Understand what NB-IoT and the Internet of Things are in one article

An article to understand what NB-IoT and the Internet of Things are

NB-IOT is an Internet of Things implementation technology that, like zigbee and wifi, is an important branch of the Internet of Things NB- IOT is based on the cellular-based narrowband Internet of Things. It has the same low power consumption characteristics as zigbee but the transmission rate is greater than zigbee, while wifi consumes more power but has a greater transmission rate than them

NB-IoT is an emerging technology in the IoT field that supports cellular data connections of low-power devices in wide area networks, also called low-power wide area networks (LPWA). NB-IoT supports efficient connections for devices with long standby time and high network connection requirements. It is said that the battery life of NB-IoT devices can be increased to at least 10 years, while also providing very comprehensive indoor cellular data connection coverage. Internet of Things丨Understand the differences between LoRa, SigFox, eMTC and NB-IoT in one article

They are all long-distance wireless transmission, but their respective application fields are different.

LoRa is more suitable for regional networks. It manages data by itself and sets up base stations for data processing, such as a farm, a vegetable base, etc.

NB-IoT is more suitable for wide area network deployment, and its application fields are more suitable for widespread deployment. A characteristic application such as bicycle sharing is more suitable for NB but not for LoRa. It is more like the relationship between 3/4G and WiFi. .

LoRa: The base station needs to be managed by yourself, which can be compared to your own WIFI router at home, and the mobile phone is connected to WIFI to access the Internet

NB-IoT: The base station operator has already given it to you Once built, you just need to pay for transmission. The data goes through the operator's network, which can be compared to the current 3/4G Internet access on mobile phones

LoRa and SigFox appeared earlier and are based on licensed spectrum. LPWA technology is more mature and can be commercialized on a large scale. It can meet the needs of some users at that time, so it has been chosen by operators. In the market, LPWA technologies based on unlicensed spectrum are mainly LoRa and SigFox.

With the advancement and development of technology, in 2016, two technologies, NB-IoT and eMTC, appeared, and both technologies used unified 3GPP standards to expand the Internet of Things. This technology has the attributes of an industry standard, is open, and the technical direction adopted is to gradually evolve towards 5G, and the standards will continue to improve and evolve. An article to understand what Industry 4.0 is

This down-to-earth article tells you - what is Industry 4.0 Introduction: What exactly is Industry 4.0? I originally promised to tell him alone, but then I thought about it, Why not sort out the materials and ideas and share them with everyone, so today I will talk to you about this mysterious Industry 4.0.

In his early years, he worked in the industrial automation industry, and later made pocket money in order to earn some lecture fees.

The first level of Industry 4.0: smart production

As we said before, production equipment and management information systems are also connected separately, and equipment and information systems are also connected. Get up. Do you feel there is anything missing? That's right, the raw materials and production equipment are not yet connected.

At this time, we need something called RFID, radio frequency identification technology. I guess you don’t understand. To put it simply, this thing is equivalent to a QR code, which can carry some information. What makes it better than QR codes is that it can communicate wirelessly.

Let me describe a scene. In the Pepsi-Cola production workshop, three bottles came over the production line in succession. Each bottle came with a QR code, which recorded that it was for Zhang San and Li. Coke customized by Sihe Wanger Mazi.

When the first bottle walks to the filling station, it tells the controller in the central control room through QR code wireless communication that Zhang San likes something sweeter, put more sugar, and then the controller tells the filling Install the robot hand and say, "Add two pounds of sugar!" (Zhang San is really unlucky...).

The second bottle came over and said that John Doe was diabetic and did not want sugar. The controller told the robot, "This guy doesn't want sugar!"

The third bottle came over and said What Wang Ermazi wanted was Fanta, so the controller told the Coke-filling robot, "You take a break," and then told the Fanta-filling robot, "Come on!"

See, multiple varieties, small batches , customized production, every bottle of Coke is customized for you from the moment you place an order online, and all its characteristics are in line with your preferences.

This is smart production.

The second level of Industry 4.0: smart products

If the production process becomes smart, then the finished industrial products can also be smart. This is not difficult to understand. You see All the smart hardware such as smart bracelets, smart bicycles, smart running shoes, etc. are based on this idea. It uses the product as a data collection terminal to continuously collect user information and upload it to the cloud to facilitate user management.

One of the core differences between German and American Industry 4.0 and the Industrial Internet is whether to develop smart factories first or smart products first. Germany wants the former, and the United States wants the latter. As for China, let’s just add it. It’s better to add this thing. It can be either positive or negative.

The third level of Industry 4.0: production servitization

As mentioned just now, smart products will continuously collect user data and status and upload them to manufacturers. A new business model becomes possible, charging for services. When I was at Siemens many years ago, Siemens proposed to charge for services. At that time, I thought it was a stupid decision made by a German guy, but now I understand that this was a decision that had already been made for Industry 4.0 several years ago. Production service layout has been implemented. What is your impression of Siemens? refrigerator? You idiot, Siemens has quietly acquired many famous software companies in recent years, becoming the second largest software company in Europe after SAP.

What is this service? For example, Siemens produces a traction motor for high-speed rail. In the past, it just sold a motor directly. Now during the execution of this motor, it will continuously transmit data back to Siemens' factory, so that Siemens knows the current execution of your motor. condition, and when maintenance is needed. What did high-speed rail manufacturers do in the past? One size fits all, set a time, and when the time comes, do it regardless of whether it should be repaired or not. There is no difference in our car maintenance. Now Siemens can tell you when it needs to be repaired and when it needs to be maintained. If you want to know, I'm sorry and give you money.

For another example, after the implementation of smart products, each car will continuously collect surrounding data to determine its own driving route. The entire transportation system will be fully service-oriented, and no one will need to Buying a car and driving it yourself may one day become a serious illegal act, because the device is intelligent but people cannot control it.

At this stage, all manufacturers will transform into service providers.

The fourth level of Industry 4.0: Cloud Factory

When the integration of industrialization and industrialization in factories deepens, another new business model will be born. It's the cloud factory.

The devices in factories are now smart, and they are constantly collecting their own data and uploading it to the industrial Internet. At this time, we can see which factories and which production lines are operating at full capacity. , which ones are free. Then these idle factories can sell their production capacity to produce for other people in need.

The reason why the Internet industry is developing so fast is because entrepreneurs only need to focus on product and model innovation. They do not need to buy a server themselves, but can directly rent cloud services. At present, industrial entrepreneurs still have to struggle between finding OEMs or building their own factories, which greatly limits innovation in the industrial field. When the cloud factory is realized, I predict that China's industrial field will see a wave of innovation and entrepreneurship that is more than a hundred times greater than the Internet. At that time, everything in this society will be profoundly changed.

The fifth level of Industry 4.0: cross-border attack

The Internet industry talks about dimensionality reduction every day to attack traditional industries. What about Google, Xiaomi, Alibaba and LeTV? But let me tell you, when the industry When 4.0 enters the fifth realm, the cross-border attacks by industrial companies will be a hundred times more severe than those of Internet companies. This process will fundamentally shake the foundations of modern economics and management and reshape the entire business society.

For example, a manufacturer that produces watches puts this watch on your body every day and collects various data about your body. This data may not be of much use to the watch manufacturer, but it is useful to the insurance company. Treasury, at this time, watch manufacturers can transform themselves into the best insurance companies.

When automation and informatization are deeply integrated, cross-border competition will become the norm, and all business models will be reshaped.

Industry 4.0 Perfection: The Matrix

The entire Industry 4.0 process is a process of continuous integration of automation and informatization, and a process of redefining the world with software.

In the future, the multiverse will become a reality in the virtual world, and one real world will correspond to countless virtual worlds. Change the real world, and the virtual world will change; change the virtual world, and the real world will change. Everything is being precisely controlled based on data. Most of human physical and mental labor will be replaced by machines and artificial intelligence. All current economic principles will no longer be used and may also cause moral and ethical issues. . But I believe that there are some things that will not change, human love, responsibility, bravery, yearning for the future and freedom, and never-ending struggle. Life goes on!

Well, it seems a bit far away to talk about the Matrix now, so let’s talk about Scientific Consulting’s 2016 Hannover Messe in Germany and the Industry 4.0 benchmark learning tour! What did students learn from scientific consulting? Please pay attention to the subsequent series of reports.

The difference between nb-iot and other IoTs

nbiot and emtc should be relatively similar because they are both based on LTE technology

But other non-LTE series IoTs are fundamentally different from narrowband IoT. Why is nb-iot o lowercase?

NB-IoT is narrowbandinterofthings, that is, narrowband Internet of Things technology, and is a type of LPWA technology. LTECategoryM2 is also called Narrow-BandIoT (NB-IoT). There is no Cat-NB Internet of Things "NB-IoT is already here, can LTE-V be far behind?

1. Achieve unmanned driving , bicycle intelligence + car networking, both hands need to be strong

The current market ignores the key role of communication networks in driverless driving. Previously, everyone discussed more about bicycle intelligence, but to achieve the ultimate driverless driving, bicycle intelligence and car networking must complement each other. The Tesla accident has shown that bicycle intelligence alone is not enough. The communication network that realizes the Internet of Vehicles must have low latency and large bandwidth to realize communication between vehicles and vehicles and between vehicles and roads. However, currently, networks including NB-IoT, 4G and other networks do not meet the requirements and must have Dedicated Internet of Vehicles communication standard.

2. Seizing the Internet of Vehicles standard, China launches LTE-V

China is the world’s largest automobile market, and China’s communications industry is globally competitive. For communications security Considering this, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China is actively promoting independent Internet of Vehicles standards. LTE-V, the Internet of Vehicles standard led by Huawei, Datang and others, is expected to be frozen step by step in the second half of 2016 and the first half of 2017, and will be commercialized in 2018, ahead of the mandatory promotion in the United States (DSRC). At the same time, my country will release the "Technological Roadmap for the Development of Smart Connected Vehicles" in August, and we judge that LTE-V will be one of the important contents. An article to understand why Moutai is so expensive and has a long history: Kweichow Moutai is produced exclusively in Renhuai Town, Zunyi County, Guizhou Province, China. It is one of the three famous distilled spirits along with Scotch whiskey and French Cognac. It is a Daqu sauce. The originator of aromatic liquor.

Superior quality: respected as the "national wine". It has the characteristics of clear and transparent color, mellow and fragrant aroma, soft entrance, refreshing and sweet taste, and long-lasting aftertaste. People call Moutai's unique fragrance "Maoxiang", which is the most perfect example of my country's sauce-flavor style. A picture to understand what the Internet of Things is

The Internet of Things is an extension of the Internet, and can be said to be an application of the Internet. The Internet of Things transmits information to the receiver through various sensing devices, such as radio frequency identification, sensors, infrared, etc., and then transmits it through the Internet, and processes the information through high-level applications to achieve the purpose of "sensing". An article to understand what iris recognition is

The American think tank Acuity Market Intelligence

has published a report on "The Future of Biometrics", which shows that iris recognition technology will be It will be rapidly popularized in 10-15 years and account for 16% of the global biometric recognition market share. The total output value of iris recognition products will also reach US$3.5 billion. After all, it goes without saying that in addition to smartphones, the rise of the entire IOT industry in the future can theoretically be regarded as the cornerstone of the popularization of iris technology - you know, when the era of the Internet of Everything comes, data security will affect the whole body, and people will Looking forward to a safer way to interact with machines.

Thanks to Hollywood, the following scene has long been regarded as a natural part of the future: a boss-level figure enters mysterious departments such as laboratories with a calm or panic expression. He only needs to "look at" the screen to come. Go freely. In fact, iris recognition is not a new thing. The theoretical understanding of identity recognition based on iris scanning can be traced back to the 1930s, and was gradually commercialized in the 1990s. Now it has also been applied in areas such as finance, ***, Airports and the military are places that look similar to "mysterious departments" in reality. But as you know, the underlying driving force of human history has always been technology and the business that has allowed technology to spread on a large scale. Following a similar pace to disruptive technologies such as computers, the Internet, and smartphones, iris recognition is now also evolving from Specific areas are promoted to the general consumer population. The most intuitive example of course comes from the Galaxy Note7 just released by Samsung. This is the first time that iris recognition technology has been added to a truly mainstream flagship smartphone.

In the eyes of many people, considering Samsung’s control and appeal in the mobile phone industry chain, it is different from last year’s Fujitsu ARROWS NX F-04G and Microsoft Lumia

950XL. Due to differences in the haste of iris recognition among different models (for example, the recognition time is too long), Samsung's entry is expected to provide some driving force - according to reports, Samsung's participation even made the stocks of companies related to iris recognition become red for a time. The maturity of technology is of course another aspect. Throughout the ages, humans have been yearning for "accurate identification of identity" - and there is reason to believe that in the future, it will be even more important to safely tell machines "who I am".

And in this case, at least it seems, iris recognition can do more.

Your unique

Generally speaking, in all conventional biometric identification (including fingerprints, faces, iris, voice, palm prints, etc.), due to the accuracy of the iris itself , anti-counterfeiting, uniqueness, stability. Mainstream academic circles generally believe that iris is a more "high-level" identification method than fingerprint or facial recognition. You must know that compared to fingerprints of 0.8%, the misrecognition rate of faces is about 2%. The false recognition rate of iris recognition as low as one in a million does not seem to be confusing at all.

So what exactly is the iris? The structure of the human eye is composed of three parts: the sclera, the iris and the pupil. The iris is the annular part located between the other two. It belongs to the middle layer of the eyeball and is responsible for automatically adjusting the size of the pupil. , thereby adapting to different lighting environments. The intersecting filaments, spots, stripes and other tiny things constitute a large number of unique information features of the iris, and therefore have a certain inherent non-replicability (by the way, the uniqueness of the iris also exists in the same egg). In twins, the latter's DNA information overlaps very high), and its complexity far exceeds the fingerprint recognition now popular in smartphones. Studies have shown that the accuracy of iris recognition is 10,000 times that of fingerprint recognition.

It is conceivable that the small dynamic characteristics make it almost impossible to forge irises, at least for now, whether it is photos, fake eyes, or even printing on contact lenses (by the way, when the eyeball is peeled off the human body , the iris will also lose activity as the pupil dilates), and there is almost no way to deceive the machine into trusting the owner's iris.

The extremely strong stability is another weapon for iris to be used for biometric identification. After being formed in the fetal development stage, the iris remains unchanged throughout life and is rarely disturbed by the external environment - under the protection of the eyelids, it is not susceptible to trauma. More importantly, it seems that, at present, diseases such as pink eye , cataracts, glaucoma, trachomatous conjunctivitis, myopia surgery and other common eye intrusions cannot affect the texture of the iris itself. This means that the iris will not suffer from easy wear, low sensitivity, peeling or moisture when unlocking the fingerprint, causing the phone to be unrecognizable.

In addition, I would like to say finally that compared to fingerprints, long-distance non-contact collection of iris is undoubtedly much more hygienic.

How to use

It is easy to understand. Iris recognition technology can convert iris information characteristics into password storage.

In terms of the specific implementation path, taking Note7 as an example, an IR and iris camera are added on the same side of the front lens. During the recognition process, the front camera assists The iris camera determines the general outline of the person holding the phone, and then emits infrared light through the IR

LED (iris recognition cannot use the most common color visible light sensor, and an independent infrared sensor must be used to ensure that it can For use in dark light), the iris camera scans the holder's iris information through a light source, then converts the iris information into a code and compares it with the known password to finally decide whether to unlock it. Generally speaking, compared to the tedious process of entering fingerprints, entering iris for the first time is much faster and only takes a few seconds. When users try to use iris to unlock the phone, according to the video demonstration, although it is not as sensitive as fingerprints, it is still sensitive. .

We intuitively know that the application scenarios of iris recognition can be extended beyond screen unlocking. For example, a scenario solution proposed by Note7 is to add a "secure folder" to store some data through iris unlocking. Private data or information including applications, photos, notes (you know, everyone has some "hidden" secrets), make it independent from other mobile phone data, only the iris can be opened, it is considered the upper limit. Get double insurance.

In my opinion, this function also responds to the industry’s concerns about the popularity of iris recognition to a large extent - in fact, at least at this stage, iris recognition, as a pioneer in technology, is already Mature fingerprint recognition is not a replacement, but closer to complementation or advancement in different scenarios. This is the case with Note7's secure folder. You can regard it as the second layer of security after fingerprints. It is mysterious in the movie. Departments also have to set up many levels of defense, right?

Well, when it comes to telling machines "who am I", humans have gone through various passwords, digital certificates, hardware KEYs (such as USB shields), etc. In this way, there is reason to believe that the next step in identity recognition will be largely completed by biometric recognition such as iris. In fact, tracing the history of human-computer interaction, a clear context is: every change in the form of mainstream computing devices is inevitably accompanied by a decrease in the difficulty of human-computer interaction. With the improvement of iris and other recognition technologies, the "trust relationship" between humans and machines "It is bound to move into a new chapter.

The future is paved with reality, and "the future is already here." In the field of technology, the next ten years will eclipse the past ten years, and hopefully biometric technology will play a large role in this.