Shanghai immigrant flow direction

Also known as foreign trade zone, free zone and industrial and commercial free trade zone. Refers to an international economic integration organization in which two or more countries cancel their tariffs and other measures with the same effect as tariffs by reaching an agreement or treaty. In addition to most of the characteristics of a free port, it can also attract foreign capital to set up factories, develop export processing enterprises, allow and encourage foreign capital to set up large commercial enterprises and financial institutions, and promote the all-round and all-round economic development in the region. The limitation of free trade zone is that it will lead to the distortion of commodity flow and tax avoidance. If there are no other measures as a supplement, the third country is likely to transport the goods to the member countries with lower tariffs or trade barriers in the integration organization, and then transfer the goods to the member countries with higher trade barriers. In order to avoid this distortion of commodity flow, the free trade zone organization has formulated the "principle of origin", which stipulates that only the "products of origin" of free trade zone members can enjoy the free trade treatment given by member States. Theoretically, when the value of finished products produced by member countries accounts for more than 50% of the total value of products, the products should be regarded as products of origin. Generally speaking, the more imports from third countries can compete with products produced by member countries of free trade zones, the higher the added value content of raw materials products of member countries. The meaning of the principle of origin shows that the free trade zone is exclusive to non-member countries. A typical free trade area in reality is the North American Free Trade Agreement.

Free trade zones are also called free zones, export free zones, tariff free zones, duty-free trade zones, duty-free zones, free trade ports, free cities, free industrial zones, investment promotion zones and foreign trade zones. Refers to the designation of specific areas outside the customs territory of sovereign countries or regions, allowing foreign goods to enter and exit freely without imposing tariffs. In essence, it is a tariff segregation area with free port policy. In a narrow sense, it only refers to areas that provide imported duty-free goods such as raw materials needed for export processing, similar to export processing zones. Broadly speaking, it also includes free ports and entrepot trade zones.

Free trade zones are divided into commercial free zones and industrial free zones. The former is not allowed to unpack, retail or process goods; The latter allows the duty-free import of raw materials, spare parts and accessories, and specifies the processing operation area for processing and manufacturing. Trade is a prominent feature of free trade zone. In order to make full use of its advantages in or near the international trade zone and develop entrepot trade, it is stipulated that all goods allowed to be imported and exported by sovereign countries can enter the zone without paying customs duties or going through customs formalities; After the goods enter the special zone, they can be stored, disassembled, classified, repackaged, re-labeled, mixed with foreign or domestic goods, and then exported. Apart from strictly restricting the entry of such goods into other areas of the host country, there are no restrictions on the activities in and out of the free port area.

Free trade zones are developed from free ports, usually located in port areas or areas adjacent to ports, especially in economically developed countries. For example, the United States has 92 foreign trade zones. As early as the early 1950s, the United States clearly stated that it could develop manufacturing industry with export processing as its main goal in the free trade zone. At the end of 1960s, some developing countries also used this form to build it into a special industrial zone and gradually developed it into an export processing zone. Since 1980s, many countries' free trade zones have actively developed into high-tech, knowledge-and capital-intensive, forming a "technology-based free trade zone".

The main functions of establishing a free trade zone are as follows: using its position as a commodity distribution center, expanding export trade and entrepot trade, improving the status of the established countries and regions in international trade and increasing foreign exchange income; (two) to attract foreign investment, the introduction of foreign advanced technology and management experience; (3) it is conducive to expanding employment opportunities; Setting up zones in ports, transportation hubs and border areas can achieve the purpose of prospering ports, stimulating the development of transportation industry in the host country and promoting the economic development in border areas.

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A free port refers to a port where all or most foreign goods can enter and exit duty-free outside the customs border of a country. Also known as free ports, free trade zones and foreign trade zones, these ports are located outside a country's customs territory, and foreign goods can be freely modified, processed, stored or sold in the port except for being exempted from customs duties when entering or leaving the port. However, it shall abide by the relevant policies and decrees of the host country. Free ports are divided into complete free ports and limited free ports according to trade control. The former implements duty-free import and export of all commodities, while the latter imposes a small amount of tariffs on a few commodities with certain trade restrictions. Freeport is mainly engaged in entrepot trade. Some free ports and non-free ports are clearly defined, while others are not. Some bonded areas not located in the port area are engaged in processing, tourism, service and other industries in addition to entrepot trade. Opening a free port can expand entrepot trade, obtain various trade expenses and expand foreign exchange income.

Most free ports are located in coastal ports, but they are also located in inland areas (for example, inland Switzerland has 20 free ports). Most of them rely on their superior geographical location, good ports and advanced transportation, loading and unloading equipment to exempt goods from import and export tariffs and customs supervision, and to carry out business facilities such as goods storage, grading selection and modification to attract foreign cargo ships, expand entrepot trade, play the role of commodity distribution center and earn foreign exchange income. Free ports are similar to bonded areas, but the difference lies in the spatial scope of trade preferential measures.

According to the degree of restriction, it can be divided into complete free ports and limited free ports. The former exempts all foreign goods from customs duties, which is one of the few in the world now; The latter only imposes tariffs on a few designated export commodities or imposes different degrees of trade restrictions, and other commodities can enjoy duty-free treatment. Most free ports in the world fall into this category, such as Gibraltar, Hamburg, Hong Kong, Singapore, Penang and Djibouti.

According to its scope, it is divided into free port cities and free port areas. The former includes all areas of the port and its city, and is classified as a non-tariff zone. Foreign businessmen can freely reside and engage in related businesses, and all residents and tourists enjoy preferential tariffs, such as Singapore and Hong Kong. The latter only includes a part of the port or the city where it is located, and foreign businessmen are not allowed to live freely, such as Hamburg and Copenhagen.

main feature

① It can be a port, a part of a port, or a free zone within the port area (for example, the whole area of Hong Kong is a free port with seven free zones);

② The main development goals and operation functions are closely related to the distribution center function of the port itself;

(3) The demand for infrastructure is high, and there need to be enough modern transportation auxiliary departments (such as transshipment companies) and a considerable fleet, and the efficiency and technical level of its command and management system are also high. Opening a free port can bring many benefits to the host country, ports and customers through limited freedom and limited tariff losses, such as greatly improving the operational efficiency of the port, helping to expand the trade volume and port throughput, improving the economic interests of both the host country and customers, and providing a large number of employment opportunities for the host country. The further development of free port will promote the development of some entrepot products processing industries, and then expand the port function. At present, actively developing export-oriented processing has become the common development trend of major free ports in the world.

Freeport plays an important role in the export-oriented economic development of a region or even a country. Generally speaking, they mainly have the following functions:

First, improve the attractiveness of the port to shipowners and shippers, expand the port throughput, and greatly improve the port's transit function;

Second, the development of free port will promote the port to develop in a comprehensive and multifunctional direction and make it an export-oriented economic center. At the same time, promote the development of export-oriented economy in the port area;

The third is to meet the requirements of international trade flexibility to the maximum extent and improve the economic benefits of all parties to trade;

The fourth is to promote employment and the prosperity of the tertiary industry in the free port and its adjacent areas.

World-class port

France-Marseille port

Netherlands-Rotterdam port

Port of Belgium-Antwerp

Bangladesh-Chittagong

Kobe port, Japan

United States-new york Port

China, Shanghai Port and Hongkong.

Republic of Singapore