Why does American federalism remain stable?

The History, Foundation and Development of German Federalism

Shirley by Enos Crist.

This article is compiled from the report made by Ms. Haertel (Chrt) for Nanjing University Law School. This article introduces

The reform of federalism faced by former Germany. The author begins with the historical development of federalism in Germany, and then introduces

This paper analyzes the provisions on federalism in the original German Basic Law and the existing problems under the current federalism, and then puts forward the main

This paper introduces the tasks and objectives of the current federal reform, and puts forward the tasks of the Federal Reform Committee I and the Federal System Reform N.

Finally, the author analyzes and summarizes the suggestions of this reform.

Keywords:: Basic Law Federalism Reform

Enos Chrt (Priv-Doz。 Dr. I Stareinish, rtel), lecturer at the University of G? ttingen, doctor of law, French.

Director of the Institute of Commercial Law.

Ren: 2007 graduate student of Sino-German Law Institute of Nanjing University.

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German-China Swiss Joint Research Institute

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Keywords: reform

The History, Foundation and Development of German Federalism

I. Introduction

The content of my report today is about a very important problem that is happening in Germany at present.

Other countries in the world are also facing this problem. This is about the reform of federalism.

Here, I want to start my report with a medieval legend. There is a story circulating in northern Europe.

This is an interesting legend about 16th century king Artus and his knights. This order * * * consists of16 members.

Cheng. Every knight is stunted, and their shields represent different regions. Where are these knights?

Heroic behavior was shown in the duel. This not only increased their prestige, but also strengthened the whole.

The prestige of.

This legend and the modern federal system (as a country's political system, it has a great influence on a country's calendar.

There are many similarities. The Greek word "foedus" in Renmen is in modern German.

It means "federation", "alliance" and "contract with * * *". Federalism refers to such a national politics.

Each individual member has his own independent rights, and at the same time forms a superior union.

The embodiment of federalism at the national level is a federal country. Here, all members * * * form one.

And determined their respective terms of reference, each member can exercise their respective national functions. river

Here, we should pay attention to distinguish between federal and other two concepts. I. Federal State and Centralization

The difference is that in a centralized country, decisions are made by the central government, and the authority of the subordinate regimes is only

On the administrative side. In addition, it is also different from the confederate countries. In the confederate organization, each country only

On the basis of about * * * as the common goal, the member States have not transferred the autonomy and

Rights (such as the United Nations). [3:

The EU is a special case. For a long time, it was the same as the European economy.

The isomorphism of Europe has the nature of a confederate country. Over time, through different treaties,

There are gradually consistent political and legal principles, rights and institutions (such as the European Commission) guaranteed by contracts.

Parliament), formed a * * * and the court, * * * and the domestic market, * * * and cultural organizations, on this basis.

With the gradual integration of politics, economy and culture, the European Union has gone far beyond the general concept of a confederate organization.

Therefore, the Federal Constitutional Court of China called the EU "staatenverbund",

Many jurists also hold a positive attitude. Political scientists call it a semi-federal country. Just like history.

As we are told, the definition of new things is always controversial at the beginning of its development.

The EU, like something new in history, is difficult to classify.

Federalism does not mean an existing static structure, but a historical development and change.

It involves the following relations: whole and part, autonomy and heteronomy, centralization and decentralization, and state.

The relationship between states and separation and union. It also involves historical development, the needs of all parties and the system.

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Department. All these relationships are in a dynamic balance guaranteed by politics and law, because

Due to the influence of reasons, this balance is often changeable and may lead to political disputes. for

Balance is guaranteed on a long-term basis, and it needs to be regarded as the basic principle of the national government in the constitution.

Decided by law. Accordingly, Germany is a federal country, as we mentioned at the beginning.

For example, King Artus represents a federal state, 16 knight represents 16 federal states.

Germany is a federal country, and the federation and the states are interdependent and mutually restricted [7]: each federation

The Federation has certain powers and functions, and in turn, the Federation recognizes the independent functions and rights of each federal state.

The relationship between federal countries has both competition and cooperation, to be precise, it is in the cooperative federalism and competition.

A kind of balance pavilion. Ideally, the Federation is responsible for exercising the powers transferred by the federal States.

At the same time, each federal state can pursue its own interests in its own way, but it should also consider the national interests.

Benefit, a typical example is the federal state with strong financial ability through financial transfer payment.

Sichuan Federation with weak political ability.

Second, the historical evolution

The development of federalism has gone through a long historical stage, which is in Germany and

Home is different.

The relationship between the central and local governments, as well as the relationship between States, will always exist in different ways and to different degrees.

With the development of history. At that time, arguments about power and scope of rule always led to armed conflicts.

Pieces, and even lead to war. ['。 The principle of federalism is realized by stipulating the distribution of power that can be recognized by both parties.

The right of each member to participate and decide, thus making this basic conflict peaceful. However, as a peace

Federalism principle, in different countries, federalism has experienced completely different stages of development. This is in every

The number of members, regional size and power distribution of a country can be seen: for example, the United States has

Bangzhou, 3 autonomous regions, 1 federal special zone; Canada has 10 provinces and 2 autonomous regions; Mexico has

And a federal special zone; Austria has nine states; Switzerland has 26 cantons; Germany has 16 federal states.

In addition, many countries have absorbed the content of federalism or signed it in their political systems.

Such as India, Pakistan, Argentina, Brazil, Nigeria and the United Arab Emirates. in a broad sense

70% countries in the world can be classified as federal countries. "'2' In addition, the federal system of each country

Special historical development process. Some traditional federal countries, such as the United States, Canada and Switzerland, they

The federal system and 20. A few years ago, the situation was not exactly the same. Due to the outbreak of war and economic changes, science and technology have made progress.

The transformation from society to industrial society and information society, the changes of globalization and other influencing factors, the Federation

The forms of expression are also changing gradually.

Here, I will not elaborate on the development of federalism in various countries, but only choose Germany as an example.

The History, Foundation and Development of German Federalism

Introduce the development of German federal system. The evolution of the federal system runs through the whole history of Germany.

Sue. ['3] However, the national and political map of Germany at that time contained human, linguistic and cultural factors.

Matches 1806 The territory of the German Holy Roman Empire that perished even reached Italy.

Department. The contradiction between Prussia Kingdom, a powerful European country, and Habsburg Dynasty of Austria-Hungary made Germany become.

The country is more difficult, but it inadvertently strengthens Germany's federalism.

Different historical backgrounds will make different countries' federal systems have different forms of expression. People can

1early 8th century (170. France and Germany. France at that time was under the leadership of Luther XIV.

A centralized feudal country. At that time, Germany was composed of about 300 governors, large and small.

There are more or less the seeds of feudalism. At that time, traveling in Germany was equivalent to an adventure. each

Everyone has his own laws, currency and tariff rules. The various alliances that existed at that time were historical progress.

The German Union after 18 15 and the German Customs Union after 1867, and

Read the unified German Empire established in 187 1 year. Weimar Republic (19 19- 1933)

On the basis of the national system, but it greatly strengthened the rights of the States.

Force. [L5] The Nazi regime completely destroyed the federal system in Germany. It dissolved the state governments and put all

The administrative area of pure central government. ['6] A similar situation also existed in Germany and Italy after the war.

And the victorious countries did not reach an agreement on establishing a unified political system in Germany.

After the reform in, the German Democratic Republic was actually a * * * property consisting of 14 administrative regions.

A centralized country. ['7] Under the influence of the western victors, the West German states were established in 1949 * *.

* * * and the United States. [' 8] 1989 After the German democratic revolution, ['G] had five new ones.

199。 654381October 30th Kiss] Joined the Federal Republic of Germany. Since then, the German Federation * * *

To 16 federal states. Generally speaking, the development of history is guided by parliamentary democracy in Germany.

In terms of state system, federalism is still one of the basic principles of German political system. [2 doors

Third, the federalism stipulated in the Basic Law.

Article 20 of the Basic Law stipulates the federal structure of Germany. Therefore, Germany is a democratic country,

Federal state. The permanent clause of article 79, paragraph 3, of the Basic Law guarantees the German Federation.

Perpetual existence (guaranteed existence and inviolability), the existence of a federal state according to the provisions of the Basic Law.

Go to ruin. At the same time, each federal state enjoys "national treatment". In other words, it can be made by itself.

It has its own state legislature and government, and independent judicial power. However, it should still abide by the Basic Law.

In other words, to ensure that human dignity is not violated, to protect human rights and abide by the rule of law, we must be a social welfare country.

The basic principles of a democratic country. Figure]

In addition, it is more important to abide by the principle that federal laws are superior to state laws. [25 Yes

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State power is divided between the Federation and the federal States. Foreign policy, security policy and currency,

Policy falls under the federal jurisdiction, while police, education and culture fall under the traditional jurisdiction of the States. get angry

According to Article 50 of the Basic Law, the Federal Senate is the representative of each state. Different from union

Members of the China Council are elected and members of the Senate are appointed by the state government through administrative means.

This is the uniqueness of the German federal structure. Members of the Senate can only be governors of federal States.

Very long. According to the second paragraph of Article 5 1 of the Basic Law, the number of seats of state legislators in the Senate is determined by their residents.

Decision: Each federal state has at least 3 votes, states with more than 2 million residents have 4 votes, and states with more than 6 million residents have 4 votes.

There are 6 votes for those who exceed 7 million.

The federal Senate is responsible for safeguarding the political interests of the States. Its most important function is to participate in the establishment.

Here, it has three levels of participation rights:

First, the right of legislative consultation. The draft law must be submitted to the Federal Senate for consideration.

Second, the right to propose legislation. The Senate has the power to initiate legislation.

Third, legislative veto power. A legal resolution on constitutional amendment must be approved by more than two-thirds of the members of the Senate.

When making laws, the Senate has the right to agree (before the federal reform, such laws accounted for the whole

60%), must be approved by the absolute majority of the Senate; When making other laws, the Senate enjoys the right of dissent.

The Bundestag can veto objections raised by the Senate by a majority vote. Qing] From the perspective of legislative work,

It can be seen that the states in the federal state play an important role in the whole political structure.

German federal democracy has many advantages:

First of all, it balances the relationship between the Federation and the States and ensures the prosperity and development of the States;

Secondly, it is conducive to developing the lifestyle and cultural characteristics of each state and preserving cultural diversity;

Third, like Montesquieu's classic separation of powers [30], it is beneficial to the power at the national level.

And dispersion;

Finally, as HannaAhrendt, When referring to the father of the American Constitution, Tong pointed out

Decentralization can achieve the purpose of improving the overall power.

For the above reasons, it is very important for Germany to retain federalism.

However, after different stages of historical development, the federal structure of Germany today is definitely the same as that of 1949.

Sample. According to the needs of society, the balance between cooperative federalism and competitive federalism has changed. 1969

The political reform attracted the same functions among the states, which brought a new look to the German federal system. minister

In this social background, local governments lack sufficient financial funds to support infrastructure construction. From the highway

From hospitals to schools, from urban construction to promoting agricultural development to artistic protection, the federal States are not enough.

Kim. After introducing the concept of * * * the same function, these transactions began to be uniformly distributed by the federal unified planning.

Kim. The key word at that time was cooperative federalism. * * * The same function, financial transfer payment, establishment of tax union.

At that time, the Basic Law established the State Investment Assistance Bureau. These reforms laid the foundation for modernization.

The History, Foundation and Development of German Federalism

Design has brought rapid development. Germany still benefits from this reform. But this

It has also brought some unexpected negative effects. Policy overlap in some areas is becoming more and more obvious, and financial resources

Opaque, financial supervision is more difficult, political decision-making is more complicated, and uneconomical phenomena are difficult to correct.

, it is more difficult to pursue responsibility. Petroleum 2

In addition, with the development of time, more and more power has gathered at the federal level, so that

The trend of centralization. Because of this trend, the primary task of every country is administration,

The limit is getting smaller and smaller. Another phenomenon that has been criticized is the implementation cost of some federal laws.

Federal commitment, but local commitment. For this phenomenon, you can refer to the so-called relevance principle)

Economy means: whoever makes the decision pays the bill.

Contrary to this trend, in some aspects, the power of the federal state is getting bigger and bigger, and the political parties of the federal state

The circle is gradually expanding, so it is necessary to limit the expansion of state power. The parliamentary system in Germany originated from Mencius.

Decentralization theory. But with the development of society, power is traditionally divided into legislative power and administrative power.

The idea of separation of the three powers of legal power gradually gave way to a modern power control theory, that is, decentralization of power.

Cross balance. "35.2 In fact, the winner of a general election is usually the Alliance Party, which has a majority in Parliament.

The government, the opposition in parliament and the judiciary are responsible for supervising parliament. However, in the Federal Senate,

The majority in the House of Representatives plays a decisive role. In real life, there may be such a situation, the federal parliament.

The minority is the majority of the Senate, which indicates that the policies of the Federal Parliament will be passed in the Senate.

It's harder. This instrumentalism of party politics often becomes an obstacle to political decision-making.

The two sides compromised each other. In case of dispute, a mediation committee shall be established for mediation.

In addition, each federal state must implement the laws enacted by the Federation. Because basically every law

With specific implementation regulations, this has greatly increased the number of laws that the federal Senate has the right to agree.

In order to represent the interests of the States, the daily political power of the Senate is gradually increasing, which not only forces both sides to be long

Compromise also blurs the correspondence between rights and responsibilities.

In addition to the trap of power trading and power instrumentalism mentioned above, the Federation, federal States and

The rising debt has also affected the normal operation of the German federal system. Two, thirty-six, two, I will on this point.

Combined with the federal reform 1 1, it is elaborated in detail.

In short, there is a great deviation between the constitutional goal and the fact. Looking back on German federalism

In the process of exhibition industry, there are also phenomena such as asymmetry of rights and obligations between the Federation and the federal States, and operational failure.

This situation, that is, when the federal reform comes.

In recent ten years, there have been many discussions about the reform of federalism in Germany. Many political institutions,

The Warhol Foundation has made many suggestions on how federal states can gain more decision-making power. Feet] in these

Among them, the most prominent point is to cancel the intersection of political power between the Federation and the States to ensure that the States get

Independent decision-making power. The discussion on the reform of German federalism mainly focuses on the following three aspects:

Sino-German Legal Forum Series 6

First of all, we must clarify the relationship between power and responsibility and strengthen public participation. These also include

On the redistribution of family power;

Second, improve the transparency and efficiency of the federal decision-making process. This has nothing to do with eliminating bureaucracy.

Relevance;

Finally, based on the changes of financial structure in the past 20 years, the reorganization of financial relations is brought into the reform.

Timetable.

In order to ensure the smooth progress of this federal reform, there are two federal reform committees in charge.

The First Federal Reform Commission is responsible for the separation and reorganization of powers between the Federation and the states. Federal reform commission

Responsible for the adjustment of financial relations and administrative modernization. Both committees are based on surveys of associations and foundations.

Foundation, and listen to the opinions of academic circles, especially legal professionals. They will attend the next meeting.

Parliamentarians will ask for opinions, but for political reasons, their opinions are usually ignored. exist

Under the new political situation that the African Union and the Social Democratic Party form a grand coalition government, this reform is possible. At the time of signature

When the government reached an agreement, the idea of federalism reform was already decided. Currently, the Federal Reform Commission

The research results have been successfully transformed, and the Federal Reform Commission N is still in the investigation stage.

Four. Federalism reform I

First of all, let me introduce the work of the First Federal Reform Commission ...)] Modernization reform of the federal system * * *

Mark. First, improve the decision-making power and execution of policies and laws; Second, correct the phenomenon of overlapping policies and make it clear.

And inter-State responsibility; Third, improve the efficiency and purpose of functional performance.

In order to achieve these goals, it is necessary to amend 25 basic laws. There is also 2 1.

The law needs to be amended. In view of the existence of cross-policy phenomenon, in order to improve the transparency of parliamentary decision-making, it will

The law that hospitals have the right to consent has been adjusted from 0% to about 35%. This also means proprietary legislation and competition.

The magnetic field is readjusted. Further separate federal and state jurisdictions and reduce the number of States.

Power permeates into legislative participation, and at the same time, it increases the free space of States in their own political decision-making

Secondly, reduce the financial affairs jointly funded by the federal and state governments in a targeted manner. ["] Considering the joint

Representation and influence in federal affairs, except in a few areas that are completely related to state affairs (such as education and culture)

In this case, the Federation should "make a voice" on behalf of Germany and try to avoid involving the States again.

Procrastination. Similarly, federal States are bound by the Stability Pact of the European Union, and each federal State has obligations ".

Fiscal deficit. According to the Maastricht Treaty, when Germany's fiscal deficit ratio exceeds 3.

Will be punished, and the federal state should bear the consequences of this sanction. This convention can avoid generating more.

Political deficit. Regarding other ways to reduce the national fiscal deficit, I will introduce the Federal Reform Commission.

Line for further explanation.

The History, Foundation and Development of German Federalism

The work of my Federal Reform Commission was published in February. . Implemented on September 1 2006. this is

This is the largest constitutional amendment activity since 1997 when the Basic Law was enacted. Through this reform, Germany regained.

Vitality, improve decision-making and execution ability, and clarify responsibilities. As for competitive alliances,

Whether sexual federalism has reached a new balance remains to be verified by time.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) federalism reform

Next, I began to introduce the work of the Federal Reform Commission 1 1. The main aspects involved here are

Reorganize financial relations between countries. Yang]

Due to the current good economic development momentum in Germany, the most urgent financial problem in Germany is not fiscal revenue.

Financial debt. At present, the total national debt of Germany has exceeded 654.38+0.5 trillion euros, including federal debt.

900 billion euros. 20% of the federal fiscal expenditure (about 50. 00 billion euros) cannot be compared with the regular fiscal revenue.

65438+ 0/6 of fiscal expenditure is used to pay interest. In addition, the state has to bear high pensions and

Insurance fee. In addition, there is a basic financial imbalance between the federal States.

High debt will limit the development of parliamentary democracy now and in the future. Reform of national debt law

One of the most important goals of the Federal Reform Commission. In this case, the precautionary principle is put forward again.

Can avoid the emergence of national debt? How to solve the existing national debt problem?

The reform requirements of fiscal relations between the Federation and the states are closely related to the current reform process. Zheyou

Yu: the country is in serious debt; Germany-Germany unification agreement is helpful to the development of the new federal state; Maastricht, EU

Applicable; Implementing the judgment of the Federal Constitutional Court; As the framework conditions of the financial system have changed,

Suggestions on reconstructing the national financial system are put forward.

In order to prevent financial difficulties or crises, many experts suggest establishing an early warning mechanism and taking measures.

Impose restrictions on debt.

At present, people are discussing whether it is possible to establish a corresponding financial crisis in order to understand and stop it in time.

Police mechanism. This early warning mechanism has many advantages. It can not only report financial difficulties in time, but also strengthen finance.

In view of sudden political decisions, possible solutions can be put forward to deal with the financial crisis as soon as possible.

What kind of institutions should supervise the financial development of the Federation and the federal States? Especially through

Responsible for the implementation of early warning mechanism. Qin 1 here are three suggestions: first, establish an independent institution; that

Professional external institutions are responsible; Third, expand the terms of reference of the Budget Committee.

First of all, I want to talk about "debt limitation". For politicians, borrowing is often better than saving.

Attraction, because saving money will always directly offend existing vested interests. It's also for this.

The increase of national income brought by economic development cannot be guaranteed, and the problem of national debt will be solved.

At present, good economic development momentum is conducive to promoting financial stability and preventing new debts.

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Born, but can't pay off the old debts extensively and thoroughly.

The provisions of the current Constitution (Articles 109 and 1 15 of the Basic Law) cannot prevent the increase of national debt. Xi Du

The second sentence of article 1 15 of the law stipulates that "the income from loans shall not exceed the amount stipulated in the financial budget.

Total amount; Under special circumstances, this restriction does not apply to prevent interference with the overall economic balance. "In practice.

The impact of regulation on debt reduction is negligible. .7 two

The second sentence of article 1 15 of the current basic law and similar provisions of the national constitution are invalid.

Therefore, the definition of "investment" is too broad and the provisions of the exception clauses are not accurate, so that in practice,

The scope of application of the exception clause has been inappropriately expanded. On the premise of this fact, everyone began to swell.

Discussion on amending the second sentence of Article 1 15 of the Basic Law.

The simplest and most effective regulation to control the national debt may be to stipulate in the constitution that the new debt is complete.

However, on a global scale, no country can guarantee the normal operation of the country without debt.

The reason is that for the benefit of both sides, the state should raise funds for long-term infrastructure construction, and

Loans are used to raise funds to deal with some emergencies (such as disasters). [48〕

In 2007, the Committee of Experts submitted a reform opinion on restricting national debt. Qin]

This book discusses many problems. On the one hand, the Committee of Experts believes that Article 1 15 of the Basic Law should

The "investment" in the second sentence is limited to "net investment in kind", which is also in line with this word in the Constitution.

On the other hand, the exception clause in the second sentence of Article 1 15 of the Basic Law should also be restricted.

The recommendation of the expert Committee should be stipulated in the national debt law, and this exception clause is only applicable to overcoming

Machine or repay existing debts. In this regard, the Committee of Experts drew on the experience of Switzerland in 2003.

Experience of measures to reduce national debt.

When formulating new debt reduction measures, we should pay attention to abide by the provisions of EU laws, only in the government's

When the word rate does not exceed 3% of GDP, state lending conforms to the provisions of EU law. Coffee "

Another way to stop the financial crisis is to meet the requirements of 50% and 50% in Maastricht standards.

The "stability standard" of mankind. The advantage of this proposal is that the Maastricht Treaty already provides for evaluation.

Fiscal deficit, including grading early warning procedures and sanctions system. And the implementation of the Maastricht Treaty.

In this process, we have accumulated a lot of practical experience. 〔5'」

In order to eliminate the financial crisis, we can also consider introducing other different means of adjustment. For example, create

Funds to pay debts or trigger bankruptcy proceedings. Groaning "

For example, regarding the establishment of a sinking fund to eliminate old debts, Gü nter H, Governor of Baden-Wü rttemberg.

It has been suggested that in order to cope with the financial crisis, all federal states should jointly set up an old debt settlement fund. correct

States with weak capacity can introduce corresponding incentive mechanisms, for example, as long as a federal state promises not to increase.

Service, for every debt of 1 euro repaid, it can provide 1 euro debt repayment compensation.

Everyone even discussed the possibility of introducing bankruptcy proceedings against local governments. Supporters believe that

The History, Foundation and Development of German Federalism

Other countries learn from experience. For example, since the 1970s, something similar has appeared in the United States.

Government bankruptcy procedure, but rarely used in real life. Other similar ones follow this market economy.

Countries that have eliminated fiscal deficits include Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Portugal, Sweden and

Bankruptcy of local government should be different from bankruptcy in the traditional sense, because the local government's solution

It's possible. In a larger sense, this is just a punitive bankruptcy.

In addition, there are discussions on strengthening the tax sovereignty of the federal state. Since the early 1980s.

There is a discussion on strengthening the decision-making power of federal state fiscal revenue. According to the current law,

There is no tax legislative power. A unified tax law is conducive to stopping unfair competition and avoiding tax subjects.

Illegal discrimination. The independent tax authorities of the federal state are limited to loans and property.

Those who are in favor of strengthening the tax autonomy of the States suggest that the federal States should be given more tax legislative power.

Have the right to change at least some tax rates. Coffee]

Conclusion of intransitive verbs

From this report, we can draw the following conclusion: In the current reform process, we must deal with Israel.

Have a clear understanding. On the one hand, it is impossible to solve the problem only by increasing legislation; On the other hand,

The financial system is not an experimental field. This means that we should give priority to using existing tools.

There should be enough preparation time when introducing new adjustment methods. This not only helps to reduce mistakes, but also

The implementation of new measures.

In order to prevent financial crisis, it is necessary to introduce early warning mechanism. Here, you can consider using the.

Institutions, such as those responsible for early warning mechanisms, expand the terms of reference of the budget Committee.

Supervision. By analogy with the Maastricht mechanism, each federal state can introduce stability standards. To solve

On the issue of political deficit, it is the most effective to completely ban the generation of new debts, but due to various drawbacks, in

This method is recommended.

In addition, what is important is how to eliminate old debts. Here, we can learn from Switzerland's measures to reduce national debt.

Some rules. Establishing a sinking fund or introducing a local government bankruptcy mechanism is not so convincing.

State tax autonomy is not feasible in Germany today: the legislative authority of federal States in tax law

The tax autonomy of each state is limited, but it can be considered to give certain tax rate changes to each state.

Obviously, the task of the Federal Reform Commission N is very complicated.

No matter what new ways are adopted to solve the long-term fiscal deficit problem, one thing is undeniable.

That is: the power of budget is the kingship of parliament. Of course, legal means and tools play a great role, but they don't.

Rather than a political effort to control fiscal expenditure. In addition, the responsibility must be clear.

It is also important to reach a consensus in the whole society to reject excessive fiscal deficits. If the Federation

Sino-German Legal Forum Series 6 26

Members will successfully extract the final effective and executable solution from many opinions, which will

Make a fundamental contribution to the federal reform. This will also bring the basic idea of federalism into a new field.

Domain, that is, how to maintain and develop individual needs in the whole. This problem can be extended to

On the big social issue, that is, how we will create and maintain social unity. Even in financial relationships

We should also consider how to be more conducive to maintaining interpersonal relationships under the premise of meeting the public welfare.

Cooperation.

(Yang Yang

Precautions:

[l]

[2]

.