What four major policy adjustments have been made on the issue of agriculture, countryside and farmers?

The so-called "agriculture, countryside and farmers" refers to agriculture, rural areas and farmers.

In fact, this is the trinity of living area, occupation and subject identity, but the three have different emphases, so the above three issues must be considered comprehensively. As a big agricultural country, China's "three rural issues" are related to national quality, economic development, social stability and national prosperity.

Agricultural problems are mainly agricultural industrialization. Market economy is a market-oriented economic form that allocates resources according to the market. The poor agricultural purchase and sale system is an important reason why agriculture cannot develop rapidly. I often hear peasant brothers complain that things can't be sold or sold too cheaply, and the root is that they don't follow the market rules. The formation of one-stop production, supply and marketing is a good move for agriculture to make great achievements in the market economy, and the party and government play a key role in building the production, supply and marketing chain. Another problem of agricultural industrialization is that China's agriculture is basically a self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy at present, and there is no scale economy. How to deal with the challenge of intensive agriculture abroad after China's entry into WTO? For a big agricultural country like China, this will be a serious problem. In the future, China should liberate the surplus labor force, improve agricultural labor productivity by accelerating agricultural mechanization, abandon the self-sufficient small-scale peasant economy and meet the challenge of China's entry into WTO.

At present, a prominent problem in rural areas is the reform of household registration system. In the past, the household registration system divided urban and rural areas into two parts, which formed a huge difference in economic development and cultural level between urban and rural areas. This household registration system is the necessity of top-down administration under the planned economy system, and it has been unanimously questioned by the theoretical circle today when building a socialist market economy. At present, the reform of household registration system in various places is "cutting the knife" to this unreasonable system, hoping to further liberate the rural surplus labor force. However, it is necessary to look ahead: after the reform of the household registration system, if the liberated surplus labor force is not properly resettled and channeled, the immigration tide will cause considerable pressure on social security. Therefore, the steps of urbanization need to be controlled, and small towns are necessary supporting measures to eliminate the binary opposition between urban and rural areas and reform the household registration system.

The problem of farmers can be divided into two issues: quality and burden reduction. The quality of farmers mainly refers to cultural quality. According to statistics, by the end of 2000, the population coverage rate of compulsory education, that is, junior high school entrance examination, reached 85%. Among the people not covered by the junior high school entrance examination, the rural population accounts for the majority. At the same time, the family planning policy has also been resisted to some extent in rural areas. Under the guidance of the wrong idea that "releasing a sheep is also releasing a flock of sheep", the vicious circle of "getting poorer and poorer". Three generations of gentlemen. How can nationals without a certain cultural quality compete with powerful countries? Therefore, improving farmers' quality is an important measure to enrich the people and strengthen the country.

Another big problem of farmers' problem is the problem of reducing the burden. The State Council, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, has repeatedly stressed the need to reduce the burden on farmers, but in some places, the farmers' burden remains the same, causing farmers to resist paying state taxes and petitioning collectively. The heavy burden on farmers directly affects farmers' income. An important reason for the heavy burden on farmers is that the government reform is not strong enough. At present, some local government departments are still "not many people in charge, but many people eat". Therefore, to reduce the burden on farmers, we should first consider strengthening institutional adjustment, reducing staff and increasing efficiency, and putting farmers' income in the first place.

China is a big agricultural country with a rural population of nearly 900 million, accounting for 70% of the national population. The agricultural population reached 700 million, accounting for 50. 1% of the total industrial population. To solve the problems of agriculture, countryside and farmers, we must consider the systematic development of agriculture itself and the coordinated development among the three major industries. The solution of the "three rural issues" is of great significance, not only the ardent hope of the peasant brothers, but also the major event of the current party and government.

Solving the "three rural issues" is related to the overall situation of the national economy, and it is necessary to take the development of agriculture and rural economy and increase farmers' income as the top priority of economic work. Although many measures to solve the "three rural issues" are closely related to the investment of funds, the problems existing in the financial system reform in recent years have weakened the support for the rural economy to a considerable extent, and the credit investment in the county economy, especially the rural economy, is relatively insufficient. The institutional problems of agricultural industry itself also affect the flow of financial capital to it, which is not conducive to the development of rural economy.

First, the agricultural economy has not formed a large-scale operation, coupled with poor infrastructure, it is difficult to accommodate more financial funds.

China's current agricultural system is mainly the household contract responsibility system, which can only accommodate a small amount of agricultural loan funds. First, farmers in this business model have less assets and cannot bear greater credit risks; Second, this mode of operation restricts the development of efficient agriculture and agricultural deep processing, and farmers do not need more loans. Therefore, there are three situations in rural credit cooperatives at present: first, due to many problems left over from history and the great influence of local financial risks, many rural credit cooperatives still have difficulties in paying and have no money to support agriculture; Second, some rural credit cooperatives have a lot of deposits, but they dare not support agriculture and their funds are idle; Third, some rural credit cooperatives have actually become commercial banks, competing with commercial banks for deposits and loans in cities and unwilling to support agriculture.

Two, financial solutions to the "three rural issues" several suggestions

At present, the financial system's support for agriculture and county economy is relatively insufficient. Then, from the financial point of view, how to solve the problems of agriculture, countryside and farmers?

(1) It is necessary to resume the agricultural support business of agricultural policy financial institutions as soon as possible, and at the same time use active fiscal policies to increase support for agriculture, rural areas and farmers. It is unrealistic to develop the rural economy and start the rural market without paying the price, but if we manage the policy finance well and reduce human errors and corruption, our losses will be less and we will get the greatest social benefits at the least cost. To support the policy investment in agriculture, rural areas and farmers, the state should establish a financial compensation mechanism for policy finance, and provide discount funds and bad debt compensation to policy finance in time when the state's financial resources permit, so as to timely resolve the risks of policy finance and prevent excessive accumulation of risks.

(2) Driven by policy finance, actively guide commercial finance to increase support for agriculture. After some agricultural high-tech, large-scale, industrialized and deep-processing projects of agricultural and sideline products have formed a certain production capacity with the support of policy finance, commercial finance should give matching funds in time. For commercial and financial outlets that only keep loans for a long time or fail to meet the standards in loan-to-deposit ratio, they should be forced to withdraw from the market and curb the practice of withdrawing a large amount of funds from the countryside.

(3) Support the healthy development of rural credit cooperatives and improve their ability to support agriculture. The historical burden of rural credit cooperatives should be solved realistically, and the central finance and local finance should take their respective responsibilities. Those who think that rural credit cooperatives are not state-owned financial institutions and cannot enjoy the same treatment are ignorant of the history of rural credit cooperatives. Therefore, the risk of rural credit cooperatives is increasing, which is not only extremely unfavorable to the development of rural economy, but also leads to the collapse of rural financial system and even a national financial disaster.

(D) Most of the funds of postal savings institutions should be fed back to agriculture, rural areas and farmers through policy finance. Since most of the postal savings deposits come from below the county level, mainly in rural areas, this part of the funds should support the county economy, especially the rural economy, through policy finance. At the same time, increase the re-lending efforts of rural credit cooperatives to support agriculture and improve their ability to support agriculture. This is conducive to promoting the development of rural economy, narrowing the gap between the rich and the poor, expanding domestic demand, and then conducive to the healthy development of the entire national economy.

(5) appropriately change the current agricultural production mode and carry out large-scale industrial production, so as to absorb more funds and improve the efficiency of the use of funds. At present, the rural household contract responsibility system has played a great role in mobilizing farmers' enthusiasm and liberating productive forces in the early stage of reform and opening up. However, the rural household contract responsibility system can only solve the problem of farmers' food and clothing, but not the problem of farmers' well-off. Under the condition of market economy, the rural household contract responsibility system has the following disadvantages: first, it is not conducive to mechanized production and affects the further improvement of labor productivity; Second, it is not conducive to the popularization and application of science and technology. Small-scale peasant economic production, without funds for scientific research, even if scientific research institutions develop new technologies, it is difficult to promote them; Third, it is difficult to adapt to the needs of market changes. At present, farmers' production often cannot find a market for their products. Although there is a model of company plus farmers, after all, there is one more link. When the market changes, either companies do not attach importance to credit or farmers do not attach importance to credit; Fourth, it is not conducive to the deep processing of agricultural and sideline products. Why can't some agricultural and sideline products processing enterprises develop? The main reason is that it is difficult to have a stable source of raw materials with good quality and quantity, and it is difficult to ensure the quality or quantity of each household. The above four problems are the main problems encountered in the production of market economy. If these problems are not solved, there will be no qualitative breakthrough in rural economy. Even if the financial reform can reconstruct the rural financial system and increase the support for the rural economy, the rural areas do not have a good investment environment to absorb more funds. Hard to increase investment in rural areas is only an investment with little benefit, and eventually more non-performing assets will be formed. Therefore, on the basis of farmers' willingness, through the re-contracting of land, the land will be concentrated in the hands of agricultural entrepreneurs who know how to operate, forming large-scale and industrialized production. Farmers can not only get a certain land contract fee, but also engage in other sideline businesses, and can be liberated from low-productivity labor with their backs to the loess.