From 1492 to 1898, how did the Spanish Empire consolidate its internal rule and rule over America?

(1402— 152 1) Aragon, Burgundy and Portugal are the models for Spain to become an empire in the future.

At this time, at the end of the movement to recover lost territory, King Castilla collected a tribute (Parias) from Taifa, a vassal of the Moors, and allowed it to exist, thus allowing gold to be transported from Niger, Africa to Europe. Castilla also began to expand into North Africa and compete with the Portuguese Empire.

1402, King Henrik III of Castile sent Norman explorer Jean de Béthencourt to establish a colony in the Canary Islands.

Ferdinand II, king of Aragon, married two Catholic monarchs (Reyes Católicos) in Castilla, making the two countries the main confederation of * * *, still having their own independent management, but ruled by the same monarch. According to Henry Carmen, Spain was created by an empire, not Spain. Castilla rapidly expanded its colonies in the New World, the Philippines and Africa, thus creating an empire, and occupied Melilla and Oran in 1497 and 1509 respectively.

From 149 1, two Catholic monarchs decided to support the Aragon royal family in Naples and fight against the invading Charles VIII in the Italian War. King Ferdinand of Aragon competed with France and Venice for Italy, making these conflicts the focus of his foreign policy. In these battles, Spanish infantry overwhelmed the French cavalry, and Gonzalo Fernandez de Cordoba will build an almost invincible Spanish army at the beginning of 16 and 17 centuries.

1492, Spain expelled Granada, the last Moorish king.

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After Spain's victory, its monarch discussed with Genoa sailor Christopher Columbus, hoping to sail westward to West Pangu (Japan). When Columbus put forward his bold sailing plan to Isabella I, Castilla was competing with Portugal to reach the Far East first. Columbus inadvertently "discovered" America and let Spain begin to explore American colonies. East India is reserved for Castile.

This undoubtedly gave Spain the right to establish a vast colony in America. From then on, Spain began to focus on the development of the new continent.

1493, the Pope decreed that Intercaetera established Spain's ownership of these lands; The following year, the Treaty of Tolde silas divided the land claimed by Spain and Portugal into two hemispheres. This gives Spain the exclusive right to establish colonies throughout the New World, from Alaska to Cape Horn (except Brazil) and even West Asia.

After the death of Queen Isabella, her husband, Ferdinand II, came to power alone and pursued a more active foreign policy than before, expanding Spain's sphere of influence in Italy and confronting France. In the Cambre League War, he sent Spanish troops to fight the Venetian Republic for the first time.

The French army won the Battle of Delo in Ania in 1509, enjoying the same reputation as the Spanish army. Just one year later, Ferdinand joined the Italian Catholic League to resist France in order to win Milan and Navarra claimed by his dynasty. However, the result was no better than the battle against Venice.

15 16, France signed an armistice agreement to continue to control Milan and confirmed that Spain controlled Upper Navarra.

/kloc-at the beginning of 0/500, the colony of Hispaniola was successfully established. After that, the colonists began to look for new colonies everywhere. Some people come from the less affluent island of Hispaniola and are eager to make new achievements in the new colony. Among them, Pang Juan Cedelaine conquered Puerto Rico, while Diego Velá zquez de Cuellar won Cuba.

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15 12, Pascal nunes de balboa established the first American continent colony in Darian.

15 13, balboa crossed the Panamanian isthmus and launched the first European expedition from the New World to the Pacific Ocean. He declared that the Atlantic Ocean and all adjacent lands belonged to the Spanish royal family, which was of great historical significance.

In business, the early performance of Castile Empire was not good. Its colonial expansion did stimulate Spain's trade and industry, which led to the development of some big cities. However, it was not until 1546 that the big silver mines in Zacatecas, Mexico, Potosí and Upper Peru (now Bolivia) were mined, and Castilla and its royal family were able to obtain a large amount of silver from shipping as the main income that would increase. But in the end, these imports made investment in other industries shrink, which made Spain experience inflation in the late16th century. The expulsion of Jews and Morisco deprived commerce and handicrafts of talents and made the situation worse. A large amount of silver flowed in, making Spain over-dependent on foreign raw materials and manufactured goods.

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Rich people like to use their wealth to buy public debt (juros). Public debt is supported by these imported silver, rather than the improvement of manufacturing production and agriculture. Public debt has made Spanish aristocrats always think that labor and work are shameful, while other western European countries are gradually abandoning this prejudice. In the low countries, France, Britain and other European regions, the circulation of gold and silver promoted economic and social changes, but not in Spain. Salamanca School and Abbey Tristan put forward suggestions on inflation, but failed to influence the policies of Habsburg government.