In the history of the United States, there have been several waves of immigration, and what are they?

In the 197s, a large number of Chinese workers came to California to build a railway. The picture shows a bronze carving "pioneer" set up by Californians to commemorate the contribution of Chinese workers to economic prosperity. (Ding Gang/photo) According to the latest statistics of the American Immigration Research Center, the United States has ushered in the largest immigration wave in history. In the past 4 years, tens of millions of residents from various countries have entered the United States with capital, technology and knowledge. It is under their impetus that the United States has gradually become powerful. The United States, known as the "ethnic melting pot", is a typical immigrant country, and its immigration history can be traced back to 162. In the past 4 years, the American nation has become a mixture of more than 1 nationalities, and even the Statue of Liberty standing in new york "immigrated" from France to the United States in 1886. The immigrants have their own dreams. Traveling across the ocean to this ideal land has set off several large waves of immigrants in American history. It is no exaggeration to say that immigrants created the United States, developed and changed it. Attracting immigrants was once the most important diplomatic task of the United States. At the beginning of the founding of the United States, the total population of the United States was only 3.9 million. Except for about 76, blacks, the rest were almost all white. And most of them came from western Europe. For fear of the Napoleonic Wars in Europe and the domestic employment environment, several governments in the early days of the founding of the United States were full of doubts about immigration policies, and they had formulated some policies to restrict immigration. From 1796 to 1815, the average number of European immigrants to the United States was only about 3, per year. After the Napoleonic Wars, Europe regained peace. With the demobilization of a large number of soldiers, unemployment in European countries became more and more serious. The number of immigrants to the United States has increased year by year. At this time, the United States also changed its policy of restricting immigration because of domestic construction needs. After the European Revolution in 1848, the wave of immigrants to the United States was even higher. During the 1 years from 182 to 192, the United States accepted about 33.5 million immigrants. The immigration tide in the United States lasted for a hundred years. The first immigration climax called "the great human migration movement" by American historians occurred from 182 to 186, during which the total number of immigrants was as high as 5 million. The immigrants mainly came from Western Europe and Northern Europe, including about 2 million Irish people, 1.7 million Germans, and a large number of African slaves who were sold to the United States. At the same time, a few of the immigrants came from Asia. Mainly China people who came to the United States for gold. The second immigration climax was from 1861 to 188, and about 5 million immigrants came to the United States. After the end of the Civil War, the United States ushered in the peak of industrialization, and there was a strong demand for labor. In order to attract European immigrants to the United States, in 1864, President Lincoln lobbied Congress to pass the Law on Encouraging Immigrants. Secretary of State seward even issued a notice to American diplomats in Europe. They are required to treat attracting European immigrants as one of the most important diplomatic tasks. In order to recruit skilled workers from Europe to work in the United States, some enterprises also send delegations to Europe for recruitment. They advertise in many European newspapers and publish pamphlets to describe the attractive prospects of the United States to Europeans who have the desire to immigrate. Some enterprises also provide the necessary travel expenses to Europeans who are willing to immigrate to the United States. The third climax was from 1881 to 192. The number of immigrants soared to 23.5 million. The peak of immigration was in 197, reaching 1.285 million. At this stage, the US government made many laws to restrict European immigrants and exclude Asian immigrants. The growth of "old immigrants" from northwest European countries such as Britain, Germany and Sweden was limited, but the growth of "new immigrants" from southeast European countries such as Italy and Russia was rapid. After these three immigration climaxes, In 192, the total population of the United States exceeded 1 million for the first time. During the 1 years from 182 to 192, the number of immigrants accounted for more than 2% of the annual growth of the American population. Immigration changed the fate of the United States. These three waves of immigrants in American history not only had a profound impact on the formation of American national character, but also enabled the United States to rise rapidly in just over a hundred years, replacing Britain as the world's number one economic power. And lay the foundation for becoming a world superpower in the future. It can be said that the immigration tide has made the United States strong. In the immigration tide, the United States enjoyed the success and got thousands of skilled workers from Europe without education and training. According to statistics, from 1871 to 1892, about 23% of immigrants from Western Europe and Northern Europe were skilled workers, who brought industrial technologies such as steel and textiles. It became an important technical force in the American industrial revolution. After samuel slater, who was praised as the "father of American manufacturing" by the seventh American President Jackson, immigrated to the United States, he successfully copied an efficient cotton spinning machine and set up a cotton spinning factory in the United States, which sounded the horn of the American industrial revolution. Telephone inventor alexander bell and the father of telegraph Samuel Morse were also descendants of immigrants or immigrants. Immigrants from China, Japan and the Philippines in Asia have brought agricultural and horticultural skills, while Italian immigrants have made great contributions to municipal construction technologies such as gas, electricity and running water. Among these immigrants, 85% are between the ages of 14 and 44, and most of them are men. These immigrants are in their prime, providing labor for the cotton textile industry, mining industry and construction industry in the United States. In the tunnel and railway projects in the eastern United States, Irish, Germans, Italians and Nordic people are the main forces. In the "Westward Movement" that changed the early political structure and social outlook of the United States, the role of China laborers can not be underestimated. In this movement centered on railway construction, China laborers have successfully completed the construction of the western section of the Pacific Railway across the United States at the expense of blood, sweat and life under extremely harsh conditions. Up to now, Along the California railway, you can also see a metal plaque with an inscription in Chinese, which reads "California Railway, North-South Link, Chinese Spirit, Contribution with Blood and Body". As Kroker, an advocate of recruiting Chinese workers, said: "This railway can be completed in time, To a great extent, it is due to the poor and despised working class in China-due to their loyalty and hard work. "This sentence later became a famous" one-word history "in the history of American immigration. Immigrants also contributed to saving the union and abolishing the slavery system during the American Civil War. After the 1848 revolution in Europe, a large number of German immigrants with military experience came to the United States. Among these German immigrants, known as" 1848 Men of Vision ", Many people became the backbone of supporting the Party and Lincoln. They helped organize the federal army and defended the system to the death. The most famous one was Major General Carl Schurz. He moved to the United States in 1852 after the failure of the German revolution and actively participated in the anti-slavery movement. In 1861, he was appointed as the American envoy to Spain. After the outbreak of the Civil War, he volunteered to lead the troops to fight, in order to encourage German immigrants to support Lincoln. He also traveled around the States of the United States to give speeches, with a total journey of nearly 4, kilometers. The wave of immigration triggered a counter-current of exclusion. In the wave of immigration that lasted for more than 1 years, foreign immigrants experienced one kind or another of exclusion. As far as the US government is concerned, its immigration policy is not static. From 1815 to 1882, the US government implemented a completely free immigration system. But since 1882, Great changes have taken place in the immigration policy of the United States. Laws restricting and excluding foreign immigrants have been introduced one after another. The provisions are even more strange, such as prohibiting idiots and weak-willed people from entering the country. After 192, the United States completely ended the era of free immigration and began to implement a quota-based restrictive immigration policy. Due to contradictions in employment, religion and ethnic issues, From 188 to 192, American xenophobia reached its peak. Chinese, Japanese, Jews, Italians and Hungarians all became the targets of arbitrary exclusion and persecution by local American workers and immigrants from northwest Europe. What's more, in May 1882, the US Congress passed a Chinese exclusion bill specifically prohibiting Chinese workers from entering the United States, which was not abolished until 61 years later. During this period, Exclusion organizations such as American Patriots Union and american league, which were composed of native Americans and immigrants from Northwest Europe, came into being. Among them, the American Protection Association, which was founded in 1887, was the most influential one, fanning the flames everywhere, blaming the arrival of new immigrants for political corruption, lagging municipal construction, rising crime rate and declining people's living standards in American society during this period. With the rationalization of American people's attitude towards immigrants, immigrants' contribution to the United States is gradually recognized by most Americans. As US Secretary of Labor Zhao Xiaolan said, "The United States should thank immigrants for their contribution. The huge wave of immigrants has brought rich cultural heritage to the United States and provided impetus for its development."