What kind of person is Zhu Yuanzhang?

Zhu Yuanzhang, whose real name is Guo Rui, was born in 1328. His parents died young and his family was poor. When he was young, he entered a temple and became a monk. 1352 joined the Red Scarf Army and participated in the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty. After capturing Nanjing, we adopted the strategic policy of "building high walls, accumulating grain and slowly becoming king". We strengthened our military strength, defeated Chen Youliang and Zhang Shicheng before and after, established the Ming Dynasty in 1368 with Nanjing as its capital, and established "Hongwu" in Jianyuan.

Six months after Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, the Northern Expeditionary Army conquered Dadu and Yuan died. After the reunification of the country, Zhu Yuanzhang took measures to strengthen the rule of feudal absolutism. Reform the central and local administrative organs. Abolish the prime minister system and set up six departments, which are directly responsible by the emperor. Adjust military institutions, implement the imperial examination system and strengthen the legal system. Strengthened the rule of the emperor.

After Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, he began to punish meritorious officials and set up a literary inquisition. It played a serious role in restraining the cultural thought of the Ming Dynasty.

Zhu Yuanzhang reigned for 3 1 year and died in 1398 at the age of 7 1 year.

Ming Taizu

Ming Taizu (1328- 1398) was the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty. My ancestral home is Pei County, Jiangsu Province, and my grandparents and father settled in Haozhou (now Fengyang, Anhui Province). The real name is Ba, also known as Xingzong, and the word Guo Rui. At the age of 0/7,/kloc-was lonely because his father, mother and brother all died of the plague, so he had to enter Huang Jue Temple to become a monk. Soon, he took his children swimming and eating in the west of Huaihe River.

In the 11th year of Zheng Zhi, Yuan Shundi (135 1), the peasant uprising of the Red Scarf Army broke out. The following year, on the first day of March in the 12th year of Zheng Zheng, Zhu Yuanzhang joined the army of Guo Zixing. Zixing saw that Bird had a strange appearance and was different from ordinary people, so he kept him as a confidant soldier and led his troops to war many times. Zixing was overjoyed and acted as a concubine, betrothing his adopted daughter Ma Shi to Bird as his wife, and later became a high queen. In March of the 15th year of Zheng Zheng, Guo Zixing died, and his son Guo Tianxu led the crowd. Han Liner issued a letter to seal the sky, named Du Marshal, right deputy marshal and Zhu Yuanzhang left deputy marshal. Zhu Yuanzhang said generously, "A gentleman would rather be controlled!" I'm not affected. However, the rings are powerful and can be used as emperors, but his title is used as an army. In September, Guo Tianxu and Shuang Shuang died in battle, so they will return to Mao. Zhu Yuanzhang led the army to cut off the cable and cross the river, and took quarrying (now southwest of Maanshan, Anhui Province) and Xiataiping (now Dangtu, Anhui Province). The following year, Qing Ji (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) was captured and renamed Yingtian. Since then, Zhu Yuanzhang took Yingtian as his base and successively captured Changzhou, Jiangyin, Changshu, Huizhou (now Shexian County, Anhui Province) and Yangzhou. He also accepted the advice of Huizhou Confucian Zhu, built a city wall, widely accumulated food and grass, and gradually became king. He will reclaim farmland, build water conservancy and resume agricultural production in the future.

After Zhu Yuanzhang destroyed the isolated Yuan army in the southeast, he began to contend with the separatist forces at the end of the Yuan Dynasty. In February of the 23rd year (1363), Zhang Shicheng sent Lv Zhen to surround Anfeng and kill Liu Futong. Han Liner issued an urgent order to Zhu Yuanzhang, and Liu Ji (Bowen) warned Zhu Yuanzhang not to help him. Mao said, "Wang Xiaoming is in a hurry. I gave him the title of dragon and phoenix, and I couldn't bear to stand by and watch, so I had to save him. " So he led Xu Da and Chang Yuchun to help, drove Lv Zhen away and welcomed Lin Er back to Chuzhou. At this time, it has become Mao's puppet, but Zhu Yuanzhang still gave him the title of twins for the title of topic. Twenty-three years, and Chen Youliang decisive battle Poyang Lake.

In the 24th year of Zheng Zheng (1364), in the first month, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor and established a family of officials. In addition to offering sacrifices, there is also a death, which is called the imperial edict of Yundi () and the imperial edict of Wu Wang (Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang). Twenty-seven years in Zhang Shicheng. In December of the 26th year (1366), Liu Jimi, in the name of welcoming the liner to the south, ordered Liao Yongzhong to go to Guabu to cover the liner's ships. As a result, he sank into the water and drowned. The peasant uprising regime perished.

After Han Liner's death, Zhu Yuanzhang became the supreme leader. So Zhu Yuanzhang changed next year to the first year of Wu (1367). Then he sent troops to the Central Plains, issued a proclamation to the northern officials and people, and conquered Fang Guozhen in eastern Zhejiang and Chen Youding in Fujian. The proclamation puts forward the program of expelling Land Rover, restoring China, establishing the framework of the past and relieving the Sri Lankan people, which has great appeal to the people in the north to resist national oppression. In the twenty-eighth year of Yuan Shundi (1368), on the fourth day of the first month, Zhu Yuanzhang proclaimed himself emperor, with the title "Ming" and Jianyuan "Hongwu". Zhu Yuanzhang's founding name is Daming. In July, the Northern Expeditionary Army led by Xu Da approached Dadu, fled Shangdu with his empresses and princes, and the Yuan Dynasty, which ruled China for 98 years, perished. Since then, the unification movement has continued. In the same year, Tanghe led his troops to the south, destroyed Fang Guozhen and Chen Youding, and entered Fujian and Guangdong. Hongwu four years (137 1) was born in Pingding, Sichuan. Fourteen years of Taiping in Yunnan. In 20 years, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Northeast China were pacified and the whole country was unified.

Zhu Yuanzhang, while drawing lessons from history, began to stabilize the rule of the new dynasty, formulated a series of policies and systems, and further consolidated and developed the centralization of authority. In the central government, the provincial government and the prime minister were abolished, and six ministers were directly subordinate to the emperor. Change Yushitai to Duchayuan, and together with Dali Temple and the Ministry of Punishment, it is called Sanfa Division. In the local provinces where Chinese books have been abolished, there are publicity, production bureaus, emissaries' departments, supervision departments, provincial departments and command and emissaries' departments, which are collectively called Dusi, Deployment Department and Information Department and directly under the central government. And established a medical system. In order to weaken the military power of generals, in the thirteenth year of Hongwu, the Governor's Office of the Fifth Army was established. Zhu Yuanzhang carried out the economic policy of health care and adopted a series of measures conducive to the recovery and development of agricultural production, such as encouraging land reclamation, implementing the system of land reclamation in the three villages of the people, the army and the merchants, building water conservancy projects, and promoting the cultivation of mulberry, hemp, cotton and other cash crops throughout the country, which successfully restored and developed the social economy of the Ming Dynasty. He also ordered the land to be cleared, compiled the Yellow Book of Gong Fish Scales, and established the system of inner armor and grain length to bind farmers' land. His policies, such as restricting and cracking down on the old landlords, stipulating the shift system of craftsmen and relaxing the personal control of rival industrialists, also promoted the recovery and development of agriculture and handicraft production. In order to enrich the official management, Zhu Yuanzhang adopted the methods of recommendation, school and imperial examination to select officials. In view of the lessons of corruption and even national subjugation of Yuan officials, he decided to rectify the bureaucracy. Even punishing corrupt officials by stripping grass is harsh and rare in history. Although his strict rectification movement had some effect, it also killed many innocent people because of his suspicious character. In order to strengthen the imperial power and solve the internal contradictions of the ruling order, Zhu Yuanzhang used the Hu case and the Aquamarine case to slaughter the heroes; In order to ensure the stability of the feudal ruling order, he formulated a clear law and a high standard, and also set up a special security agency.

At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang also implemented the enfeoffment system, and 24 sons 1 were enfeoffed from Sun to all parts of the country to consolidate his rule. Zhu Yuanzhang's troops on the northern border were particularly strong because he maintained a fairly strong military force after the Northern Yuan Dynasty returned to the desert, which posed a great threat to the Northern Ming Dynasty. In the later period of Hongwu, these kings had mastered the military command of border defense and prevented the decline of military power. But his fourth son, Judy (see Cheng Zu of the Ming Dynasty), later won the throne of his successor, Emperor Wen Jian (see Jing Nan Battle).

A series of policies and systems formulated by Zhu Yuanzhang had far-reaching influence, played a certain progressive role and laid the foundation for the rule of the Ming Dynasty for more than 200 years. However, he developed the centralized monarchy to an unprecedented degree, which hindered the social economy, which also reflected the historical characteristics of the late feudal society in China. In the thirty-first year of Hongwu (1398), he died on May 5th and was buried in Xiaoling Mausoleum, Zhongshan, Nanjing. The name of the temple is Taizu, and the first emperor is high. At the beginning of Yongle, together with the sacred Wu Wen gods Qin Ming and Yun Qi Junde, the emperor Tian Da Gao Xiao was successfully unified. In the seventeenth year of Jiajing, he ascended to heaven as the son of heaven, Zhao Ji established the Great Sage as God, Benevolence and Righteousness, and Wu Junde succeeded him as the high emperor. Zhu Yuanzhang * * * reigned for thirty-one years and died at 1398 at the age of 7 1.

After Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming Dynasty, he worked hard to govern the country for thirty-one years, purged the bureaucracy, severely punished corrupt officials, established health centers, consolidated border defense, and attached importance to agriculture, which played a positive role in social stability, national unity and development. Zhu Yuanzhang is far-sighted, far-sighted, good at controlling wars and taking the initiative. In the hero's duel, choose the soldiers skillfully and break them one by one. In every battle, we should use heavy forces to avoid being attacked on both sides, and concentrate our forces to annihilate the enemy at an appropriate time. Attach importance to recruiting talents, adopt public opinion, strictly manage the army, improve the military system, train and educate generals, and emphasize that generals should be knowledgeable, resourceful, benevolent and brave. It is advocated that soldiers should be involved in agriculture and plow fields to fight in order to maintain a strong armed force. His military thoughts have a great influence on later generations.

He created unjust prisons, killed heroes, set up a Royal Guards, exercised cruel autocratic rule over officials and people, abolished the prime minister system, and suppressed the assistance of sages, which made it easier for powerful officials and eunuchs to control the political power, leading to eunuchs' autocratic power and civil strife in the late Ming Dynasty.

In order to make the country permanent, Zhu Yuanzhang restored the enfeoffment system of the Zhou Dynasty. He sent his sons to all parts of the country to command the army. Among them, Judy is one of the nine northern frontier fortress. Due to the excessive power of the vassal king, when he was alive, an official wrote a letter, taking the Golden Rebellion as an example, accusing Mao of harboring evil intentions. But Ming Taizu said nothing. In Mao's later years, these kings became more and more powerful, especially Judy, the prince of Yan, and Zhu Quan, the king of Ning. Zhu Yunwen, the emperor's great-grandson, once his grandfather collapsed, he was worried about how to restrain these heavily armed uncles. Only four years after Ming Taizu's death, the Zhu Yunwen regime was overthrown by her fourth uncle Judy. After Judy came to power, he cancelled the right to remove the captaincy. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the captaincy had only a hollow reputation and no real power, and became a group of parasites who only took money and didn't work. In the Ming Dynasty, it was said that these captives were "once stolen, defenseless and slaughtered with their bare hands". This is what Zhu Yuanzhang failed to anticipate at the beginning of feudalism.

He is brave and generous, but also narrow and selfish; There are kindness and cruelty; There are just and sinister plots; Be ambitious and suspicious; In short, he is a typical multi-faceted personality. This is the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty-Zhu Yuanzhang.

Mao Peiqi, a professor at Renmin University of China and the author of Lecture Room 17 Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, believes that Zhu Yuanzhang is an emperor of progressive significance to history. At present, some people's views on Zhu Yuanzhang, including TV dramas, have misunderstandings about Zhu Yuanzhang himself and the Ming Dynasty.

"For a long time, the image of Zhu Yuanzhang has been greatly vilified for various reasons, and the Ming Dynasty has also been misunderstood. But Emperor Kangxi's evaluation of Zhu Yuanzhang in Qing Dynasty was "ruling the Tang and Song Dynasties". This is a high evaluation, that is to say, Zhu Yuanzhang's governance of the Ming Dynasty is better than that of the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the Ming Dynasty is more prosperous than that of the Tang and Song Dynasties. The Ming Dynasty was greatly misunderstood in the folk culture of later generations. " Mao Peiqi said.

The mystery of appearance

The portrait of the Forbidden City hides the truth, looks strange and looks strange.

Now Zhu Yuanzhang's appearance is based on the portrait of Ming Taizu in the Palace Museum. It is said that many people died because of the portrait. In order to draw a portrait of Zhu Yuanzhang, some famous painters were called into the palace to paint meticulously according to the emperor's own appearance, and finally their heads were cut off by the emperor.

Later, a wise man decorated the emperor's face on a large scale, focusing on the expression of his eyes. This portrait without anger and power was recognized by Zhu Yuanzhang and became the standard image of Zhu Yuanzhang. But now it seems that this portrait is far from Zhu Yuanzhang.

Zhu Yuanzhang's appearance was described in the Ming history as "majestic appearance, strange bones penetrating the top, ambition and sudden appearance, and no one can measure it." The front is about appearance, and the back is about temperament. But from the present point of view, Zhu Yuanzhang looks strange, if not ugly. Therefore, in many literary works, there are reservations about Zhu Yuanzhang's appearance.

The mystery of Zoroastrianism

Jin Yong's novels have a foundation with the help of Zoroastrianism rebels.

In Jin Yong's "Eternal Dragon Slayer", Zhu Yuanzhang was described as a villain who took refuge in Zoroastrianism and finally betrayed it. This is consistent with history to some extent, but I'm afraid it's far from the truth.

Zoroastrianism is Manichaeism, a mixture of Zoroastrianism, Christianity and Buddhism. It was introduced into China from Persia during the period of Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty, and was later forbidden to go underground. Its followers do not eat meat, and sects and officials who oppose Zoroastrianism describe them as villains who "eat vegetables and do things". "Vegetarian" means vegetarian, and "Mo" is god of light worshipped by Zoroastrianism.

In the past, peasant uprisings often relied on the power of religion. Han Liner, the ancestor of "Wang Xiaoming", called for "chaos in the world, Maitreya Buddha born, Ming Wang born", with the red scarf as the symbol, which made the Red Scarf Army uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty. Guo Zixing was originally a landlord, and he developed his power mainly with "Wang Xiaoming". In this way, Zhu Yuanzhang, who took refuge, had an indissoluble bond with the word "Ming".

With the addition of Confucian intellectuals, Zhu Yuanzhang began to transform the army and gradually drifted away from Zoroastrianism. Liu Bowen, a disciple of Confucianism, strongly opposed Zhu Yuanzhang's worship of Han Liner as emperor on New Year's Day and worshipped the "cult".

Mystery of national title

Great Gan Yuan succeeded to the great unification, killed the Lord and stood on his own feet, and established Daming.

The realistic relationship between Zhu Yuanzhang and Wang Xiaoming made the Ming Dynasty's Ming Dynasty inextricably linked with Wang Xiaoming's Ming Dynasty. But then Zhu Yuanzhang sent Liao Yongzhong to take "Wang Xiaoming" to Yingtianfu, dug a boat on the Yangtze River and sank the river, and "Wang Xiaoming" somehow ruined his life. After Zhu Yuanzhang completely abandoned "Wang Xiaoming", why did he still use the word "Ming" as the country name?

On the one hand, Zhu Yuanzhang could not completely give up the headquarters of the anti-Yuan uprising, and all these people defected to the Ming king. On the other hand, Zhu Yuanzhang founded the country with "Daming", which showed that he was a real "Ming king was born".

Since Dayuan was overthrown, the new successor should also enjoy the word "Da", so the name of the Ming Dynasty was called "Daming". Another interpretation of "Daming" by literati is that the meaning is light, which can be divided into days and months, and the combination is bright. This title also shows that the emperor was ordered by the sky, the sun, the moon and Guang Qi. People also associate Zhu with Zhu Rong, an official in charge of "fire", which is light and "divine right".

CEO of Daming empire

Take the road of characteristic entrepreneurship

Zhu Yuanzhang hoped to establish a stable "management group" a long time ago. The CEO of Daming Guo took a "road of characteristic entrepreneurship" when he established Daming Group.

Zhu Yuanzhang's family members belong to the rural poor class, and there are not many social resources to use. In China, a society that has lacked pluralistic and rational political theories, beliefs and choices since ancient times, Zhu Yuanzhang's brotherly love is an exemplary force to be reckoned with.

In the past ten years, Zhu Yuanzhang has followed the suggestion of "building a high wall, accumulating a wide grain, and being king slowly", and the spirit of self-reliance and hard struggle of China people 600 years ago has also played a great role.

Establish professional qualification certification

The management mode is self-taught.

Although he only studied in a private school for two years, the shepherd boy completed the transformation from a savage hero to an emperor through self-study and social practice.

Zhu Yuanzhang carried out a set of creative citation system throughout the country. This system integrates ID cards, passes, permits, licenses and other certificates in one furnace and creates them separately. Strict regulations have been made on the scope of activities of various occupations and identities, and the management can be described as meticulous.

Merchants have business recommendations, salt sellers have salt recommendations, people have road recommendations when they go out, and so on. It can be seen that the grass-roots emperors 600 years ago already knew the certification of professional qualifications. Although Zhu Yuanzhang's motivation is not simple, he mainly uses the emperor's thinking to maintain the stability of social management, but this management concept of "rule by man" is not out of date until now.

Open use of secret police

The spy system was pushed to the extreme.

Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the prime minister system and pushed the emperor's authority to the extreme. In later years, it evolved into China's cabinet-Silijian system. This has led to the most rigid and dangerous political system in China's history.

The Royal Guards established by Zhu Yuanzhang pioneered the large-scale public use of secret police and pushed the spy system in China to the extreme. The extreme practices and system construction of Royal Guards are full of highly idealized colors. Although Zhu Yuanzhang's aim was to establish a perfect Zhu family dynasty, he violated the centralized rule and personal color of democratic procedures and turned a creative move into a shackle.