It once lived in the northeast of Jiangxi for 1300 years, and now it has completely disappeared. How did Raozhou Prefecture disappear?

If you look at the current administrative division map of Jiangxi, you will find that many places are a bit abrupt. For example, Shangrao, the northernmost part of Jiangxi, has a very strange shape. Shangrao's main city is very east, but its connection with the west is very weak, and it is squeezed between Jingdezhen and yingtan.

In fact, the administrative divisions of Jiangxi in the Ming and Qing Dynasties were not like this, and the administrative divisions of northeast Jiangxi were not as irregular as they are now. Only later, a very important administrative region disappeared, that is-Rao state capital!

First, the change of ownership in northeast Jiangxi

Jiangxi's terrain is relatively closed, surrounded by mountains in the east, west and south, and the Yangtze River in the north, which makes the territory of Jiangxi relatively stable, except that the northeast of Jiangxi has long been entangled between "Jiangdong" and "Jiangxi".

In the 21st year of Kaiyuan in Tang Dynasty (733), Jiangnan Road was divided into Jiangnan East Road, Jiangnan West Road and Guizhou Middle Road. Now the northeast of Jiangxi belongs to Raozhou and Xinzhou. At this time, it is located on Jiangnan West Road.

In the third year from Song Dynasty to Daoism (997), the whole country was divided into fifteen roads, Raozhou and Xinzhou belonged to Jiangnan Road, and Tianxi was four years (AD 1020). Jiangnan Road was divided into Jiangnan East Road and Jiangnan West Road. At this time, Raozhou and Xinzhou do not belong to Jiangnan West Road, but to Jiangnan East Road.

In the Yuan Dynasty, China began to implement the provincial system. Now Raozhou Road, Xinzhou Road and Qianshan State in the northeast of Jiangxi Province (the roads and states here belong to secondary administrative divisions) also belong to Jiangsu and Zhejiang Province, not to Jiangxi Province.

Note: Jiangxi Province also included Guangdong in Yuan Dynasty.

In the early Ming Dynasty, Raozhou Prefecture and Guangxin Prefecture (in the sixth year of Han and Song Dynasties (1360), Xinzhou Road was changed to Guangxin Prefecture) were placed under Jiangxi Political Department, mainly because of grain transportation. Now these two places are stable in Jiangxi, and they have been in Jiangxi until now.

But this is only a change in the external ownership of northeast Jiangxi, and the internal division of this place is still very stable. Two words: forgive and divide!

However, now, Xinzhou is still there. Xinzhou district belongs to the core city of Shangrao, and Raozhou? But it's gone. What's going on?

Second, forgiveness and division.

In the ninth year of Emperor Yangdi (589), the name of Raozhou, the abandoned Poyang County, began to appear (of course, it was repeated later, and the name of this place also experienced various changes such as Poyang County and Raozhou Road). In the first year of Gan Yuan, Tang Suzong (758), Poyang County was restored to Raozhou again, but the jurisdiction was reduced to Poyang Lake today. Where is the shrinking part of Raozhou? It is Xinzhou, and its jurisdiction is roughly equivalent to the counties in the Xinjiang River Basin today.

It was also from this year that an administrative pattern of "forgive and trust and divide the rule" was formed in northeast Jiangxi.

This division is still very reasonable. Generally, Raohe River and Xinhe River are divided and ruled according to the principle of "mountains and rivers are convenient". This division method is still remembered by many people.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the former Raozhou and Xinzhou became Raozhou and Guangxin prefectures, with the following territory.

So, how did Raozhou develop later?

Third, the prosperity of Raozhou.

Raozhou, named after "rich products", is a rich place. From the late Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, due to the war in the north, a large number of immigrants moved south, and Jiangxi was one of the regions with the largest number of immigrants, which greatly promoted its development.

Raozhou is one of the most attractive places for immigrants. On the one hand, it is located farther north and belongs to the first stop for immigrants to move south. In addition, the low mountains and hills are widely distributed here, the ground is undulating, the lakeside polder area is low-lying, the harbors are criss-crossed, the grass beaches are contiguous, and the ponds and paddy fields are alternately distributed, so the natural conditions are extremely superior. Agriculture is developed and the economy is strong.

In the late Tang Dynasty, the number of households in Raozhou increased sharply. Geography of the New Tang Dynasty: Raozhou has 40899 households with a population of 244350.

In Song Dynasty, Raozhou became a famous rich state with developed economy and prosperous writing style. According to statistics, there were 149 academies in Jiangxi in Song Dynasty (here refers to today's Jiangxi), distributed in 53 counties. Among them, there are 25 in Raozhou, ranking second only to Hongzhou (Nanchang, 27).

How rich was Raozhou in the Song and Yuan Dynasties? Give a data: This is the most populous road in China!

According to Yuan Shi. Geography ",Raozhou Road has a population of 4.03 million (1, in 270, the population before the demise of the Song Dynasty was recorded in Yuan Shi), and the population was the first in the country at that time!

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Raozhou Prefecture administered Poyang, Fuliang, Dexing, Leping, Wannian, Yugan and Anren counties (19 14 was renamed as yujiang county county because of the same name as Anren county in Hunan province), and its resident was Poyang.

Poyang County, the capital of Raozhou, is an important material transfer station in northeast Jiangxi, and Poyang Port is one of the six major ports in Jiangxi with convenient transportation location. Jingdezhen in Fuliang County has gradually developed into a national porcelain center, and it is also known as the four famous towns in China with Hankou in Hubei, Zhu Xian in Henan and Foshan in Guangdong, and is also known as the "Xiongzhen in the South of the Yangtze River".

Since the Ming Dynasty, Raozhou has experienced a developed handicraft town economy represented by Jingdezhen and a prosperous entrepot trade represented by Poyang with its special geographical environment and geographical advantages. The government of Ming and Qing Dynasties carried out the policy of "one port, one trade", which promoted the economic development of this area. Raohe River is the connecting link between Huizhou and "Raohe-Poyang Lake-Yangtze River Route and Raohe-Poyang Lake-Ganjiang River-Dagengling Commercial Road", and Poyang, the capital of Raozhou, is the capital of Raozhou.

At that time, it was a "golden waterway"

Raozhou at this time is worthy of being a male state in the south of the Yangtze River! However, the days of prosperity are about to pass.

Fourth, the decline of Raozhou.

Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the economy of Raozhou has been developing continuously, forming a regional economy centered on Jingdezhen porcelain and a transshipment trade economy dominated by Poyang County, which flourished for a while, but in modern times, the right time and the right place are no longer available, leading to the rapid decline of Raozhou.

The most important reason for Raozhou's decline lies in its geographical location. Raozhou is located in the northeast of Jiangxi, near Poyang Lake. One of the main characteristics of Jiangxi's natural environment is its closeness. This makes Raozhou area both closed and open in Jiangxi as a whole, and Raozhou has another feature-"benefiting agriculture", with fertile land, which is very suitable for agricultural development.

The Map of Raozhou Prefecture in Wanli Period of Ming Dynasty

In the early feudal era, this was certainly not a bad thing. Raozhou is closed and open, which makes it far away from external turmoil on the one hand, and carries out economic exchanges with the outside world on the other. The characteristics suitable for agricultural development make it rich, but it is also easy to bring sequelae: traffic barriers, inconvenient transportation, being located inland, ineffective information, unwilling to accept new production methods and technologies, and backward protection, which seriously restricted the transformation of modern society in Jiangxi.

Note: Up to now, the decline of Raozhou has affected four counties in Jiangxi Lake area ("DuDu Wan Yu", Duchang, Poyang, Yugan and Wannian), all of which belong to relatively backward areas in Jiangxi.

In addition, Raozhou has complicated hydrology and criss-crossing rivers. Since the late Qing Dynasty, due to the decline of local government capacity and the intensification of the contradiction between man and land, floods have occurred frequently in Raozhou, and the frequency is still greater than that in previous dynasties. According to statistics, there were 89 disasters in Poyang Lake in Qing Dynasty, including 48 floods. A total of 106 disasters occurred in Yugan, including 73 floods, which caused great damage to local development.

Apart from natural and man-made disasters, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom turmoil in the late Qing Dynasty was the hardest hit area in Jiangxi. All parts of Jiangxi are "desolate and dilapidated, and the smoke is not clear", and Raozhou suffered heavy losses. Later, Zeng Guofan implemented the "Likin" system in Jiangxi, which seriously hindered the development of industry and commerce in Jiangxi.

Jiangxi belongs to the hardest hit area of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

Under the general environment, Raozhou also lost its traffic location advantage: after the Opium War in modern times, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of nanking, agreed to open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports, and implemented five-port trade, and the southeast gateway was forced to open.

The pattern of "one port trade in Guangzhou" no longer exists. In the Qing Dynasty, the traditional circulation route of "Beijing Vast Waterway", with inland canal as the main trunk and Jiangnan as the center, gradually changed into the pattern of east-west horizontal trade route with coastal cities and major cities along the river as the main trunk, which is not good news for Jiangxi and Raozhou.

After the change of traffic pattern, the goods from Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian and other provinces that originally went south to Guangzhou were diverted to Shanghai instead of Jiangxi. As the golden waterway in China, the traditional Poyang Lake-Ganjiang waterway in Jiangxi no longer exists. After the opening of Jiujiang (1862), the goods flow in Jiangxi also reversed, and the goods originally from the south of Jiangxi extended northward to Ganjiang-Poyang Lake, forming a foreign trade pattern centered on Jiujiang. As an important trade channel between Jiangxi and Anhui, Raohe River's position in water transportation also declined rapidly, which made Raozhou, with Poyang and Jingdezhen as the center, finally decline.

However, the construction of modern railway in northeast Jiangxi made the traditional water transport lose all its advantages and gave Raozhou a final blow. Zhejiang-jiangxi railway was built in 1899, and the Hangjiang-Zhu Ping railway was built in 1929. After opening to traffic, goods transportation from Jingdezhen to yingtan can be completed directly by train. No need for water transport; The completion of anhui-jiangxi railway has completely changed the traditional way and route of Huizhou's foreign trade and transportation, and Poyang has completely lost its position as a transshipment center.

At the same time of economic decline, Raozhou is gradually disappearing …

Fifth, the disappearance of Raozhou.

In the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), the new government abolished the administrative divisions at the prefecture level. Article 19 of the Draft of Jiangxi Provisional Local Official System stipulates that a two-level system of province (state) and county shall be implemented, that is, the name of the state in the Qing Dynasty shall be retained, but the state shall no longer be regarded as a county-level administrative region, and its jurisdiction is similar to that of the county, which actually belongs to the county-level administrative region.

At this time, the secondary administrative division "Fu" disappeared, and the province directly took over the county.

However, due to too many provinces and regions, too many counties under its jurisdiction, and difficulties in governance, the provisional president of the Republic of China issued a "unification order" for provinces, prefectures and provinces in June 19 13. Since then, the Taoist system has been generally established in this place, and a three-tier system of provinces, prefectures and counties has been implemented.

There are four roads in Jiangxi: Zhang Yu, Luling, Gannan and Xunyang. Among the seven counties in ancient Raozhou, Poyang, Yugan, Leping, Fuliang, Dexing and Wannian belong to Xunyang Road; Yujiang county County belongs to Yuzhang Road.

In the 16th year of the Republic of China (1927), after the Northern Expeditionary Army occupied Jiangxi, all roads were cancelled.

Later, in order to deal with the Red Army, the National Government implemented the district head official system in Jiangxi, and divided the whole province into 13 administrative districts, of which the fifth district was located in Poyang, which governed six counties of Poyang, Yugan, Leping, Fuliang, Dexing and Wannian.

By this time, the outline of Raozhou was basically completed (except yujiang county County), although the counties under the jurisdiction of each district were adjusted many times in the later period.

After the end of the Anti-Japanese War, Nanchang was directly under the jurisdiction of the central government, and Wuyuan and Guangze were under the jurisdiction of Anhui and Fujian provinces respectively in June of the 36th year of the Republic of China (1947). There are nine districts in Jiangxi, among which:

The fifth district is located in Fuliang County, which governs 7 counties: Fuliang, Hukou, Pengze, Duchang, Poyang, Leping and Dexing.

The sixth district is located in Shangrao County, which governs Shangrao, yujiang county County, Yushan, Yiyang, Guixi, Lead Mountain, Guangfeng, Hengfeng, Yugan and Wannian County 10.

During this period of time, Raozhou has been torn apart, and Poyang, which is declining, has even lost its position as a local political center, and replaced it with a new floating beam (Jingdezhen) (as early as before the Anti-Japanese War 1935, the residence of the Governor's Office of the Fifth Administrative Region of Jiangxi Province was moved from Poyang County to Jingdezhen), which has shown that Poyang has declined to a certain extent, even worse than Jingdezhen (65438).

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, northeast Jiangxi once again became a whole. At the end of 1952, the former Fuliang Department merged with Shangrao Department, called Shangrao Department, which was located in Shangrao (the predecessor of Shangrao prefecture-level city now) and governed Jingdezhen 16 county, almost equivalent to all of Shangrao, yingtan and Jingdezhen now, and Raozhou and Xinzhou in ancient times.

At this point, the pattern of "combining leniency with severity", which lasted for more than 1000 years, no longer exists.

The replacement of Poyang by Jingdezhen continues. 1949 On April 29th, Jingdezhen was separated from Fuliang County, and 1953 was a city under the jurisdiction of Jiangxi Province. As the country and province supported Jingdezhen as a key industrial city, a large number of state-owned porcelain factories were established, a large number of northern military electronics enterprises settled in Jingdezhen, and a large number of immigrants moved to Jingdezhen. In less than 20 years, Jingdezhen has developed into the second largest industrial city in Jiangxi, with perfect industrial functions and a population of nearly 300,000, which is unmatched by Poyang.

1962 map of Jingdezhen city

1983 Leping County of Shangrao was merged into Jingdezhen, 1988 Fuliang County was merged.

At the same time,1July, 983, Yingtan City was established as a prefecture-level city in Shangrao area and Guixi and yujiang county counties.

At this point, of the seven sons in ancient Raozhou, four belonged to Shangrao (Poyang, Yugan, Wannian and Dexing), the second to Jingdezhen (Fuliang and Leping) and the first to yingtan (yujiang county County). Formed a "weird" administrative division in northeast Jiangxi, and Jingdezhen became the only prefecture-level city in Raozhou. Poyang, Yugan and Wannian, the core of the old Raozhou, became the counties under the jurisdiction of Shangrao.

19 1 1 year1month, Wang Zutong, the last magistrate of Raozhou, got on the boat in a hurry and left Poyang, where countless soldiers and civilians surrounded Huang Jintai, the newly appointed governor of Poyang, to celebrate the 1911 Revolution. At this time, he may not know that he will be this person with a history of 1300 years.

What about Poyang, the old capital of Raozhou? Although it has been prosperous for a long time, it still has a population of 6.5438+0.6 million, making it the largest county in Jiangxi, which seems to explain its glory in the agricultural era.

References: Research on Raozhou Regional Economy from Qing Dynasty to Republic of China-Wu

Businessmen, Trade Routes and Regional Rise and Fall —— A Case Study Centered on Linqing, Poyang County since Ming and Qing Dynasties

A Brief Introduction to the Administrative Division of Jiangxi Province during the Republic of China —— Zheng Baoheng

County and County: Administrative Division Adjustment of Northern Jiangxi during the Republic of China (1912-1937)-Liu Wenxiang