest Sichuan, and so on. Yunnan Yelang, Qionglai and other ethnic groups have become spines, engaged in farming, gathered in cities, and have princes; The distribution between Kunming people and other ethnic groups is mainly nomadic economy, and there is no monarch. & gt& gt The forces of the Qin Dynasty once influenced Southwest Yi and opened the "Wuchi Road" from Yibin to Zhaotong. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, although the official contact between Han and Southwest Yi was interrupted, Bashu area still maintained contact with Southwest Yi. Bashu merchants sold silk and gouache to Southwest Yi, from where they sold horses, cattle and boys (that is, handmaids). In the sixth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Han Fanyang (now Boyang, Jiangxi Province) ordered the discovery of the gouache produced in the Shu area of South Vietnam, and found that there was a road from the Shu area to South Vietnam through the southwest Yi area, so he proposed to pass Yelang, "Yelang's elite soldiers can get more than 100,000 yuan, but they can float in it, which is even more strange" (Historical Records, Biography of Southwest Yi). Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Tang Meng to lead thousands of people to Yelang with gifts such as silks and satins. Shortly thereafter, Han established Qianwei County (now Yibin, Sichuan) in the south of Bashu, and recruited Bashu soldiers to build a mountain road from Daodao (now Yibin, Sichuan). Later, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Sima Xiangru to Qiong (now Xichang, Sichuan), (now Hanyuan, Sichuan) and Ran (now Maoxian, Sichuan), and set up a captain and a dozen counties in these areas. A few years later, the road to the southwest was never opened, and many soldiers died of fatigue, hunger and bad weather. Coupled with the "rebellion" of Southwest Yi for many times, it was also futile for Han to send troops to attack. Most counties owned by Han were soon abolished. & gt& gt He once said to Emperor Wu: When he was in the Western Regions, he saw Qiongzhuzhang and Shubu, which are said to come from the body poison (India); Summer is in the southwest of Han Dynasty, and I admire China. It is beneficial and harmless to associate with Xia because Huns are isolated from Taoism, such as poisoning the whole body. According to his suggestion, Liang Wudi sent envoys from Bashu in an attempt to find a cure for the poison. Although this goal was not realized in the end, it inadvertently not only opened up the road of communication between Han and Yunnan, but also deepened the contact with Yelang and its nearby areas. In the fifth year of Ding Yuan, the Han Dynasty recruited soldiers from various tribes near Yelang to attack South Vietnam, which caused Helan to resist, killed the Chinese ambassador and acted as a satrap. The following year, Han soldiers went south from Bashu, captured Galand and set up a county (now governing Huangpingxi, Guizhou). Relying on the Yelang leader of South Vietnam, he entered the DPRK under the shock of the Han army and was named "Yelang King" by Emperor Wu. With the military strength to destroy South Vietnam and kill Galand, Han established Vietnamese troops in (southeast of Xichang, Sichuan), Li Shen County (Ya 'annan, Sichuan), Wenshan County (northern Maoxian, Sichuan) and Baima County (Chengxian, Gansu). Emperor Wu sent messengers to satirize the king of Yunnan into the DPRK, but failed; In the second year of Yuanfeng (before 109), the Han Dynasty sent troops to Yunnan, and the king of Yunnan surrendered to the whole country. In the Han Dynasty, the land was regarded as Yizhou County (now Jinning, Yunnan), and "Wang Yin, the king of Yunnan, was given as a successor" (Historical Records, Biography of Southwest Yi). The earliest record of Yunnan in>& gt literature seems to be found in historical records: during the Warring States period, Chu Jiangzhuang led troops back to the west of Yuanshui; When Qin captured Chuba and Qianzhong counties, the road was blocked; So Zhuang stayed in Dianchi Lake, did as the Romans do, changed his clothes and became king in Yunnan. For example, according to the records of historians, Yunnan was founded in the early 3rd century (about 280 years ago). Judging from the cultural remains of Yunnan, Yunnan was established in the middle of the 5th century at the latest. & gt& gt When Emperor Zhao was proclaimed, Yizhou county people "rebelled" and the Han army suppressed it, which lasted for five years. Yunnan, named after Dianchi Lake, basically disappeared from the literature after more than 20 years of attachment to the Han Dynasty. The main ethnic groups in Yunnan have long been controversial, such as the Yi, Qiang and Pu. Now, the opinions of scholars are gradually consistent: the main ethnic group in Yunnan is the Yue nationality, and the Dian people are one of the Baiyue ethnic groups. No matter cultural characteristics or living customs, the main ethnic groups in Yunnan are similar to the Guyue people. The composition of Yunnan residents is complex. In addition to the dominant Vietnamese, there are some ordinary people, Qiang people and a small number of Han immigrants. & gt& gt Among the cultural relics in Yunnan, bronzes are the big ones. Our knowledge of Yunnan comes from bronzes to a great extent. Agriculture plays an important role in Yunnan people's lives: a large number of farm tools have been unearthed in Yunnan bronzes, which proves the important position of agriculture in Yunnan people's lives. Not only a large number of bronze farm tools were unearthed, but also carbonized rice grains were found. Scenes such as rice production and returning to the warehouse after harvest can also be seen in the ornamentation of bronzes. Animal husbandry and hunting are also quite developed, including cattle, sheep, horses, pigs and dogs. People in Yunnan live in two styles: "dry fence" and "dry well". "Gan Lan-style" buildings are generally divided into upper and lower floors, where people live above and livestock are raised below, and the middle is separated by beams and floors; There are wooden ladders that can go up and down at any time. The bottom is supported by wooden stakes of different sizes, which makes the superstructure high from the ground, moisture-proof and moth-proof. "Well-dry" building is a kind of building form with grooves at both ends of round or square wood, which are stacked layer by layer to form the underframe and wall of the house. There are complete well-stem buildings found on bronze wares in Yunnan: some are built directly on the ground, and some are built on the platform of dry column structure. & gt& gt As the world's four major bronze cultural systems, the four major bronze cultural systems are the bronze culture of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in the Central Plains, the bronze culture of the northern grasslands, the bronze culture of ancient Greece and Rome, and the bronze culture of Yunnan (or Yunnan bronze culture). Among them, Yunnan bronzes, bronze drums and shellfish containers are the most distinctive objects. The bronze drum is a percussion instrument widely used by southern ethnic groups and Southeast Asia, and it is still used by many ethnic groups in South Asia and Southeast Asia today. The predecessor of the bronze drum is a large cooker, which is a large vessel for many people to cook. Bronze drums unearthed in the early days are generally drum-faced down, with their feet turned upside down, and most of them have no decorative patterns, and there are thick smoke marks on the drum surface and other parts. Later, bronze drums gradually became ritual vessels and heavy vessels in Yunnan Kingdom, equivalent to Yi vessels such as bells and ding in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Bronze drums are more common in large tombs, and their use and possession may be a symbol of power and status. Shellfish containers, as the name implies, are containers for storing shells. There are two main sources of shell storage: one is to use ready-made copper drums for processing and transformation; The second is to imitate the shape of the bronze drum and recast it. The reason why seashells are dressed like this may be because seashells are a rare thing in Yunnan Kingdom and a symbol of wealth. The development of shell containers gradually replaced the status of bronze drum ritual vessels and became a symbol of new power, status and wealth. What best reflects the characteristics of shell containers is the three-dimensional decorative painting in a specific society and scene, which is composed of various circular carved figures and animals on the container cover. These scenes cover almost all aspects of Yunnan people's life and production, such as textile, sowing, hunting, sacrifice, tribute, war and so on. & gt& gt Wuling Man, Ba Man, Semi Man and other forces in Central and South China, although highly regarded in the Eastern Han Dynasty, have long been recorded in the literature. In the mountainous areas west of Dongting Lake and Xiangjiang River, there are Gupan Hu Man with dogs as totems, also known as Wu Lingren and Wuxi people. They are mainly engaged in farming and merchants, and "have nothing to do with Fu Liang Chuan and Fu Renfu" (Southern Han Shu). Their active areas were Qianzhong County in the Warring States Period and Wuling County in the Han Dynasty. During the Warring States Period, Wuling Mountain Area was incorporated into the territory of Chu State and became the county in central Guizhou. There are no specific documents including county and county administration, generally including Xiangxi and northeastern Guizhou. From the newly unearthed Liye Qin bamboo slips, we can see that Hunan and Wuling mountain areas have been effectively governed in the Qin Dynasty, but there seems to be no such names as "barbarian" and "barbarian" in bamboo slips. Hunan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology: Liye Excavation Report, Yuelu Bookstore, 2007, p. 3, p. 180~2 17. There is a case in the Han bamboo slips of Zhangjiashan in the early Han Dynasty, in which it is said that the provisions of the Chinese law are as follows: "It is a gift to change (barbarian) foreign men from money", the bamboo slips of Zhangjiashan Han Tomb [Tomb No.247], page 2 13. According to bamboo slips, Man Zi in Nanjun County collected money for 56 years, and the official records recorded that it was collected for 40 years in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty. Why the quantity is different is unknown in historical records. . This judicial case took place in South County Post Road (now northwest of Yidu, Hubei Province) in the eleventh year of Emperor Gaozu. Judging from the provisions of the Chinese law cited in the case, it seems to be a common practice for barbarians to make friends with foreigners; That is to say, as Xu Shen said in Shuo Wen Jie Zi, the so-called "South Fu Man is also". & gt& gt According to the Biography of Southern Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty collected "cloth" from barbarians: one horse a year, with two big feet and two small feet. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Wuling was quite strong, and it was dangerous to pass and disturb the county. In the 24th year of Jianwu, General Wu Wei of Han Dynasty led an army to crusade against Wu Ximan in Wuling, and was defeated by Wu Ximan. The following year, Fu Bo General Ma Yuan led an army to fight, and it took great efforts to defeat it. Han * * * added officials here to strengthen the rule of barbarians. Barbarians' resistance is endless and repeated. Baman, also known as Lin Junman, takes the tiger as a totem and lives in western Hubei and eastern Sichuan. At the end of the Warring States period, Qin annexed Bazhong, taking Ba Fu, a barbarian, as a barbarian and Qin's daughter as his wife. Lin Junmin's house is 80 feet high and 30 feet high. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Lin Jun's ministries often sent troops to harass the people, and the Han Dynasty sent troops to suppress them many times and moved them to Jiangxia County (now Xinzhou, Hubei Province). & gt& gt lives in Langzhong area of Jialing River Basin. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the seven surnames of barbarians, such as Luo, Pu, Du, E, Du, Gong, were all rent-free and tax-free. Generally speaking, barbarians receive 40 pounds of money every year. Ban Man was born brave, and "the county chief often led the army to conquer" ("The Biography of Southwest Yi in the Later Han Dynasty"); He also likes singing and dancing, which is the source of "Bayu Dance" in the early Han Dynasty. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, local officials practiced tyranny, and Ban Man rebelled many times.