What ethnic groups are there in continental Europe?

The Germans who destroyed the Roman Empire In the 5th century AD, the Germans surrounded Rome, the capital of the Roman Empire, and the Roman emperor was forced to send messengers to make peace. Unable to persuade the Germans to give up their terms, the emissary bluffed that Rome was ready. The German leader proudly said, "The more lush the grass grows, the easier it is to cut." As a result, the Germans destroyed the Roman Empire.

Germanic people belong to the Europa race, originally scattered in Germania region between the Vistula River, Danube River, Rhine River, North Sea and Baltic Sea in Europe, and are a national group with similar culture and language. Southern Scandinavia and jutland are their hometown. The ancient Greeks and Romans called them "Germans". The Germanic language they speak is a language family.

Germans were originally nomadic people. BC 1 century, it was divided into three branches: East, West and North, and began to settle down and manage agriculture. French, Germans, Dutch, Danes, Swedes, Anglo-Saxons and other modern peoples are all related to Germans.

Germans once had a great influence on the course of world history. From the 2nd century AD, Germans began to migrate to the south. Due to the effective defense of the Romans, the Germans were blocked from going south, invaded Salmatia to the southeast, occupied the lower reaches of the Danube, the Black Sea and the northern shore of the Azov Sea, and confronted the Roman Empire. In 374, the Xiongnu in the East crossed the Don River and suddenly appeared in the territory of the Germanic East Gothic Tribal Alliance, quickly conquering and defeating ostrogoths. The Xiongnu continued to move westward based on the grassland in southern Russia, forcing the Germanic Visigoth tribal alliance to flee to the Roman Empire and began the famous national migration. In the wave of migration, the Roman Empire fell, the Germans swept across Europe, and successively established the Visigoth Kingdom and the Frankish Kingdom. Kingdom of Vandal, etc. And enter North Africa. These kingdoms changed the political, social and cultural conditions in the areas ruled by the former Roman Empire. Later, the northern Germans moved south again from Scandinavia and jutland, which had a great influence on Britain, France and Scandinavian countries.

Germanic culture has its own characteristics. Gothic art is a new architecture-based art that emerged after 12 century, including sculpture, painting and arts and crafts. This architectural style is anti-Roman, thick and dark semi-circular arch, and widely used are pointed arches with light lines, beautiful minarets, stained glass mosaic windows, slender columns or cluster columns. This kind of architecture and many traditional arts after the Middle Ages came into being after the Great Migration. Scandinavian architecture, metal ornaments, bronze and silver carving utensils are also part of Germanic culture.

The French who built the Louvre Museum in France have the richest collection of world-famous works of art.. The builder of this splendid and beautiful building is French. France is the largest ethnic group in western Europe, belonging to the Mediterranean and other types of Europa, who use French.

In today's France, the earliest inhabitants are Celts, and the Romans call them Gauls. After the Gauls were conquered by the Romans, they gradually formed Gaul Romans with Roman immigrants. Later, a group of Franks conquered most of Gaul and established the Frankish Kingdom. Some Germans were gradually assimilated by Gaul Romans, which formed the foundation of modern French. In the middle of the 9th century, the Normans who entered the northwest of France were also assimilated and became a member of the French nation. After the division of Charlemagne Empire, most Romance-speaking areas west of the Rhine River were placed under the jurisdiction of the West Frankish Kingdom and began to be called "France". This is the first time to separate France from Germany in language and geography. The French Revolution was the last stage of the formation of a modern French state.

The French are an extremely developed nation with many excellent writers, thinkers and artists. The great Hugo, Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu and Rodin are admired by people all over the world. French architecture is very artistic. The famous Palace of Versailles is an art palace, and the Eiffel Tower is also world-famous.

The Italians who created Roman culture are the largest ethnic group in southern Europe, belonging to the Europa alpine type and the Mediterranean type, and use Italian, with about 60 million people.

Ancient Italians entered the Italian peninsula in 1000 BC. One of them was a Latin tribe, who lived in the Latin plain in the middle of the peninsula and founded the city of Rome in 754 BC. From the 6th century BC to the 2nd century BC, Latin tribes successively conquered the northern and southern parts of the peninsula and occupied some nearby islands. From 1 to the 2nd century, the Italian nation began to form. After the great national migration, Italians merged with ostrogoths and Franks.

Italians have been engaged in agriculture, fishery and animal husbandry since ancient times. Northern and central Italy are agricultural areas, the coastal areas and islands of various countries are fishing areas, and the southern part is animal husbandry areas. Their handicrafts, commerce and navigation are very developed. After the Second World War, Italy's industry developed rapidly, ranking in the forefront of the world in shipbuilding, aviation, automobile manufacturing and machine tool production, and becoming a developed industrial country.

Italians created splendid ancient Roman culture and Italian culture. Poets Virgil, Horace, historian Tacitus, philosophers Lucretius and Seneca are all representatives of ancient Roman culture. /kloc-in the 0/4th century, Italy first set off a great "Renaissance" movement, which later spread to other European countries. In this movement, Italy produced the famous poet Dante and the great painter Da? Finch. Italians have also made great achievements in architectural art, modeling and garden art.

Vatican, a Catholic country that affects the world, is near Rome, where many precious works of art are gathered. Most Italians believe in Catholicism.

"European thinker" Germans are one of the nationalities in Central Europe, mainly distributed in Germany, with about 80 million people. Another100000 people live in the United States, the former Soviet Union, Canada, Brazil and other countries. Germans belong to Europa, Nordic and Alpine, and use German.

Most Germans are direct descendants of ancient Germanic ministries. Later, the Frankish kingdom was divided into East Frankish and West Frankish, and the Germanic tribes living on the right bank of the Rhine River with little cultural influence were classified as East Frankish, thus providing the same region for the formation of Germanic people. In 9 19, the first German dynasty was established. The name "Germany" comes from "the holy Roman Empire of the German nation". The German nation has long been in a state of feudal drama. Germans have traditional agriculture and animal husbandry. Modern Germans are well-developed in industry, with strong strength in instrumentation, automobile manufacturing, electrical appliances and electronics, and chemical industry.

Because the reunification of the German nation was not completed until the second half of the19th century, there were obvious local differences among Germans due to long-term feudal separatism and other reasons. According to the characteristics of dialects, cultures and customs, Germans can be divided into Hessians, Saxons, mecklenburg, Bavarians and so on.

Germans are a nation with a high level of culture and education, which has an important influence on European and world culture. Martin? Great thinkers such as Luther, Freud, Kant, Moguel, Feuerbach, Marx and Engels are all Germans, so Germans are called "European thinkers". The literary works created by Lessing, Goethe and Heine are also world-renowned.

Anglo-Saxons on the island of Great Britain The Anglo-Saxons are the largest ethnic group on the island of Great Britain in the Atlantic Ocean, also known as "English" and "English". Mainly distributed in England and Wales, with a few in Scotland and Northern Ireland. They use English, and about 50 million people belong to the European race, mostly Atlantic and Baltic, and some are distributed in South Africa, Australia, the United States and Canada.

The ancestors of the Anglo-Saxons came from the European continent and were Anglo-Saxons among the Germanic peoples. The aborigines of Great Britain are Iberians from the Pyrenees Peninsula, who are famous for creating the culture of megalithic stones. Later, Britons, Biggers and others from Carte entered the island of Great Britain from the mainland, assimilated the aborigines and formed the earliest foundation of Anglo-Saxons. Since the 5th century, the Angles and Saxons have entered Britain. They assimilated and destroyed some Celts and drove others to the mountains in the southwest and northwest. In the 9th century, Denmark's invasion of Britain promoted the formation of Anglo-Saxons. 1066, the Normans from France conquered England, and they merged with the Anglo-Saxons after the Hundred Years' War between Britain and France.

Anglo-Saxons pioneered modern capitalist countries and took the lead in developing modern industry. They are a highly modernized country. They established colonies all over the world, calling themselves. The sun never sets in the British Empire, so English has become a common language.

The Anglo-Saxons had a high level of education and produced many scientists.

Writers and artists. Russell, Chaucer, Shakespeare, Scott and Hardy are all world cultural celebrities.

Anglo-Saxons are now all over the world, and they have also brought their own style to all parts of the world, becoming the most common model of western tradition in people's minds.

The Greeks, who laid the foundation of modern civilization, are the largest ethnic group in Greece in the Balkan Peninsula in southwest Europe, belonging to Europa Mediterranean type and Alpine type. They use Greek, and there are about ten million people. Another nearly 2 million people are distributed in the United States, the former Soviet Union, Australia and other places.

The ancient Greeks created the ancient Aegean civilization. Since 2000 BC, some Indo-European speaking tribes have successively entered the Greek Peninsula, established a series of city-states, and gradually formed the ancient Greek nation. 1832 established the kingdom of Greece, and 1974 was changed to * * * Republic.

The Greeks created a splendid ancient Greek civilization, which had a far-reaching influence on the cultures of many countries in the world. They have done a lot of pioneering work in architecture, sculpture, astronomy and mathematics. In literature, there are Homer's Epic and Aesop's Fables, as well as Aesop's tragedy and aristophanes's comedy. Philosophers Heraclitus, Democritus and Plato are all famous. Aristotle was not only a philosopher, but also made great contributions to science. Greece is also the birthplace of the modern Olympic movement.

Ancient Greece was mainly engaged in agriculture, fisheries, handicrafts and commerce, with relatively developed industry and commerce. In modern times, the shipping industry is very developed. The Greeks still retain many traditional customs. Tights, short skirts, white tights and high socks, and shoes with red pompoms are the traditional costumes of Greek men.

The Spaniards, who are famous for bullfighting, are the largest ethnic group in Spain on Iberian Peninsula in Southwest Europe, belonging to Europa Mediterranean type and Alpine type, and about 30 million people use Spanish.

The Spanish formation is very complicated. The original inhabitants of Iberian Peninsula were Iberians from North Africa, who created bronze culture in 3000 BC. Later, he lived with Celts who moved to the peninsula and gradually formed Ibero-Celts. Influenced by Roman culture, they formed their own national culture. In the 5th century AD, Vandals, Soviets and Visigoths from Germany invaded the peninsula and ruled for 300 years. Moors from North Africa have ruled this peninsula for 800 years since the 8th century. The cultures of these foreign nationalities also have a great influence on Spanish culture. After the Moors were driven away, the Spanish established a unified country and the Spanish nation finally formed. Due to complicated historical reasons, there are great regional differences among Spaniards today, which can be divided into three major cultural systems: Castilla, Aragon and Andalusia.

Spain became a maritime power and colonial empire in the16th century, and its fleet was called "invincible", which spread their culture to the colonies and had a great influence on the formation of emerging nations in the colonies (especially in Latin America).

In the past, most Spaniards were engaged in agricultural production, and some places still maintained the traditional manor management model. Now, tourism is very developed.

Spanish bullfighting and flamenco dancing are world-famous. Spanish guitar is a unique folk musical instrument. The architecture is also unique. In literature, there are a large number of outstanding writers such as Cervantes.

Hungarians, a country founded by seven brothers, are said to have died at the end of the 9th century. Seven Hungarian tribes became brothers, elected the leader of Madzar tribe as king, and established the Kingdom of Hungary. Since then, the saying that "the seven brothers created a nation" has spread to this day.

Hungarians are Hungary's largest ethnic group in Central Europe, also known as "magyars". They belong to the mixed type of Europa and Mongols, and use Hungarian, with about 6.5438+million people. Their ancestors first lived in the forest area between the Volga River and the middle reaches of the Kama River, and then gradually moved south. In the 9th century, they lived in today's Hungary. In 1000, the Kingdom of Hungary was founded.

Hungarians initially focused on agriculture and animal husbandry, and the orchard industry was particularly developed. At present, agriculture is still the main production sector in Hungary, and industry has developed greatly.

Most Hungarians living in rural areas live in mud huts with courtyards. National costumes are similar to Slavs in the south. Men wear thick linen, wide sleeves and narrow tops, white trousers and boots. Women wear wide-sleeved tops, skirts, boots and embroidered skirts.

Hungarian cavalry is very famous. They wore bonnets and long knives, and they were extremely powerful. Modern Hungarians still like riding horses.

Hungarians have a long history of civilization and a unique culture. Petofi is a world-famous poet. Liszt is a world-famous pianist and composer. He composed many piano music in his life, and created the symphony. He is called "keyboard demon". Hungarians are also rich in dance, music and folk literature.

Danes are descendants of ancient Danes and the largest ethnic group in Northern Europe. They belong to the Nordic type of Europa and use Danish, with about 5 million people. They are tall, fair-skinned and blond.

The early history of Danes is closely related to Norwegians and Swedes. Their ancestors once formed the northern branch of Germanic and lived in Scandinavia. Jutland, where the Danes live today, was once the hometown of some Germanic tribes. During the great national migration, these tribes gradually moved south. Soon, the Germanic tribes in Scandinavia moved here, mixed with the locals, and named the land after the tribe "Denmark", which means "Denmark". Later, they absorbed some Slavs and Frisians and formed the Danish nation in the 10 century. In 985, Denmark was founded.

In the past, Danes lived mainly on fishery, animal husbandry and agricultural production, and these production departments still occupy an important position today. Their shipbuilding, navigation, commerce and handicrafts have developed since ancient times. At present, the Danish countryside has been generally electrified.

Danes have a high level of literature and art, and have produced literary masters such as fairy tale writer Andersen and playwright Holberg. In daily life, they still retain many traditional customs. Patriarchal extended family system prevails in rural areas. Danes like swimming, skiing and other sports.

The Sami bear who lives on reindeer is the "grandfather of the mountain" imagined by Sami people, so there is a special ceremony when hunting bears. A group of hunters, led by a man who tied a bell on a gun, came to a bear's nest built under a big tree. Before killing the bear, they sang around the bear's nest. Then they sang again, thanking the killed bears for not damaging their weapons. When I came back, I sang it again and ate bear meat after singing. This is the custom of the Sami people living in northern Europe.

Sami people, also known as "Lapps", are mainly distributed in the Arctic Circle of Sweden, Norway, Sulan and the former Soviet Union. They are a mixed type of Mongolian and Europa, belonging to Uralic and speaking Lapp, with about 60,000 people. They are all short, with the average height of1.6m for men and1.5m for women. Their skin is fair and brown.

As early as 10,000 years ago, Sami ancestors migrated from the Urals to Scandinavia. Later, it was pushed out by the Germans and Finns and moved north to the present area. Sami society is based on patriarchal families and clans. In the past, they lived a primitive democratic life. Now, influenced by modern civilization, they build modern facilities in residential areas, and some even use helicopters to graze.

The Sami originally engaged in fishing and hunting. Later, they successfully domesticated Nordic wild deer, and their main livelihood was reindeer. However, some Sami people continue to live a nomadic life. The development of reindeer industry directly affects their society, economy and culture, which makes them create a unique reindeer civilization.

Most Sami people live in cabins, and men wear five-star hats or long hats, with many patterns, robes and flowers embroidered on them. Women wear headscarves and dresses, and there are many ornaments when they dress up.

The Dutch who initiated the bourgeois revolution are the largest ethnic group in the Netherlands in western Europe, mainly distributed in northern and central Holland. They belong to the Europa race and use Dutch, with a population of about 6.5438+0.3 million.

The ancestors of the Dutch are West Germans. In the 3rd century A.D., Franks successively conquered other tribes in today's Netherlands and merged with them, thus forming the foundation of modern Dutch. /kloc-At the end of 0/5, the northern regions of the Netherlands, Belgium, Loulimburg and France were collectively called "Holland", which was the most developed industrial and commercial region in Western Europe at that time, and capitalism developed rapidly. /kloc-In the 6th century, the Netherlands was under the feudal autocracy of Spain.

In, the Dutch people launched a war against Spain and led the bourgeois revolution. The Dutch are the main force of this revolution. 158 1 year, the Netherlands * * * was founded, and the Dutch nation quickly formed, becoming the most advanced nation in the world at that time, with developed industry, commerce and shipping. Now most Dutch people are urban residents, mainly engaged in modern industrial production. Their shipbuilding and electronics industries are very famous. Animal husbandry and dairy industry are also important.

Dutch culture is also very developed. Great writers such as Grotius, the creator of international law, and Spinoza, the thinker, have emerged. Painting art is also very famous, with its own characteristics in the use of colors, paying special attention to decoration. It is an excellent civic art. "God created heaven and earth, and the Dutch created the Netherlands." This is a famous Dutch proverb.

Yugoslavia, which has a rich history of civilization, has a special festival called "Xierou Festival", which has a week before and after-Monday is the Spring Festival, Tuesday is the entertainment day, Wednesday is the food day, Thursday is the drunkenness day, Friday is the new uncle's return day, Saturday is the girl's sister-in-law day, and Sunday is the winter childbirth and forgiveness day. This festival comes from the agricultural festival in ancient Yugoslavia-Winter Festival. During the festival, Slavs sacrificed golden round pancakes to the sun and burned the winter queen statue made of straw.

Yugoslavs refer to Slavic-speaking residents on the European continent, mainly distributed in central, eastern and southeastern Europe, belonging to European and Balkan types, with about 300 million people. Geographically, West Yugoslavia includes Poles, Luz, Czechs and Slovaks, East Yugoslavia includes Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, and South Yugoslavia includes Serbs, Croats, Slovenes, Macedonians, Montenegrins, Bosnians and Bulgarians.

The Yugoslavs originated in the Vistula River valley in Poland today./kloc-After the middle of the 9th century, modern nationalities were formed in most Yugoslav countries.

Yugoslavia has a long history of civilization. They accepted the political, economic, scientific, cultural and religious influences of the Byzantine Empire, and also absorbed the cultural factors of ancient Rome and the various nationalities assimilated by them. Today, all ethnic groups in Yugoslavia, such as Poles, Czechs, Bulgarians and Russians, have created their own distinct cultures and formed two groups in religion and culture: Russians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, Serbs and Macedonians believe in Orthodox Christianity, while Czechs, Slovaks, Croats and Slovenes believe in Catholicism. The most obvious difference between these two groups is that they use different characters. The former uses kirill alphabet (Russian alphabet) and the latter uses Roman alphabet (English alphabet).

In ancient times, Yugoslavs mainly engaged in agricultural production, but also engaged in animal husbandry, fishery, beekeeping and so on due to the different natural environment. Today, the vast majority of ethnic groups in Yugoslavia are developing. Modern industrial civilization has survived, while some traditional customs have also survived, and many new fashions have emerged.

Russians, descendants of Gulos, are the largest ethnic group in Eastern Europe, belonging to the European type of Europa, and use Russian, with about 654.38 billion people.

The word "Russia" originated from the Ross tribe in the eastern part of ancient Yugoslavia. In the13rd century, the Russians were only one tribe of the Ross tribe. /kloc-in the 4th century, they gradually became independent, and established the Moscow Principality in 15 and the end of the century. In the process of expansion, Russians gradually distributed in the present area and merged with the residents of the conquered areas, forming a modern Russian nation.

Due to different distribution areas and long-term differences in living culture, Russians are divided into North Russians, South Russians, Central Russians and Cossacks. In the past, I was mainly engaged in agricultural production, raising cattle, sheep, pigs and deer. Traditional handicrafts are very developed. In modern times, their industry developed rapidly and agriculture was basically mechanized.

Russians have rich folk culture. Their artistic processing of woodcut, painting, ceramics, metal or bone products is very distinctive. Their music and dance are full of ethnic colors, and their oral literature such as legends, stories, folk songs and poems is very rich. Among them, some world-famous thinkers, scientists, writers, politicians and military strategists have emerged.

Most North Russians live in wooden houses made of wall trusses or logs, usually buildings with basements; Most South Russians live in bungalows with brick or wood frame structure, and the roof has four inclined planes. The traditional dress of rural women in the north is sleeveless robes, while rural women in the south wear homemade wool skirts. Men wear linen shirts with diagonal collars, trousers with thin legs, wool shirts and belts. Modern Russians usually wear suits.

"Modern Yugoslavs" Bulgarians had the custom of Rose Festival. On the first Sunday of June every year, people wear holiday clothes, big bells around their waists and masks on their heads, and dance with the cheerful rhythm. The plane dropped pieces of rose petals from the sky and landed on people who were jumping happily, indicating beauty and good luck.

Bulgarians are the largest ethnic group in Bulgaria in Southeast Europe, belonging to the Balkan type of Europe, mixed with Mongolian ethnic elements, and use Bulgarian, with about 8 million people. They are descendants of Gubagar and Yugoslavia. Baurgard people gradually migrated from western China to today's Bulgaria, belonging to the Turkic nationality. In the 7th century, they gradually merged with the newly moved Yugoslavs, assimilated the local Thracians, and formed the foundation of modern Bulgarians. From18th century to19th century, Bulgarians were formally formed.

Bulgarians are called "modern Yugoslavs" because Bulgarians and Slavs jointly established the Slavic Bulgarian Kingdom. During the formation of Bulgarians, Slavs were in an advantageous position in race, language, culture and customs. The Bulgarians kept Bogar's name and Slavic style.

Bulgarians are mainly engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry, and modern industry has also developed greatly. Culturally, they continue to maintain the traditional way. Folk handicrafts, music and dance have a strong national color. Homan dance is a group dance accompanied by cheerful music, which is often performed in festivals.

Bulgarian women wear tight underwear, embroidered coats, long skirts with lace and embroidered belts around their waists.

Cossacks' fur hats, black cloaks, breeches, riding boots and jackets with small high collars and tight cuffs are the standard uniforms of Cossacks. Cossack soldiers are all well-built soldiers, with moustaches or whiskers and a long knife hanging around their waist. Cavalry is their main armed force.

Cossacks are mainly distributed in the basins of Don River, Terek River and Kuban River. They are a local group with unique history and culture among Russians and Ukrainians, belonging to the European type of Europa, who use the southern dialect of Russian.

From A.D. 15 to A.D. 17, under the cruel oppression of feudal lords in Russia, a large number of peasants and businessmen went into exile in the southern frontier and settled in the Don River basin to farm. These exiles call themselves "Cossacks", which means "free men". Later, the Cossacks formed several military communes by region, and they constantly fought against neighboring areas. Cossacks are generous and good at fighting, and their cavalry plays an important role in Russian military forces. Afraid of their strength and unable to destroy them, the feudal owners adopted the strategy of hiring them to join the army. Therefore, professional soldiers account for a considerable part of the Cossacks. The tsar also tricked them into farming in the Dnieper and Yaik river basins. By the second half of the17th century, Cossacks basically made a living by farming and joining the army.

Cossacks have their own characteristics in culture. Cossack women in the Don River area comb their hair in a high bun, cover it with a Suu handkerchief, and mop the floor in tight short-sleeved shirts and long skirts.