Those architecture schools in China.

In the second batch of national "non-legacy" list published on June 5438+04, Jinhua has 2 1 item, among which "Wuzhou ancient residential architecture skills" is particularly eye-catching. Many citizens don't quite understand why Jinhua ancient dwellings can be so "blockbuster".

Hong Tiecheng, 66, is a national planning expert. Senior consultant of China Tourism Planning and Design Institute, consultant and chief planner of Beijing Native Landscape Planning and Design Institute, design director of Zhejiang Donghua Planning and Architectural Landscape Design Co., Ltd., chief consultant of Jinhua Urban Planning and Design Institute, and professor of urban planning department of Zhejiang Normal University. Compared with his fame in urban planning, his achievements in the research and protection of Jinhua ancient dwellings are little known. In fact, 12 years ago, Hong Tiecheng put forward the concept of "five schools of architecture", and wrote books and papers on Dongyang Ming and Qing dwellings, classic Luzhai, ups and downs, which attracted wide attention.

On the morning of June 16, the reporter interviewed Hong Tiecheng exclusively.

Reporter: You put forward the concept of "five schools of architecture" a long time ago. Under what background was it put forward at that time?

Hong Tiecheng: 1996, transferred to Jinhua. At many meetings, I heard many people say that the ancient buildings in Jinhua are "Huizhou architecture", which I think is inappropriate. The ancient buildings in Jinhua have their own connotations and characteristics, and have their own characteristics of existence. I really want to clarify its name, so I put forward the concept of "five schools of architecture" accordingly. Our "five schools of architecture", at the city level, is not much left because of the great changes in the city. The existing ancient buildings such as Tianning Temple, Stone Temple, City God Temple and Tongji Bridge in the urban area are relatively consistent architectural forms in several southern provinces and do not have independent Wuzhou characteristics. If we really want to make the brand "Five Schools of Architecture" a famous brand, we should take the ancient folk houses in Dongyang, Yiwu, Pujiang, Pan 'an, Yongkang and Wuyi as fist products. They have preserved many classic apartment buildings in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, which are completely preserved and particularly valuable.

Reporter: Why don't you agree to call Jinhua ancient dwellings "Huizhou architecture"?

Hong Tiecheng: In the final analysis, this is the architectural system difference caused by different cultural schools. As early as 20 years ago, I threw out a view in domestic academic circles, that is, "the traditional residential culture stratification method." I think, just like studying Lu Xun's works, it is impossible to interpret architectural works without knowing who the owner is and what the origin is. What affects and restricts the spatial scale and proportion is the owner's outlook on life, world view and economic consciousness. Therefore, we must understand the humanistic connotation behind architecture.

"Huizhou architecture" is a relic of the cultural category of Huizhou merchants. Businessmen generally haggle over everything, and buying land to build houses is economical, which leads to small building scale, narrow patio and no final effect of halls. However, they are rich, well-informed and have a certain appreciation ability, so they will spare no effort to decorate with brick carvings and wood carvings, because they know that this not only has a realistic living space effect, but also has a particularly important significance for the cultivation of future generations. "Five schools of architecture" is completely different. It is the masterpiece of the descendants of Confucian culture, mostly the living space and environment created by the descendants of Confucianism, and Dongyang Luzhai is the masterpiece. The descendants of Confucianism respect teachers, respect education, abide by the law, be honest for the people, be honest, and make contributions to the country and the nation, so the houses they built show unique cultural signs: symmetry, conformity; A big space, a big courtyard, shows great ambition and foresight; Indoor and outdoor wood carving, stone carving and ink painting pay attention to entertaining and so on. In a word, let family and outsiders see that everything is polite, moderate and harmonious. At the same time, wooden components are not painted, and flowers and trees are not planted in the big courtyard, which reflects the characteristics of simplicity and nature. This is the pursuit of people of insight for the cultural quality of folk houses.

The most essential difference between "Huizhou architecture" and "Five-School architecture" is here: one is a commercial residence, and the other is a Confucian residence. "Wu Pai Architecture" has its own characteristics-rare Confucian cultural characteristics, and we must never forget it in the collective unconscious negligence.

Reporter: Apart from the essential differences, what are the differences in appearance and structure between "five schools of architecture" and "Huizhou schools of architecture"?

Hong Tiecheng: There are four major differences. First of all, from the architectural appearance, although the houses of the Five Schools and the Huizhou School are all white walls and tiles, we are "the horse head wall with five flowers" and "the shadow wall". The gables of the ancient dwellings (including ancestral halls) of the "five schools of architecture" are generally made into five-level falling walls higher than the tile roof, like horse heads holding their heads high, so they are commonly called "five-flowered horse head walls". The gable of "Huizhou architecture" seems to be a painting and calligraphy banner and a screen, so it is commonly called "shadow wall". At first glance, it's all the same. The real difference is that one flies like a horse's head and jumps like a top gun, and the other stretches like a screen with a long history. At that time, I designed the Yellow Park, and the external wall of its art museum was a combination of horse head wall and shadow wall. Why? Because Huang was born in Jinhua, a "horse head wall", and his ancestral home is Huizhou, a "shadow wall". So I'm impartial, combining two architectural styles.

The second difference is that the "five-school architecture" is a big yard, and the "Huizhou architecture" is a small yard. Jinhua dwellings left in the Ming and Qing Dynasties are mostly three-way courtyards or quadrangles, such as Ruizhi Hall in Xialishu, Dongyang, Bamian Hall in Huangshan and Ergong Temple in Xuzhen, Yiwu. The yard is very big, mostly around 1.30 square meters. The square is very imposing and bright. In addition, the courtyard of Su Yongtang, a national cultural protection unit, has more than 400 square meters, which is the largest courtyard among traditional houses in China. However, the small courtyard in Huizhou is about 20 square meters. For example, the courtyard of the adult Lin family in Tang Yue village of Shexian county is 26.49 square meters, and the courtyard of Cunnaitang is 25.72 square meters. These data were measured by teachers and students of the Department of Architecture of Southeast University.

The third difference is that the scale and type of single buildings are different. The most standard plane form of "five schools of architecture" is "Sanming and Liangdarkroom" with 13 buildings as a group. I call it the basic "unit" in the Ming and Qing dynasties, and it is commonly known as "thirteen rooms" among the people. "Five-School Architecture" has many rooms, large courtyards, symmetrical central axes, and neat and rigorous. The two "thirteen rooms" are spliced together to form a "twenty-four" mansion. Huizhou folk houses usually have only four or five houses in a unit. If there is a yard in the back, there are only eight or nine rooms. The building scale and unit area are only half of five rows of houses, and the apartment structure is completely different.

Fourth, indoor and outdoor decoration is different. Most of the "five schools of architecture" are painted in ink on the external wall, and the main entrance is made of water mill brick wall or white lime wall; There is no ink painting on the screen wall of "Huizhou architecture", but the brick carving is particularly exquisite and rare in the country. Indoor, "Five Schools of Architecture" is decorated with wood carvings, which is absolutely exquisite, and it is a big talk to the West; "Huizhou Architecture" also has wood carvings, which are recorded by Dongyang craftsmen, so the style and skills are roughly the same, but it is not as exquisite and comprehensive as ours, and the subject matter is not as extensive as ours.

In addition, as far as the internal space scale is concerned, there is no common practice of "opening the hall widely" in the five schools of architecture in Huizhou. Of course, there is still such a small difference.

Reporter: Does "Huizhou Architecture" have any influence on "Five Schools Architecture"?

Hong Tiecheng: We know that during the Southern Song Dynasty, Jinhua was the capital, and its social economy and culture were very developed. At that time, there were many Dali scholars and educators in Jinhua, such as Tang Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, etc., and there were many academies and humanities. Jinhua is also one of the four printing centers and four shipbuilding bases in China. So at that time, Jinhua had a very large foreign population. I think Jinhua's urban culture is actually a great fusion of local culture and immigrant culture. Huizhou people, Huizhou merchants and Huizhou culture have also left many relics in Jinhua: First, several original houses in Tang Ya Street in the north of Jinhua City have strong Huizhou characteristics, but unfortunately they were demolished during the reconstruction of the two streets; Second, Siping Village in Tangxi Town still retains a large number of authentic Huizhou folk houses. Third, there are Qing houses built by immigrants from Zhangzhou, Fujian in the east section of Bayong Road. Siping Village, in particular, is the most authentic, largest and best-preserved "Huizhou Architecture" in Zhejiang Province, which shows the style of "Huizhou Architecture" to the fullest.

In fact, it is very reasonable to see "Huizhou architecture" in Jinhua's ancient buildings, or to see the imitation of "Wu Pai architecture" in Huizhou's ancient buildings, especially in male shrines and female shrines. But their essential differences cannot be changed.

Reporter: I noticed that when you mentioned the five schools of architecture, you did not include the ancient houses in Lanxi. Why?

Hong Tiecheng: Lanxi has many wonderful ancient houses, including ancient city walls, ancient dikes, ancient houses, ancient shops, ancient stages, ancient temples and ancient streets. Mr. Luo, an authority on cultural relics, once told me that there are more things in Lanxi than in many cities. The implication is that it is not a problem for Lanxi to declare a national historical and cultural city. But Lanxi used to be a very loud ancient commercial port city, influenced by foreign culture. Its architecture has been integrated with Huizhou architecture, and it is not in a cultural system with Dongyang, Yiwu and Pan 'an. In other words, Lanxi has its own characteristics and does not need to be included in the "five schools of architecture".

Reporter: As we all know, "Huizhou architecture" has a high status. Accordingly, you put forward the concept of "five schools of architecture". This time, the architectural skills of Wuzhou ancient dwellings have successfully become a national intangible cultural heritage. So, in your opinion, what kind of historical position should the "five schools of architecture" have?

Wupai architecture

HONG Tiecheng: "Wu Pai Architecture" is an independent school of culture and art. In the early years, many old experts thought that Dongyang folk houses were one of the most distinctive folk houses in China. During the period of 1992, I accompanied the delegates to an international conference. Experts and scholars at home and abroad agree that Dongyang folk houses are "international cultural and artistic heritage". Now we include the ancient houses in Yiwu, Pan 'an, Pujiang, Wuyi, Yongkang and other places, and the coverage of "five schools of architecture" is more abundant. If we go deep into the history of ancient architecture in China, we will find that "Five Schools of Architecture" is the most representative Confucian residence, which can fully represent the culture of the Han nationality. In particular, it is the most ideal, scientific and reasonable structural mode, which should play a decisive role in the architectural history of China. Therefore, I especially hope to play the brand of "Five Schools of Architecture" to let more people know about Jinhua's architectural art treasures.