Are there aliens or not?

Humans have lived on the earth for about two or three million years. Once upon a time, human beings thought that they were the spirit of all things, the only intelligent life in the universe, and even thought that the earth was the center of the whole universe. Later, with the progress of science and technology, people's eyes were broadened, and they realized that the vastness of the universe was far beyond our imagination, and the earth was really too small, and of course it was not the center of the universe. So people imagine that the universe is so vast that there may be an intelligent creature similar to human beings-aliens on other planets. This idea has deeply attracted some people who are keen on finding aliens.

/kloc-in the 6th century, when someone observed Mars with a telescope, they found many staggered meshes, so they thought it was a "canal" dug by "Mars entering". 1935, an American radio station announced that Martians had come to earth, which caused a false alarm. And an English writer created a science fiction novel called "War on Martians", which made many vivid descriptions of Martians and even triggered the birth of a series of novels and movies about Martians.

Are there Martians or not? In the era when there were only telescopes, it was always a mystery. In the 1960s, the spacecraft finally landed on Mars, which solved the mystery that has been puzzling people all the time: Mars is much colder than the earth, its surface is covered with mud and stones, and there are often strong winds, flying sand and stones, and there are no creatures on it, and of course there are no Martians.

After this mystery was solved, astronomers further analyzed that in the solar system, no other planet except the earth has the necessary environmental conditions for biological survival. Therefore, humans on earth are the only intelligent creatures in the solar system. To find aliens, we must go beyond the solar system.

1972, the United States launched the "Pioneer 10" spacecraft and flew out of the solar system on 1987. The metal sheet on the spaceship depicts the image of human beings, the earth where human beings live and the position of the solar system (see the right). 1977, the American navigator 1 brought more information to the outside world, including a sturdy record player and a gold-plated record, which contained dozens of human languages and many musical works (including China's ancient songs). Eager for aliens to receive it.

In order to get in touch with aliens, scientists even made huge and complicated equipment, trying to send information to aliens and receive information from them. However, after many efforts, people still haven't found aliens. Some stories about seeing aliens are just legends, which are difficult to be strongly confirmed.

It is also worth mentioning that there are flying saucers. Many people have seen it. I guess it's a spaceship driven by aliens, but it's just a guess.

So, are there aliens? Scientists have analyzed that there must be many planets like the earth in the universe, and some planets similar to the earth's environment are likely to have aliens. However, as our space and communication technologies are not developed enough, we must redouble our efforts to find them.

Looking out of my window, there is a church nearby and a parking lot that is often empty in front. I'm still in primary school.

When I was studying, every night before I went to bed, I would look at the dark and silent parking lot and feel bad.

Despair: One day, a spaceship flying from hundreds of millions of light years away will fall from the sky, and I will be the first.

People who witnessed this event even became representatives of the earth who welcomed the whispering. Think about it, it can be the best policy in history.

It is a very exciting and proud thing for a person to know what "human beings" are like on other planets.

Ah l

However, privately, I have another reason, that is, I am convinced that if the creatures in outer space really visit the earth, then

This will be an epoch-making event, which will shake the whole human society and the world is likely to change completely. By then. Maybe I can use it again. no

Try to go to school every day, and don't have to work hard day and night to cope with endless tests and exams. ...

So you can imagine. I often look out of the window during the exam, and my mood is particularly ardent! Unfortunately, God.

Day after day, year after year. This wish comes to nothing every time. Now, the stage of reading has passed for a long time, recalling the feelings of that year.

Scene, can not help secretly surprised.

My personal experience is not worth mentioning; But when I think about the craze for UFOs in recent decades,

What's the difference between the psychology behind it? After thinking about it, I think it is worth mentioning.

Of course, most people don't want to avoid reading and exams like I did when I was a child. They tried to escape. often

Camp in life, depression at work. They pin their hopes on external shocks and expect earth-shattering things.

Change to break the cage of the current social system. Or have superhuman wisdom to solve the dilemma of today's world.

It is true that their psychology is not all escape or sustenance, just as I long to see the true face of "aliens"

Sample, they are also driven by strong curiosity, want to know whether there are other higher creatures in the universe besides us.

Intelligent creatures; If so, will their form, appearance, thoughts and feelings be completely different from ours?

Can you talk to us?

The most successful movie about UFOs and Planets in recent years is Steven Allan Spielberg.

Spielberg (1978)' s third kind of closed counter

Aliens (e. t. 1982). The popularity of these two films reflects the topic of life in outer space.

Objective interest is growing.

Only in recent years have the general public become interested in this topic. But a few people's works on this subject

It has a long history.

As mankind realizes that the universe is boundless, the world we live in is only a tiny part of the universe.

Point, keen mind and imaginative mind, began to ask such a question: astronomical research not only tells

We ... every star in the sky is like our sun, which glows and gives off heat.

Body; So, is all this light and heat wasted by confession? Is the universe as small as the earth?

The corner inch described is pregnant with life? Are humans alone in the universe?

/kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, Copernicus took the earth as the center of the universe instead of the geocentric theory. One of them trembled.

George Nobruno is an enthusiastic supporter of this theory. He took this new world view one step further and put forward pluralism.

World outlook. According to this view, under the irradiation of other suns, there are many worlds like the earth.

The world breeds different forms of life, even other humans and other souls. However, it is for these "heresies"

1600, Bruno in Shanghai was burned at the stake by the Vatican at that time, becoming the first scientific person under theocracy.

Martyr.

But torture cannot destroy people's spirit of pursuing truth. The earth is just one of many worlds,

Finally, it was gradually accepted by the intellectual community. Kepler, a German astronomer, is famous for deducing three laws of planetary motion.

In his book Dream Travels published in 1634, he boldly assumed that there were creatures on the moon. story

In the past few years, some strange plants have grown on the moon. They were born in the morning and died at night (a day on the moon is about equal to

Two weeks on earth); In addition, there are some huge snake-faced animals that are active on the surface of the moon during the day, but in

On a slow night, you hide in a cave under the surface of the moon to avoid the cold. This work more than 200 years ago can be said to be

The first attempt to speculate and describe aliens.

1752, the French philosopher FrancoisVoltaire described these views in one of his works.

Not from Saturn and Sirius. But we know that people on these planets are much taller than people on earth.

I know nothing else, because Voltaire did not deliberately discuss the topic of outer space life. He shaped

These two alien visitors were just trying to expose and satirize all kinds of moral, ethical and political problems in the society at that time.

On the contrary, in the serious academic book On the Cosmic System published in 1755, the famous German philosopher

The scientist lmmanueiKant wrote an article with a serious attitude, "On the basis of the analogy of human nature,

An attempt to compare the inhabitants of the planet "He thinks that the planet is farther away from the sun than the earth according to the degree of heating."

Near Mercury and Venus, the inhabitants above them must be relatively clumsy and slow; On the contrary, planets outside the earth such as Saturn and Jupiter.

On the order of magnitude, its residents are light and flexible. Although Kant's inference is not scientific, he combines facts with speculation.

This attempt to combine reasoning with imagination already has the characteristics of a good sci-fi conception. Unfortunately, it was science fiction.

It's not popular yet, otherwise he might become a very good science fiction writer!

However, although some scholars have thought about life in outer space, for ordinary people, this concept is still

Very strange, even unacceptable. Verne of France is the originator of modern science fiction, but his works are not.

Touch on this topic. The real breakthrough appeared in 1898' s War of the Universe.

World). In this vivid and gripping novel, British science fiction master Wells described a

The thrilling scene of Martians invading the earth. No one who has read this book will forget this article in the first chapter of this book.

Paragraph: "... however, on the other side of the vast space, there is another race, which is more advanced than us, just like."

We are not just animals that live and die on the earth; Their wisdom is superb, cold and heartless.

I'm looking at Ruo soil with greedy eyes and slowly drawing up a plan to conquer mankind ... "

The story is simple. It tells the story of an ancient and technologically advanced civilization on Mars. Due to Mars's

The climate is getting drier and drier. Although these Martians have built a huge canal system, they still can't solve the increasingly serious problem.

Water source problem. In order to escape the doom of extinction due to lack of water, they decided to emigrate to a planet whose environment is far more suitable for human habitation.

Ball.

One UFO after another began to land in the suburbs of London, and the armed defenses on the earth were shot out of UFOs one after another.

Destroyed by death rays. Just as mankind is losing ground and the whole earth is about to be conquered, the invading Martians are also there.

Suddenly and strangely, human beings survived. It turns out that those Martians' weapons are invincible. But they

However, because it did not adapt to the environment of the earth, it had no defense ability against the germs of the earth, and finally died of some common diseases.

Bacteria on earth!

When The Battle of the Universe came out, the word "Martians" spread like wildfire, and "creatures from outer space invaded the earth"

This idea is even more popular and has become the theme of countless science fiction novels in the future. In addition, the flight depicted in the book

Plates, death rays (called "heat rays" in the original) and planet people who look like octopus have all become models of the science fiction world. this

This book is really a classic of science fiction.

Orson welles, an American drama genius who is famous as a "great nation", is in a

1938 On the eve of Halloween, Mars was seriously reported on the radio based on "The Battle of the Universe".

The news of the sudden invasion of the earth by human beings. Many people believe it after listening to it, afraid to tell each other, and some even

Driving away has become the biggest prank in the history of broadcasting.

1953, Hollywood officially put this novel on the screen, making more people more familiar with this story.

On the other hand, the continuous development of science fiction has gone far beyond the scope of the book War of the Universe.

Ok, now let's take a look at some outstanding aliens since the publication of this book for half a century.

Let's make a work.

Four days after the publication of Cosmic War/kloc-0, Bale, a writer who is famous for shaping the legend of Mount Tai, became famous all over the world.

Charles wrote a series of adventure stories about Mars. Although technically, these works are just some thrills and adventures.

The theme of the fantasy novel Nature is not aliens, but Martians described in it. Xiqigu

Strange, colorful and impressive. But it also created the so-called "eye monster" (REM)

Monster), the trend of the image of a wise man.

The hero of the story, the alien battlefield, arrived at Mars with magical spiritual will in an unscientific way.

Yes, but after he arrived. The Mars described by Burroughs was assumed as much as possible by astronomer Luo Weigang at that time.

According to the situation on the spot. There are many different tribes, among which the Green Terran is three meters tall and there are four.

The arms and mouth are covered with white teeth, and the eyes are longer than a pair of tentacles; In addition, there is the highest cultural red.

Terrans, black terrans who plunder for a living, yellow terrans who hunt for a living, and the rest are headless terrans, cannibals and so on.

Strange game. These tribes are at odds with each other and fight to the death in the extremely dry and thin air environment of Mars.

Live,

From 19 12 to 1950 at noon, Burroughs wrote eleven novels set on Mars.

Novels have attracted thousands of readers and aroused the interest of a few people in reading and even creating science fiction.

1934, an unknown young writer Weinbaum published Mars.

The short story Martian's Odyssey was warmly welcomed and praised in an instant.

Fame. This short story is recognized as a classic in alien science fiction, and the reason is investigated. Weinbaum made the fire in the story.

The stars have a refreshing feeling. They are neither octopuses who just want to conquer the earth, nor are they only obstacles.

An alien tribe with three heads and six arms, but basically the same as humans. They have different cultures and different

Life attitude and way of thinking are different. But behind these strange differences, these Martian soils are like ostriches.

Writing, but honest and lovely. Their kindness and trust in the earth finally won him "cunning and deception."

The loss of sacred objects handed down from generation to generation makes people feel ridiculous and pitiful.

However, in that year. Friendly and lovely aliens are still not the mainstream of science fiction. Outer space is horrible.

The source of death is still a fascinating theme. Written by John W. Campbell in 1938

Who's going there? Who is going there? ) is a horror masterpiece called fantasy novel. Story description 1

A group of scientists lived under the ice in Antarctica and discovered alien creatures that arrived on Earth 20 million years ago and were frozen. This pair of shapes

The horrible monster gradually woke up after thawing, but quickly escaped and hid. One by one, people in the Antarctic base.

The land mysteriously disappeared, and the whole base fell into a suspicious chaos. It turns out that this escaped alien creature can

Change at will, as long as you eat a creature, you can become exactly like that creature. A narrow escape from the base.

The scientist fought a bitter battle with the deformed monster and finally destroyed it. 195 1 year of Hollywood

The story was adapted into a movie called "That Thing", but the effect was much worse than the original.

1978, Alien became a box office movie with nuclear explosion and shocking effect. Its inspiration basically comes from.

Start with this book. Hollywood remake the original in the 1980s. When it was shown in Hong Kong, it was called "grotesque". Due to stunts.

Step, the nuclear process in the movie is especially worse than that in Alien.

195 1 year, heinlein continued to develop the idea of deformed alien invaders. In his novels,

In the super monster, some intelligent creatures like giant amoeba will secretly invade.

Ball. They attach to the victim's spine in a parasitic form. And penetrate into their central nervous system, from

Manipulate their thoughts and behaviors. Because of the author's delicate brushwork and realistic description, the whole book can't help but make people feel creepy.

However.

Inheriting this tradition but unique, it is 1966 Ortiz's Saliva Tree (The

Saliva Tree). This work was specially created by Austin to commemorate the centenary of Wells' birth. Use in the article

Half-scary and half-humorous, it tells the story of some invisible aliens making trouble on a farm: their lives are like pigs, cows and other homes.

The animals died strangely and the bodies became thin and shriveled. The body is empty, like a discouraged breath.

Ball. The owner of the farm was confused at first, but later he discovered the truth step by step: it turned out that

Some aliens not only choose fat but also eat it. And it can secrete a super strong saliva, which can turn the muscles of those livestock

Meat and internal organs melt first and become mushy, and then they suck and swallow!

In film and television production, alien invasion of the earth has always been a popular theme. In addition to what was just mentioned.

Foreign body and its modern version. Another classic is 1955' s The Body.

Invasion of alien base. In the movie, some are like giant beans.

Just like plants from outer space landed on the earth. These plants can not only control the thoughts and feelings of people nearby, but also be used for.

Copy a walking corpse exactly like a human body. Because of the excellent expressive force and atmosphere of the film, look

It makes people feel chilling.

In TV production, both the earlier invaders and the closer invaders have appeared in Hong Kong.

"The Devil" (Volume V). The former narrates that the hero witnessed the UFO secret landing of alien invaders on the earth, but there was no news.

France persuaded the people around him to believe this fact. The latter describes that aliens came to earth in a friendly way. And acquired land.

Golfers' love and trust. Later, it was discovered that they had ulterior motives and devoted themselves to serving mankind. Conquer the earth.

In many sci-fi works with the theme of alien intelligence, aliens do not always appear as demons or intruders.

Now Although it is really difficult for friendly aliens to form dramatic conflicts, science fiction movies have become a trend in recent years.

The potential is to portray aliens as friendly messengers. What drives this trend is Steven Allan Spielberg's film Full of Childlike Interest.

Real and warm aliens are enchanted all over the world because of this movie. Most future movies are based on the fact that humans can build with aliens.

Establishing friendship is the major premise. In the recent movie "Cocoon", aliens not only talk to people on earth.

Establish friendship and help a group of old people regain their youth and start a new life in another world. Because of fear of aliens

People will bring death and disaster, eager to bring gifts and miracles to aliens. This wonderful thing is reflected in science fiction movies.

Psychological transformation is indeed a very interesting research topic in social psychology.

It can break the framework of friendship and hostility and raise the relationship between human beings and other wise men to a new level. No;

That's another man, Clark, a world-famous science fiction writer. He published The End of Childhood in 1953.

(The End of Childhood) is still regarded by many readers as his best work.

The story begins with the arrival of a typical alien. Huge spaceships are flying around the world.

Appear. But unlike the previous works, the author logically points out that because the technology of aliens is higher than that of humans.

Many, the roots at the back are completely conquered without any room for resistance. But the purpose of these aliens is not labor or

This is plunder. Only when they are strong enough to be almost like gods can they ban "all oppression, killing and all kinds of disputes on earth."

Fight; With the attitude of guardians, they lead mankind onto the road of rational prosperity. By the second half of the book,

Plot reversal: Although the intelligence and technology of those aliens are much stronger than those of the earth, they have

In the dead end of evolution, there can be no more breakthroughs. On the contrary, the earth people, a relatively backward race, have

Special talent and potential. These aliens really have a very important mission to visit the earth. That's guidance

Man has climbed to the peak that can never be reached in evolution. At the end of the book, human beings gradually changed. Finally transformed.

Bone, jumped to a new spiritual realm. Aliens see that the childhood of their children has passed away. be highly successful

retire ...

The book has far-reaching artistic conception and superb imagination. Finally, the aliens quietly retired, which was even more touching. At first glance, the author actually banned it

Crying all the time.

Ered Hoyle, a famous astronomer in Cambridge, proposed steady state in the 1950s.

Cosmology was once the main theory of modern cosmology. Although this theory has been abandoned by the scientific community. But he's here

On the other hand, his achievement still enjoys a lofty status, that is, his 1957 long science fiction novel.

The novel Dark Clouds.

The above-mentioned huge interstellar gas clouds accidentally broke into the solar system, separating the sun from the earth.

Separated, causing an unprecedented disaster on earth. Later, due to the joint efforts and perseverance of a group of scientists.

Strive to establish a research base. After their efforts, they finally found that the gas cloud is an extremely special gas cloud.

Unique life form and superb wisdom. A scientist tried to establish contact with the dark clouds by radio waves.

News. Finally, the gas cloud finally left and the earth recovered from the disaster. Although gas clouds are eager to help the earth

Humans, and try to teach us a lot of knowledge it has, but because of the difference of mutual intelligence level, heart.

The spiritual world is so different that it is really difficult to communicate. Scientists who tried to establish communication with Wuyun finally got their wish.

I was exhausted and finally fell into a crazy situation and died. However, he also became a hero in human history.

Bold imagination, rigorous scientific reasoning and delicate brushwork in the book. And a broad layout and vision.

Wild, is enough to make it a classic in modern science fiction without conscience.

Contact in the second quarter! -A watershed in human history

Since mankind embarked on the road of civilization, many different cultural systems have emerged. Between these systems, there are

In very different social, economic and political frameworks, there are different languages, customs and ethics.

Norm, religious belief, value orientation and cultural creation. Even some more pessimistic cultural anthropologists once declared:

People who grow up in one historical and cultural system can never fully understand the thoughts and behaviors in another cultural system.

Because.

But let's not forget that the above differences only originated from the same race and developed on the surface of the same planet.

The result of success. Except for some insignificant differences in skin color and body shape, everyone in the world is a big family.

A thousand in the middle. We have the same genetic structure, so we also have the same sensory and thinking abilities, if there are some similarities.

Instinct and desire. The most splendid culture, the deepest philosophy, the wisest insight and the greatest art in history.

Art, the most touching literature ... everything is just the creation of the same heart. Although the cultures on the earth are very different,

No, but in the final analysis they all belong to the same culture: human culture.

As the only advanced intelligent creature on the earth, human beings have not met other cultures and other souls so far.

With this basic understanding. We can begin to appreciate: in other parts of the universe. Under other suns, based on

Students with higher intelligence come from different living environments, different chemical and physiological structures and different evolutionary histories.

Things, there will be how different thoughts and feelings. What different cultural creation and value orientation. ...

The encounter between China and the West became a watershed in China's history. But this is still just an encounter between people. can

It is conceivable that the contact between human beings and alien civilizations will be the biggest watershed in human history. As for the watershed, it is

This is still a completely unknown field.

Obviously, describe how humans contact with alien civilizations. And the consequence of this connection is science fiction creation.

One of the biggest challenges.

Science fiction is such a colorful and uninhibited creative garden. On the one hand. We have a lot of creations,

Aliens only exist as part of the background of the story. But on the other hand, we still have a lot about.

Contact is also the work of the first encounter between human beings and aliens. Because the theme of Contact is really rich.

Fu, so far no work can tell the whole story. Initially, it was handled in a more serious and rigorous way.

Associated with this theme is a short story written by American science fiction writer Ernst in 1945.

The First Contact. In the story, a human spaceship and an alien spaceship.

Meet in interstellar space. Because neither side can be sure whether the other is hostile, neither side dares to act rashly.

If you expose your reality, the other party will have the upper hand. Finally, in order to break the deadlock, the two sides had to change ships.

After consultation, it was decided to share the collateral equally.

Will the first contact between humans and aliens really be dominated by suspicion and suspicion? Or is it just that human beings are full of speculation?

The embodiment of suspicious character in science fiction creation? When this story was published, World War II had just ended. ) Anyway,

This early classic is thought-provoking.

Aliens appeared in science fiction, of course, much earlier than 1945. But in a serious academic field,

Medium. The concept of life in outer space has always been regarded as nonsense. This situation. Until the 1960s, it suddenly appeared.

Rest.

196 1 year1month, a group of internationally renowned scientists gathered at the National Radio Astronomy in West Virginia, USA.

Taiwan Province, for the first time, discussed the topic of life in outer space, which used to belong to the field of science fiction. Scientists attending the meeting included Zeng.

Nobel Prize-winning chemist Melvin and famous astronomer Otto

Frank derek, Huang (a famous Chinese American astronomer), Sagan and physics.

Scientist PhilipMorrison and biologist Li Lei, who are famous for studying the wisdom of dolphins.

(JohnC。 Lily). The result of the meeting. Is the famous "green dike equation" (The(Greenbank Formula,

Named after the meeting place).