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Which province and city's murals are earlier than Dunhuang murals?

Jiayuguan Xincheng Weijin brick mural tomb

A few days ago, the reporter learned from the relevant departments of Jiayuguan City that this national key cultural relics protection unit, which was painted 140 years earlier than Dunhuang murals and whose painting art can rival Dunhuang murals, is known as the largest and most complete "underground gallery" in the world. The brick mural tomb in Jiayuguan City during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, because thieves were rampant and the murals changed color, had already "groaned in pain" and cried for help.

Part one: Reveal the secret of treasure.

The shepherd discovered the secret of the treasure.

1972, Zhang Shuxin, a shepherd in Xincheng Township, Jiayuguan City, happened to find an ancient tomb with a large number of brick murals while herding sheep on the Gobi Desert, which is 0/8km away from the city. At that time, the unprecedented catastrophe had not stopped, and the news that "Zhang Shuxin discovered the ancient tomb and wanted to rob the tomb to make a fortune" spread like wildfire. So Zhang Shuxin is often criticized and robbed.

Just when Zhang Shuxin's family was in extreme panic all day, Jiao Bingkun, then deputy director of Jiayuguan Municipal Bureau of Culture and Education, was very concerned about the news. He took people to survey the tomb site and quickly reported the situation. Experts from the Chinese History Museum were surprised to find that Zhang Shuxin discovered the Wei-Jin ancient tomb more than 600 years ago/kloc-0. This ancient tomb spans the Gobi Desert at the junction of Guoyuan Township in Jiuquan City and Xincheng Township in Jiayuguan City, which is nearly 13 square kilometers. At the same time, there were14,000 ancient tombs. What is even more surprising is that the painted murals painted on the gray bricks built by fences in some tombs have never been seen in China, which is of great artistic value and research value.

Tombs in the "Heroes' Meeting" in Wei and Jin Dynasties

From April 1972 to 2002, experts excavated 18 ancient tombs many times, of which 8 were identified as brick mural tombs. More than 660 painted brick murals are basically national first-class cultural relics. Among them, the Postman Map unearthed from Tomb No.5 was taken as a symbol sample of China Post by the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications in 1982 to commemorate the establishment and the first congress of the All-China Philatelic Federation, and a commemorative stamp sheetlet was issued to witness the long and glorious history of China Post. The Tuotuo Map unearthed from Tomb No.6 shows the prosperous commercial scene of "merchants selling customers and plugging in money every day" at that time. The history revealed and described in "Roast Lamb Leg Trident" is earlier than that recorded in "Qi Yaomin's Book" 100-200 years. On September 14, 2002, Tianma Mangtu, unearthed from a two-room brick tomb, reappeared the elegant, smart and free-and-easy painting style in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In addition, three silk bouquets and six silk thread boards were unearthed, which can be called "unique skills" in silk products.

Pottery is the main buried cultural relic unearthed from Wei and Jin tombs, and there are more than 1,000 pieces of gold, silver and copper vessels 1 1 000, among which 10 is a first-class cultural relic, and small glazed pottery pots with red ears, bronze mirrors of two animals, carbon stone and jade seals, some coins, bone rulers and tomb animals are discovered for the first time in China.

The artistic features are unparalleled.

Tomb, wealth. Experts believe that the rich content, huge quantity, complete preservation and rich cultural connotation of brick murals in Wei and Jin tombs are also rare in the cultural history of China.

Murals have a wide range of themes, involving politics, economy, military affairs, culture and art, science, agriculture, animal husbandry, silk industry, printing and dyeing industry and other fields in the Wei and Jin Dynasties. They are scrolls of history.

Murals are mostly painted one brick at a time, mainly with natural minerals as pigments and red, black and yellow as the main colors, with bright colors and bright tones.

Mural artists mainly come from folk craftsmen, and their pictures mainly reflect the real life of all social strata in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and they are typical representatives of realistic art. What is more prominent is that brick murals in Wei and Jin tombs broke the shackles of traditional painting art, abandoned the depiction of emperors and princes, talented people and beautiful women, and religious superstitions, and highlighted the class relations and production and life scenes with ethnic customs in Wei and Jin Dynasties.

The research value is extremely unique.

Brick murals in Wei and Jin tombs not only have unparalleled artistic characteristics, but also have unique historical research value.

First of all, brick murals are rich in content and concise in brushwork. They outline the rich details of Chinese civilization in different ways and reflect the real life of all walks of life from different angles, so they are a complete encyclopedia.

Secondly, the brick mural is like a historical picture scroll, showing the Wei and Jin culture to the world; Like an epic of ancient civilization, it tells the great changes in the historical evolution of Wei and Jin Dynasties. Like an ancient famous song, it sings the tragic history of the Silk Road and is praised as the largest and most complete "underground gallery" in the world by archaeologists, painters and Chinese and foreign tourists.

Thirdly, the discovery of brick murals in Wei and Jin tombs has found a direct source for the study of Dunhuang mural art and provided reliable physical data. According to experts' research, brick murals in Wei and Jin Dynasties were created 140 years earlier than Dunhuang murals, and have the same artistic value and cultural charm as Dunhuang murals. Brick murals of Dong and Xi Wang Mu He unearthed from Tomb No.6, No.7 and 13 of Wei and Jin Dynasties are very similar to the images of four lotus gods and gods reflected in Dunhuang murals, which fully shows that Dunhuang murals are the inheritance and development of brick murals in Jiayuguan Wei and Jin tombs.

Fourthly, brick murals are mostly made by folk painters, depicting people and reasons from simple to complex, from rough to meticulous, from small to large, from less to more, which fully shows that the painting art in Wei and Jin Dynasties is in a stage of prosperity, perfection and development. It not only inherited the essence of painting art in Han Dynasty, but also laid the foundation for the prosperity and development of painting art in Sui and Tang Dynasties. However, different painters have different techniques. Compared with the Wei and Jin Tombs in Jiayuguan New Town, the former was painted on smooth walls, while the latter was painted directly on gray bricks.

Part II: Protection and Prevention

Thieves are rampant and hard to prevent.

During the excavation, experts found that 18 excavated Wei-Jin tombs were basically stolen, and the few funerary objects left were turned upside down and broken, but most of the 8 mural tombs were well-preserved except for a few murals stolen, and the colors were relatively new.

Due to environmental and technical factors, after the cleaning work, all the mural tombs were locked, except Tomb No.6, which was open to tourists, and Tomb No.7, which was exclusively for research, all the other tombs were blocked and buried. 1In August, 973, all the murals unearthed from Tomb No.5 were moved to Lanzhou and restored in an underground showroom of the Provincial Museum for research.

On July 5th, 20001year, the State Council approved the tomb group as a national key cultural relics protection unit.

In order to better protect and give full play to the tourism advantages of Wei and Jin tombs, Jiayuguan City built a museum in the location of ancient tombs in 1988, sorting out and displaying some unearthed cultural relics and imitations. In order to keep pace with the protection of cultural relics and the development of tourism resources, the Cultural Relics Management Office of Wei and Jin Tombs has improved its organization, made plans, divided its responsibilities and patrolled around the clock.

However, it is precisely because of the special value of the murals in the "underground gallery" that some lawless elements, driven by interests, try their best to break the law, and grave robbery cases occur from time to time. Due to the fact that Wei and Jin tombs are far away from urban areas, tombs are widely distributed, and limited by economy and manpower, the management of protection facilities is far from meeting the needs. Although the staff have made efforts to this end, the safety protection work in the tomb area is still stretched. The reporter saw in the interview that the stolen traces of several undeveloped tombs are still clearly visible.

The discoloration of murals is worrying.

In addition to the rampant activities of grave robbers, there is a more serious problem that plagues the protection of tomb murals, and that is the color protection of brick murals.

It is understood that with the passage of time, brick murals in the Wei and Jin Dynasties have changed color after being published for more than 30 years. The main reason for this phenomenon is that more and more tourists exhale carbon dioxide and water vapor and react with alkaline pigments on murals. At present, there is no more scientific and effective way to protect murals except placing a lot of desiccants in tombs.

It is understood that the main difficulties in the protection of tombs and murals in the Wei and Jin Dynasties are economy and technology. At present, managers and equipment are mainly funded by ticket income, but these funds are just like a drop in the bucket, far from meeting the needs of all-round protection of these treasures.

Although the cause of discoloration seems simple, it is caused by the joint action of carbon dioxide and water vapor in the air, but the way of blockade does not conform to the principle of paying equal attention to the development and protection of cultural relics, and it is not easy to solve this technical problem. The reporter learned that Jiayuguan and relevant departments are actively looking for feasible ways to solve the problem of mural discoloration. At present, they have entrusted Dunhuang Research Institute to provide technical support. Although the specific plan has not yet been released, it is expected to be protected in a short time. In this regard, people will wait and see, and the management expects the attention and strong support from all walks of life and more experts.