/kloc-characteristics of American economic development at the end of 0/9

1803, the United States took advantage of Napoleon's difficult situation in the Anglo-French war and threatened to unite Britain to resist French laws. It only took/kloc-0.50 million dollars to "buy" Louisiana, a vast plain from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, with an area of about 2/kloc-0.50 million square kilometers, which was twice the entire territory of the United States at that time, thus doubling the territory of the United States and buying land. This is the famous "Louisiana Purchase" in history, and it has become a "windfall" from heaven. 18 10, the United States took advantage of Napoleon's invasion of Spain and used armed immigrants to forcibly occupy the western part of the Spanish colony Florida; Knowing its competitive advantage, Britain banned the outflow of machines and technology and technicians from the beginning. Due to the attraction of western land, the wages of American workers are higher than those of Britain 1/3 to 1/2 on average. Coupled with the strong capital and ready-made sales network of British business owners, American manufacturing industry is struggling. 180 1 of the 326 joint-stock companies, only 8 invested in manufacturing, accounting for only 2.4% of the total. If this development continues, it will be difficult for the United States to get rid of the fate of Central and South American countries and become a vassal of European industrial countries. Because after independence, American society was dominated by big farmers and businessmen, who all benefited from their dependent status. Every major move to develop the manufacturing industry conflicts with this vested interest group. To impose high tariffs, firstly, plantations mainly spend more money on industrial consumer goods in Europe. If the other side implements retaliatory measures, it will also lead to a decline in exports, prices and income. Under this socio-economic structure, the richer the resources, the more you can rely on developing resources to earn income, and the less motivated you are to develop manufacturing. Jefferson's free trade and his dream of an agricultural country are based on his dependence on the rich resources of the United States. This sweet and comfortable dream may completely tire the American manufacturing industry to death. Just as the United States was dreaming of agriculture in the west, it was awakened by the sound of British warships. 1807, in order to attack Napoleon, Britain shelled the American warship Chesapeake and forced its crew to go to Shanghai. This aroused a strong anti-British patriotic sentiment. 1807, 18 In February, the US Congress passed an embargo bill prohibiting all ships from leaving the United States for foreign ports, in an attempt to teach Britain a lesson by interrupting the supply of agricultural products to Britain. Unexpectedly, the embargo not only did not harm Britain (Britain can import food from other countries in the world and produce its own food), but also completely paralyzed the American economy. The embargo fully exposed the colony and dependence of the American economy. During the period of 1807- 1808, American exports declined by 88% and imports by 59%. The shipping industry is on the verge of bankruptcy, and a large number of seafarers are unemployed. Large and small businessmen in the north suffered heavy losses, the prices of agricultural products continued to fall, small farmers and small business owners went bankrupt one after another, the supply of industrial consumer goods was seriously difficult, the tariff revenue dropped sharply, and there was a huge fiscal deficit. Under strong pressure, the embargo bill had to be cancelled at the beginning of 1809. However, it is this wave of embargo that has made American manufacturing industry develop unprecedentedly. By 18 10, the total manufacturing output reached1200 million US dollars, equivalent to 2/3 of the total export before the embargo. The embargo made the domestic manufacturing industry no longer face foreign competition, and the rising prices of industrial products greatly increased the profits of the manufacturing industry. The depression of navigation and foreign business has prompted a lot of money to invest in manufacturing. More importantly, the embargo made Americans understand the importance of manufacturing for national independence and national strength, and brought the first light for implementing trade protectionism and getting rid of economic dependence. However, just as ordinary Americans came to the above conclusion, some big farmers and businessmen, as the core of the power structure, increased their dependence on Britain and were more afraid of a trade war with Britain. Therefore, just after the embargo ended, a report on manufacturing submitted by Finance Minister Garrett to Congress was put on hold again. However, the tree wants to be quiet and the wind will not stop. The concessions made by the United States were not reciprocated by Britain, which continued to plunder American ships. Coupled with the encouragement of American western expansionists, in 18 12, the United States and Britain officially went to war. The impact of this war on the American economy is very similar to that of the embargo. Foreign trade and navigation have fallen into a long-term depression and stagnation, while the manufacturing industry has developed rapidly, posing a real threat to British hegemony. After the war, British businessmen did not hesitate to dump goods to North America at a price lower than the cost, and the British Parliament and government also actively supported it. Lord Brougham said in the British House of Commons: "In order to nip the baby manufacturing industry produced by the United States during the war in the cradle, it is worthwhile to suffer some losses even in the initial large number of exports." But Britain's wishful thinking failed. There are three reasons for this. First, at that time, British technology was relatively simple, easy to master and improve, and American manufacturing industry was not at an absolute disadvantage in technology. Secondly, in terms of scale, American manufacturing industry has considerable strength and is also supported by domestic financial forces; 18 16. The United States promulgated the first protective tariff bill, and the average tax rate of finished products soared to 25%.