The historical fact that China's economy reached perfection in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

First, China has a vast territory, and its natural conditions and development background are quite different.

1. Jiangnan economy that pays equal attention to efficient agriculture and silk and cotton textile industry. Jiangnan, centered on Taihu Plain, has been the most economically developed area in China since the Tang and Song Dynasties. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the development of Jiangnan was mainly to make rational use of existing agricultural resources and further improve the intensive production. The agricultural management mode of high input and high output is one of the characteristics of Jiangnan economy; The development of agricultural and sideline products processing industry, especially silk and cotton textile industry, is another feature of Jiangnan economy; Market development started earlier, and towns with agricultural and sideline products processing and distribution centers are densely covered; The proportion of urban population and non-agricultural population is high, and the level of urbanization is far ahead in the country.

2. The Pearl River Delta, which is oriented by foreign trade, has risen rapidly. The development of the Pearl River Delta generally began in the Song Dynasty. Although it started late, it developed rapidly. By the middle of Qing Dynasty, it had become one of the advanced countries in China. With the change of agricultural production structure, the initial formation of market mechanism and the rapid growth of commercial population, an economic structure oriented by foreign trade and centered on entrepot trade is gradually taking shape.

3. North China Plain. Hebei, Shandong and Henan provinces in North China Plain are located in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, which is one of the earliest developed areas in the history of China. During the hundreds of years from 12 to 14 century, the economic development of this area was destroyed and its economic status was reversed. In Ming Dynasty, the government's immigration and reclamation policies made the economy of North China Plain rise again, and further developed in Qing Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the economic development of North China Plain was mainly manifested in the adjustment of planting structure, the rise of agricultural and sideline products processing industry and the formation of rural market network.

4. The upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River are the largest commodity grain export areas in China. Jiangxi was the earliest in the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and began to immigrate to Huguang from the end of Yuan Dynasty. The development of the two lakes began with the influx of immigrants from Jiangxi. The first climax was in the middle of Ming Dynasty, the second climax was in the early Qing Dynasty, and it was further extended to Sichuan Basin. "Jiangxi fills Huguang and Huguang fills Sichuan", accompanied by a large-scale immigration and development process; By the early Qing Dynasty, the grain supply and demand pattern of "Jiangsu and Zhejiang grain and rice have always belonged to Huguang and Huguang to Sichuan" had been formed. As the most important commodity grain export area in China, the establishment of the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River not only improves its status, but also has great significance to the economic development of Jiangnan and even the whole country.

5. The Ming and Qing Dynasties were the formation period of China's unified multi-ethnic country. After the establishment of the dynasty, the frontier areas were vigorously developed and governed. Among them, the authors of Economic Benefit are Northeast Plain and Taiwan Province Province. After nearly 200 years of immigrant development, by the middle of Qing Dynasty, the agricultural economy of Northeast China and Taiwan Province Province had made great progress and became a new grain production base. Agricultural products processing industry and commerce have also developed initially, laying a solid foundation for larger-scale development in the future.

Second, develop commodity circulation.

1. The circulation scope is expanded. In Ming dynasty, the sea was banned for a long time, and the Yangtze River shipping was underdeveloped. The north-south trade is mainly the canal, and the east-west trade is mainly confined to the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. In the Qing Dynasty, with the opening of the sea ban, the economic development of the North China Plain, the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, and the development of new areas such as Northeast China and Taiwan Province Province, the coastal and riverside trade developed on a large scale.

2. The expansion of circulation scale. The types and quantities of commodities in circulation in China in Qing Dynasty were greatly increased compared with those in Ming Dynasty. The increase of tax revenue can reflect the expansion of circulation scale from another aspect. The proportion of tariffs in national fiscal revenue is also increasing. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the tariffs of the main tax gates in China did not change significantly, and the tax rate did not increase significantly. Therefore, the increase in tax revenue is mainly the result of the increase in commodity circulation.

3. Changes in circulation layout. This is reflected in the setting of currency, tariffs and taxes. Like the forbidden sea in the Ming Dynasty. The Qing dynasty closed its doors to the outside world!

Third, the formation of urban and rural market network system.

In the Ming Dynasty, the material exchange between the north and the south mainly relied on the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, and the circulation hub cities were mostly concentrated along the canal. In the Qing Dynasty, the coastal and Yangtze River shipping gradually replaced the canal as the main circulation trunk line in China, and a number of important coastal and Yangtze River circulation hub cities rose rapidly, such as Shanghai, Tianjin, Guangzhou, Xiamen, Chongqing, Hankou and Jiujiang. Most of these cities became the first trading ports after the Opium War. The development of rural fairs is a very noticeable phenomenon in the economic development in Ming and Qing Dynasties.