Which provinces are the Hetao Plain distributed in?

Hetao Plain is located in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China. Also known as Houtao Plain. It usually refers to the plain along the Yellow River in the middle of Inner Mongolia Plateau, west to Helan Mountain, east to Hohhot, north to Langshan and Daqingshan, and south to Ordos Plateau. Also known as Hetao area.

Hetao plain

Geography, Yellow River, China Geography, Plain.

catalogue

general situation

geographical position

natural environment

Geomorphological zoning

irrigated area

history

economic value

general situation

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Hetao is a plain and plateau area on both sides of the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, which is also called Hetao irrigation area because of its developed agricultural irrigation. Hetao plain usually refers to the plain along the Yellow River in the middle of Inner Mongolia Plateau. Generally speaking, the Hetao Plain mainly refers to the Yellow River alluvial plain south of Yinshan Mountain, including the front plain and the back plain. The former plain mainly refers to the plains around Baotou and Hohhot in Inner Mongolia. It was called Chilechuan in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Fengzhoutan in the Five Dynasties and Tumochuan after the Ming Dynasty. Houtao Plain refers to the plain from the west of Wulashan to Bayangaole. The generalized Hetao Plain also includes the "Tao Xi" between Dengkou in Inner Mongolia and Qingtongxia in Ningxia, commonly known as Yinchuan Plain. Now the Hetao Plain refers to the front and back plains, not Yinchuan Plain. The principle of Zhongwei Ping south of Yinchuan Plain and Qingtongxia are collectively called Ningxia Plain.

Hetao Plain is located in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China. Also known as Houtao Plain. It usually refers to the plain along the Yellow River in the middle of Inner Mongolia Plateau, west to Helan Mountain, east to Hohhot, north to Langshan and Daqingshan, and south to Ordos Plateau. Also known as Hetao area.

The Yellow River flows northeast first, then turns east, and then turns south, forming a horseshoe-shaped bend called Hetao. This plain is alluvial from the Yellow River and its tributaries. It extends from east to west along the Yellow River, with a length of 500 kilometers and a width of 20-90 kilometers from north to south. It covers an area of about 25,000 square kilometers. Hetao Plain is 900 ~ 1200m above sea level, with a slight slope from west to east, and the thickness of Quaternary sediments in the northwest is greater than1000m. In front of the mountain is alluvial plain, accounting for 1/4 of the total plain area, and the rest is Yellow River alluvial plain. The surface is extremely flat, except the slope in the piedmont floodplain is 1/4000 ~ 1/8000. It is divided into three parts: Yinchuan Plain to the east of Helan Mountain, Houtao Plain to the south of Langshan Mountain and Tumochuan Plain to the south of Daqing Mountain.

Narrow Hetao Plain only refers to Houtao Plain. He Lin is located at its core, especially in Shengfeng Village, Wulan Township.

The generalized Hetao Plain also includes Yinchuan Plain in Ningxia and Tumochuan Plain in Inner Mongolia. Located in the south of Bayannur League. East to Wuliangsuhai, southeast to Baotou suburb, south to the Yellow River, west to Wulanbuhe Desert and north to Langshan. The main part is about180km long from east to west and 60km wide from north to south, with a total area of10000km2. East of Xishanzui, the narrow strip between Wulashan and the Yellow River, also known as Sanhuhe Plain, is about 70 kilometers long from east to west and 3- 15 kilometers wide from north to south. The terrain is slightly inclined from southwest to northeast, with an altitude of 1020 to1050m. It belongs to continental climate, with large temperature difference between day and night, flat terrain and fertile land, and can be irrigated by the Yellow River water itself.

geographical position

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Hetao, located in the north of the 37th latitude line, generally refers to the land east of Helan Mountain, west of Luliang Mountain, south of Yinshan Mountain and north of the Great Wall. Including Yinchuan Plain (Ningxia Plain) and parts of Ordos Plateau and Loess Plateau, belonging to Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi. Here, the Yellow River first goes north along Helan Mountain, then goes east because of the barrier of Yinshan Mountain, and then goes south along Luliang Mountain, forming a zigzag shape, so it is called "Hetao".

Hetao Plain is generally divided into Yinchuan Plain between Qingtongxia and Shizuishan in Ningxia, also known as "Tao Xi" and "Tao Dong" in Inner Mongolia. Sometimes "Hetao Plain" only refers to Tao Dong, which is juxtaposed with Yinchuan Plain. Tao Dong is divided into Bayannaoer Plain between Bayangaole and Xishanzui, also known as "back cover", and Tumochuan Plain between Baotou, Hohhot and Lamawan (namely Chilechuan and Hohhot Plain). Sometimes the Hetao Plain is called the Hetao-Tumochuan Plain.

natural environment

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The fault between the yinshan mountains and alluvial lacustrine plain in Ordos Plateau. Located in the southwest of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, north to the south foot of Yinshan Mountain, the cliff stands in the north of the plain with obvious boundaries; Due to the scattered Kubuqi desert, the boundary between scarps south of the northern edge of Ordos Plateau is blurred. The west is connected with Wulanbu and the desert; The east and southeast are connected with the foothills of Man Han Mountain. Between latitude 4010' north and longitude 4120' east, longitude106 25' ~112. It is about 500 kilometers long from east to west. It is 20 ~ 90 kilometers wide from north to south and covers an area of about 26,000 square kilometers. The administrative divisions include most of Hohhot and Baotou, the south of Bayannur League, the north of Zhaomengmeng League in Yi Shi and a small part of Wulanchabu League.

The Yellow River forms a horseshoe-shaped bend in Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces. The northern part of this bend, that is, the area north of Bai Yushan (northern Shaanxi), east of Helan Mountain, south of Yinshan Mountain and west of Luya Mountain (northwest Shanxi), is called Hetao. The plains on both sides of the Yellow River in this area are called Hetao Plain, which starts from Shapotou, Zhongwei County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in the southwest and reaches Lama Bay, Qingshuihe County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the northeast. It can be divided into Yinchuan (Ningxia) Plain, Houtao Plain and Tao Qian Plain (also known as Tumote Plain). Generally speaking, the Hetao plain only includes the front plain and the back plain.

Hetao Plain is 900 ~ 1200m above sea level, with a slight slope from west to east, and the thickness of Quaternary sediments in the northwest is greater than1000m. In front of the mountain is alluvial plain, accounting for 1/4 of the total plain area, and the rest is Yellow River alluvial plain.

The annual sunshine hours in Hetao Plain are 3000 ~ 3200 hours, with more in the west and less in the east, and the sunshine percentage is 67 ~ 73%. The annual total radiation is 627 kJ/cm2, and the annual average temperature is 5.6 ~ 7.4℃, which is high in the west and low in the east. The monthly average temperature is-14 ~-1℃, and the active accumulated temperature above 22 ~ 24℃ 10℃ in July is 30000.

Hetao Plain borders Langshan and Daqingshan in the north and Ordos Plateau in the south, covering an area of 65,438+700,000 km2. Hetao Plain is about 1 1,000 meters above sea level, and the terrain is inclined from southwest to northeast. Since the Qing Dynasty, there has been irrigation by the Yellow River, and agriculture has developed. It is the most important irrigated agricultural area and commodity grain base in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

Geomorphological zoning

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From the southern foot of Yinshan Mountain to the south bank of the Yellow River is the Hetao Plain. Hetao Plain can be divided into four parts according to landform: Wulanbu Desert, Houtao Plain, Ming An Chuan Plain and Sanhuhe Plain.

Wulanbuhe Desert is located in the southwest of Bayannaoer City, covering an area of 2,500 square kilometers.

The Houtao Plain is about180km long from east to west and 60km wide from north to south, with a total area of10000km2. The Yellow River surrounds the Ordos Plateau.

In the Ming Dynasty, An Chuan was about 50 kilometers long from east to west, with an area of about 1800 square kilometers. It was an intermountain basin.

Sanhuhe Plain is about 70km long from east to west and 3km- 15km wide from north to south, showing a narrow strip shape.

The above four parts of the local people are collectively called Houtao Plain.

irrigated area

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The Yellow River enters the plain from Bayangaole, Dengkou County, and leaves Lamawan, Qingshuihe County, with a total length of 550 kilometers. The river course is winding, meandering and developed, the riverbed slope is small, the water flow is stable, the annual runoff is 25-30 billion cubic meters, and the salt content is 0.3-0.6 g/L. As early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, troops were stationed and immigrated, and farmland was irrigated with Yellow River water. Tang Zeng dug a big passage in the back cover. Since the middle of Qing Dynasty, irrigation has developed rapidly, including Yongji Canal, Changji Canal, Huang Ji Canal, Yangjiayun River and Tabu Canal. By the end of Qing Dynasty, there were eight main canals on both sides of the Yellow River, with an irrigation area of 200,000 hectares. During the Republic of China, Sanhuhe Irrigation District was built in the east of Houtao Irrigation District, and Minsheng Irrigation District was built in the front. But there is no comprehensive planning, the canal system is disordered, there is no dam to flow by itself, it does not enter the canal in dry season, and it overflows in flood season. Since 1950s, irrigation in Hetao Plain has developed rapidly. The three sheng Public Water Conservancy Project has been built on the main stream of the Yellow River, with more than 500 kilometers of main canals on the north and south banks, and the irrigation area has been expanded from 654.38+066.7 thousand hectares before the 1950s to 666.7 thousand hectares.

Due to the long-term development of irrigation, the zonal constraints of desert grassland and desert in Hetao Plain have been broken, showing a landscape with connected buildings, vertical and horizontal ditches and lush vegetation. Chestnut soil and brown calcium soil only remain in some areas, and most areas have been replaced by irrigated silt soil, but irrigation is unreasonable, and saline soil is widely distributed in irrigation areas.

The Hetao Plain is rich in groundwater, and the piedmont of the north bank of the Yellow River is deeply buried, and the plain is shallow, which is reduced from10 ~ 30m to 2 ~ 3m. The aquifer becomes thinner from thick, and the water inflow decreases from 100 tons/hour to 60 tons/hour; Salinity increases gradually, generally from 0.5g/L to 3g/L. The groundwater depth in the south bank of the Yellow River is about 1 ~ 3m, the water inflow is/10 ~ 40t/h/h, and the salt content is1~ 3g/L. ..

history

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As early as the Qin and Han Dynasties, it began to open canals to divert water and develop agriculture.

Before the Zhou Dynasty, the Huns belonging to the Miao people lived in Hetao area (the ownership was disputed). During the Spring and Autumn Period, King Wuling of Zhao extended his territory to Yinshan Mountain and established Yunzhong County, located in the east of Tumochuan Plain. After the Qin Dynasty unified the Central Plains, Meng Tian sent 100,000 troops to drive the Xiongnu out of Hetao, where he settled 30,000 households to defend the border and set up Yunzhong and Jiuyuan counties. At the end of Qin dynasty, all immigrants returned to the Central Plains.

0/27 years ago, Liang Wudi sent Wei Qing to defeat Loufan and Aries, two kings of Huns, and occupied Hejian, the Hetao. Yan Shangshu, the minister's father, suggested building a city in Hetao, plowing fields and raising horses as a base for defending and attacking Xiongnu. Emperor Wu accepted this suggestion and established Shuofang County (now Dengkou County, Bayannaoer City, Inner Mongolia) and Wuyuan County (now Baotou West). 125 Established Xihe County (now northwest of Fugu, Shaanxi Province). The Hetao area also includes Yunzhong County and Dingxiang County, as well as the northern part of Beidi and Shangxian County. At that time, people diverted the Yellow River for irrigation, and the local agriculture developed rapidly and the economy was prosperous.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Huns who entered Korea were placed in Hetao. Later, during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Hetao area was an important stronghold of many northern regimes. In the Tang dynasty, it was taken back. In Tang poetry, there is a poem "Orchard under Helan Mountain is completed, and Jiangnan in the north of Saibei is old and famous". During the Northern Song Dynasty, Hetao was occupied by Xixia and Liao Dynasty respectively. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, Hetao was dominated by animal husbandry. In the late Qing Dynasty, some people from Shaanxi and Shanxi moved to the Great Wall, and the Hetao area began to become the most important agricultural area in the northwest. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, Fu Zeng, a general of the national army, was stationed here to build water conservancy projects. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the agriculture here has been further developed.

Eight irrigation canals were formed in Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty. After liberation, the three sheng Water Control Project of the Yellow River was completed in 195 1 year, and the main drainage canal (commonly known as the Second Yellow River) with a length of 180 km was completed in 1975, and large-scale water conservancy construction was carried out. At present, there are 5 main irrigation canals and 3 main drainage canals 13, with branches, buckets and canals criss-crossing. There are more than 9.6 million mu of cultivated land in Hetao Plain, and nearly 5 million mu has been reclaimed. Wheat, corn, sorghum, millet, flax, beet, hops, sunflower seeds and other crops are abundant here. It is an important grain and sugar base in China and the autonomous region, and is known as the "granary" and "Jiangnan". Due to years of poor drainage, rising groundwater level and serious secondary salinization of soil, comprehensive treatment has been carried out.

economic value

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The population density of Hetao Plain is about 145 people /km2. There are Mongolian, Han, Manchu, Hui, Korean, Daur, Oroqen, Ewenki, Zhuang, Tibetan, Miao, Uygur, Xibe, Yi and Tujia. Agriculture has a long history and great potential. There are dozens of industries such as steel, electric power, machinery, electronics, chemicals, building materials, wool spinning, leather, chemical fiber, food, paper making, pharmacy, etc., mainly concentrated in Hohhot and Baotou. Beijing-baotou railway and baotou-lanzhou railway cross east and west.

Hetao area has fertile soil and developed irrigation system, which is suitable for planting crops such as wheat, rice, cereals, soybeans, sorghum, corn and sugar beet. It has always been the most important agricultural area in northwest China. Today, the Hetao area is called "the rice river beyond the Great Wall". Animal husbandry and aquaculture in Hetao area are also very developed. Hetao plain, flat terrain, fertile land, vertical and horizontal channels, farmland all over. There are more than 9.6 million mu of cultivated land, and now more than 5 million mu has been reclaimed, which is rich in wheat, corn, sorghum, soybean, ramie, sunflower, beet, hops, melons and fruits, Chinese cabbage and other crops. This is the main wheat producing area in the autonomous region. Hami melon, Chinese cabbage, hops, sunflower, medlar, etc. , are well-known national specialties.

Hetao Plain is famous for its abundant grains, and it is known as "the granary on the plug" or "the south of the Jiangbei River". It is a fertile land with fertile soil.

Hetao also has coal, iron, copper, gold, graphite, asbestos, salt, alkali, rare earth and other mineral resources.

Hetao area, with fertile soil and criss-crossing buildings, is suitable for planting spring wheat, rice, millet, millet, soybean, sorghum and corn. It is the main agricultural area in Inner Mongolia and Ningxia. It is called the rice river beyond the Great Wall. There are many mineral resources in the plain, such as coal, iron, copper, gold, graphite, asbestos, salt, alkali and so on.

The Hetao Plain is rich in groundwater, and the piedmont of the north bank of the Yellow River is deeply buried, and the plain is shallow, which is reduced from10 ~ 30m to 2 ~ 3m. The aquifer becomes thinner from thick, and the water inflow decreases from 100 tons/hour to 60 tons/hour; Salinity gradually increases, generally from 0.5g/L to 3g/L. The groundwater depth in the south bank of the Yellow River is about 1 ~ 3m, the water inflow is 10 ~ 40t/h, and the salt content is1~ 3g/L. The Yellow River flows through Bayannaoer League for 340km, with an annual total flow of 3/kloc-. 1959, the Yellow River three sheng Water Control Project was completed. 1969 Excavation of main canal (Second Yellow River), total length 180 km. 1975, the main drainage ditch project was completed, ending the history of irrigation without drainage.