Landscape house for immigrants in reservoir area

After billions of years of marine and continental deposits, under the influence of geological movements such as Jinning movement, Indosinian movement, Yanshan movement and Himalayan movement, the Three Gorges area of the Yangtze River has created unique landforms and beautiful landscapes.

The Three Gorges consists of the majestic and steep Qutang Gorge, the deep and beautiful Wuxia Gorge and the fast-flowing Xiling Gorge. It starts from Baidicheng, Fengjie, Chongqing in the west and ends at Nanjinguan, Yichang, Hubei in the east, with a total length of193km. There are four distinct seasons here, Leng Xia is hot in winter, and the vertical climate division is obvious. There are many kinds of animals and plants, including rare and endangered plants 150 species and 5 1 species in the Three Gorges reservoir area. There are 10 species of national first-class protected animals and 54 species of national second-class protected animals. Mineral resources are very rich, with 67 kinds of minerals found, 54 kinds of proven reserves and 39 kinds of exploitation and utilization. 16 proven reserves of mineral resources rank first in China 10.

The formation of the Yangtze River and Three Gorges

Yangtze river

The largest river in China. The length ranks third in the world. Originated in Tuotuo River, it flows out of the Gladan Winter Snow Mountain in Tanggula, the southwest border of Qinghai, and flows through Tongtian River. From Batang estuary in Yushu county to Yibin city in Sichuan province, it is called Jinsha River. The section from Yibin to Yichang in Hubei is called Chuanjiang, and Yangzhou below is called Yang Zijiang. It flows through Tibet, Sichuan, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu and other provinces and joins the East China Sea in Shanghai. The total length is 6300 kilometers.

The formation of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River is the result of long-term geological evolution. 800 million years ago, the "Jinning Movement" took place in the south of China, which led to a large-scale folding metamorphism and large-scale magmatic activity in this ancient Yangtze land exposed in the sea, forming a hard intrusive rock dominated by granite, which provided an excellent foundation for the construction of the Three Gorges Dam.

About Paleozoic (starting 570 million years ago and ending 230 million years ago), the Three Gorges area was mainly marine environment. The Indosinian movement at the end of Mesozoic Triassic (about10.90 billion years ago) caused the Three Gorges area to rise, and the sea water receded, changing from ocean to land.

70 million years ago, the North-South push caused by "Yanshan Movement" and the resistance of the Pacific crust from east to west worked together to form the basic framework of modern landforms in the Three Gorges area-the eastern Sichuan fold belt, the mountains around the basin and the mountains in western Hubei. The ancient Yangtze River flowed eastward along the mountainous depression.

Himalayan movement formed the topography of China, which was high in the west and low in the east. It originated from the source system of the ancient Yangtze River on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and gathered a huge amount of water in the Sichuan Basin, which flowed eastward along the radial direction of the ancient Yangtze River. When it flows through the syncline where mudstone, shale and sandstone are exposed more, it forms a spacious valley because of its soft lithology; When it flows through the anticlinal mountainous area dominated by limestone, the river water is washed down along the relatively developed vertical cracks because of its dense and hard lithology and strong corrosion resistance, and the rock layers on both sides of the valley slope lose their support and collapse, forming a deep and steep canyon facing the cliff. After a long period of carving, it miraculously created a strange canyon famous at home and abroad-the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River.

At present, there are still different opinions about the origin and age of the Three Gorges, which can be summarized into four hypotheses: the first river, the lower river, the overlapping river and the pirate river. As for the age of the formation of the Three Gorges, some scholars believe that it was in Jurassic or Cretaceous, while others believe that it was after Tertiary. The formation of the Three Gorges is still a natural mystery, which needs further study until later generations reveal the mystery.

Silicified wood

Silicified wood is also called wood fossil. After the ancient Jurassic trees died, their stems were buried in the stratum. Chemical substances around the trunk, such as silicon dioxide, iron sulfide and calcium carbonate, enter the cells of the secondary xylem of trees under the action of groundwater, replacing the original wood components, retaining the shape of trees, and forming wood fossils through petrochemical action. Because it contains many silica components, it is usually called silicified wood.

Three Gorges on the Yangtze

Qutang Gorge is called Kuixia. One of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River. Including the wind box gorge and the staggered gate gorge. From Baidicheng, fengjie county, Chongqing, to Daning River mouth, Wushan County, there is a narrow valley between Baidicheng and Daxi. With a total length of 8 kilometers, it is the shortest canyon in the Three Gorges. Cliffs stand on both sides of the river, and the narrowest part of the river is only 100 meters. The river is swift and the mountains are steep, so it is called "natural barrier". The west entrance is called Kuimen. Daxi to Daning estuary is Daning wide valley, with a total length of 25 kilometers.

Wuxia is named after Wushan Mountain, which is called Daxia. One of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River. Including golden helmet, Yinjiaxia and Tieguan Gorge. It starts from Daning Estuary in Wushan County, Chongqing in the west and reaches Guandukou in Badong County, Hubei Province in the east, stretching for about 40 kilometers, and is a long and narrow valley. The Yangtze River crosses the limestone layer of Wushan main vein, and the canyon is particularly tortuous and deep, with the highest peak above1000 m. The famous "Twelve Peaks of Wushan Mountain" is tied for the riverside, and goddess peak (Wang Xiafeng) is the most peculiar.

Xiling Gorge is one of the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River. It starts from Guandukou, Badong County, Hubei Province in the west and ends at Nanjinguan, Yichang City in the east, with a total length of120km. It is divided into four sections: Guandukou to Xiangxi is a wide valley in Xiangxi (about 45 kilometers long); A narrow valley; From Xiangxi to He Miao, there are Baojian Gorge, Niuganmafei Gorge and Kongling Gorge. A narrow valley. He Miao to Nantuo is a wide valley (about 33 kilometers long) in the south of the temple, which is an open valley. Between Nantuo and Nanjinguan are Deng Ying Canyon and Huangmao Canyon. The canyon section is 42 kilometers long and is a narrow valley. On both sides of the river, there are cliffs and craggy rocks, and the dried cattle and Ma Feixia are the most dangerous.

Three Gorges climate

Yuan Zhen, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, said, "The sea is difficult for water, but amber is always there."

There is scientific reason for the formation of the Three Gorges Cloud. Clouds in the Three Gorges area are affected by altitude and mountain topography (differences in mountain range, slope, valley, peak and pass, etc.). ) and climate. Under the comprehensive action of season, temperature, light, airflow and moisture, they present beautiful landscapes with different postures. Some clouds hover around the peaks, sometimes disperse and sometimes gather. Some clouds rise slowly from the surface of the water, intermittently, one arm away, close to the ground, as if you can reach out and touch them; The attitude of the cloud is changeable and not on a plane. The highest is on the top of the mountain bee, but the lowest is on the water, which makes people feel endless.

Three Gorges animals

There are 738 species of animals in the Three Gorges area, including 54 species of national first-class protected animals 10 and second-class protected animals.

There are 33 1 species of birds, among which 3 species belong to the national first-class protected animals: black stork, golden eagle and white-shouldered eagle. There are 36 species under secondary protection: swan, cygnet, mandarin duck and spoonbill.

Animals 10 1 species, of which 4 species belong to the first-class protected animals of the country: Sichuan golden monkey, clouded leopard, leopard and tiger, and 16 species belong to the second-class protected animals: black bear otter, civet, civet cat and macaque.

vulture

National first-class key protected animals. Most of the habitats are middle and high mountains, grasslands or coniferous forests with an altitude of1500-4000m, and most of them move over plains or farmland and woodland in winter. In mountainous areas, you can nest on platforms or depressions on cliffs, and in woodlands, you can nest on tall trees with long trees. There are two eggs in the nest, and occasionally there are three eggs. Strong predation ability, mainly preying on larger birds and animals, such as rabbits and pheasants. In some areas, a large number of local hedgehogs are even the main food during the breeding season. Found in Wushan, Wuxi, Xingshan County and other places.

There are 274 species of fish, among which 3 species belong to the national first-class protected animals: ACIPENSER sinensis, ACIPENSER davidii and ACIPENSER sinensis. There are 1 species under secondary protection: mullet.

32 species of amphibians. 1 national second-class protected animal species: giant salamander.

35 kinds of reptiles: tortoise, soft-shelled turtle, welding head, etc.

Sanxia factory

The Three Gorges area is rich in plant resources and has extremely high biodiversity. There are 6088 species of vascular plants in the Three Gorges area, including subspecies (varieties and variants) 1 100, belonging to 208 families 1428 genera, accounting for about 20% of the total number of plants in China, among which seed plants account for about 20% of the total number of seed plants in China.

Representative plants: Taxus chinensis, Davidia involucrata, ancient Ginkgo biloba, Alsophila spinulosa, Castanopsis fissa, tea tree, Chinese mosquito moth, Sabina vulgaris, Phyllostachys pubescens, Phoebe bournei, Cupressus auratus and so on.

Selaginella sparsifolia

It is endemic to the Three Gorges reservoir area and mainly distributed in the flat sandy land along the Yangtze River in Wushan, Badong and Zigui counties. Its soil is alluvial soil, often mixed with stones. In a few cases, it is also distributed in the flat stone cracks between 80- 130 m above sea level. As a floodplain vegetation type, the habitat is single, the Yangtze River is often flooded in flood season, and the community species composition is simple.

ebony

Ebony, also known as ebony and carbonized wood, is known as the "Oriental Shenmu". Cryptwood is mostly Chinese fir, which is a kind of "sedimentary wood" with hard and delicate texture, simple and heavy texture, smooth and weird surface and iron texture after years of erosion and infiltration in rivers, sediments and carbonized environment. In recent years, it was discovered in the Three Gorges reservoir area of Chongqing.

Shade wood is a non-renewable natural product, which has certain scientific research value for studying geography, climate and environment in ancient geological history, as well as for the development and evolution of plant species at that time.

Zinc smelting site

The origin time of zinc smelting in ancient China has always been an important topic in the world metallurgical history. The smelting of zinc (called "Japanese lead" at that time) was recorded in Tiangong Kaiwu at the end of Ming Dynasty and Song Dynasty, but it was too brief to understand the key technical process at that time. The zinc smelting site in Fengdu County is a large group of ancient zinc smelting sites with great research value, which is rare in archaeology in China and even in the world. Through the comprehensive investigation of this site group, it provides extremely rich, complete, systematic and scientific archaeological materials for studying the origin, development and progress of ancient zinc smelting technology in China, making Fengdu and even Chongqing one of the centers of ancient metallurgical archaeology and metallurgical history research in China, and greatly promoting the research process of ancient zinc smelting technology in China.

There are many zinc smelting sites in the flooded area of the Three Gorges in Fengdu County, which are mainly distributed in the first-class terraces along the long coast. Kilns are mostly located on slopes on both sides of the platform river and small gullies. There are four main reasons for this choice. 1, less fertile land, 2, using natural ventilation on sloping land to increase the flammability of kiln; 3, the slope is convenient for slag pouring; 4. Convenient transportation of raw materials and products.

The Three Gorges of the Yangtze River is one of the most splendid areas of Chinese civilization. For thousands of years, the Three Gorges people have been with mountains and rivers for generations. The special natural environment has created the bold and determined character of the Three Gorges people, and also created the bold and broad-minded tolerance of the rivers. Those plank roads extending on the cliff of the Xiajiang River, the fiber marks tied to the cliff, the fiber marks left on the rocks on both sides of the Xiajiang River, and the high-pitched trumpets of the trackers in the rapids and rapids have truly recorded the living conditions of the people of the Three Gorges and witnessed their indomitable and tenacious spirit. In the collision with mountains and rivers, the Three Gorges people inherited history, created civilization and formed a unique Three Gorges culture.

the three gorges dwellings

Influenced by geography, landforms and natural ecological environment, most residential buildings are natural and quaint, full of strong mountain consciousness, and form a distinctive humanistic landscape. Residential buildings are mostly fun-style and dry-column style; Its architecture has the functional view of adapting to local conditions, using local materials and being conducive to disaster prevention, the aesthetic view of harmony between man and land and rich local characteristics, and the ecological view of advocating nature and protecting the environment. It is a traditional residential architectural culture with strong local characteristics and profound cultural connotation.

Woodcut Textual Research on Xiang Family Tree in Shizhu County (engraved on 1936)

The woodcut is 3. 1m long and 5.35m wide. More than 3,300 words, regular script. The article "Continued Examination" describes the origin and branches of the Xiang family living in Qiaotou Township, Shizhu County, Chongqing. During the Yuan Dynasty War, a branch of Xiang family fled to Shu. During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty (1368- 1398), another "order" entered Sichuan (that is, "Huguang filled Sichuan" in the early Ming Dynasty). Its descendants live in Wanzhou, Fengdu, Zhongzhou, Shizhu and other places. This woodcut is a valuable material for studying the history of Xiang family in Qiaotou Township.

Genealogy of China people is generally carried by paper books, but this kind of "narrative test" is woodcut, which is really rare.

Backpack, pod and badminton

The hilly area of the Three Gorges reservoir area accounts for 95.7% of the total area. Because of the steep hillside, the road is steep and narrow. Therefore, people's means of transportation are mainly carrying, and backpacks and pods have become the main local means of transportation. The pestle has become a tool for human transportation and rest.

Three Gorges Qianfu

There is a vivid description of the three Gorges tracker pulling fiber in history.

Chen, a famous scholar in the Qing Dynasty, recorded in Travels: "There are fifty or sixty people in the big ship and twenty or thirty people in the small one, pulling up and pushing down, and going upstream. On the beach, there are more than 100 stalkers in three or four boats, pulling a boat. " The drawing of the ancient Three Gorges is the most breathtaking and spectacular! The tracker's bare back, bronzed skin color, protruding bones and muscles, sweaty forehead, chiseled face full of mountain-like strength, deep red marks on shoulder blades, a pair of thick big hands dragging ropes, climbing upstream between cliffs and rapids, and pulling the boat with all their strength. From time to time, the leader of the gang who pulled the fiber shouted to pay attention to the road ahead. The mugwort on the ship keeps working, and the tracker's horn and shouts are connected! The fiber rope pulled by the tracker is made of bamboo sticks and hemp rope buckles, which is generally about 100 feet long. Before use, it should be boiled in lime water to increase its toughness. Therefore, it was called "Baizhang" in the Tang Dynasty and "Mr." after the Qing Dynasty, and it has been used ever since. Each ship is equipped with three types: large, medium and small, and the big one is called "sitting rattan", which is used by heavy ships when crossing fierce beaches; The middle one is used when the "two lines" cross the general dangerous beach; The small one is called "flying child", which is used when driving in the air or the water flow is too slow.

Xiajiang beach is full of water, and the life of the fiber puller is extremely difficult! "Poor boat owner, half-length trousers are wet, one step is sweaty, and both hands climb the stone road". In the process of moving forward, if you are not careful, you will fall off the cliff and become the undead of the river. Year after year, the Three Gorges trackers use their lives and courage to promote the economic development of ships and the two sides of the Three Gorges. With the completion of the Three Gorges Project, the era of the porter pulling the fiber has become a thing of the past, and the trumpets shouted by the boatmen in the struggle against the fierce beach and the bad water have become the swan song on the river! On the cliffs on both sides of the Three Gorges, trace stones have been polished by trace ropes and sweat for thousands of years, which have witnessed the tenacious will of the Three Gorges people and the suffering of waterway transportation in the Yangtze River, and contain profound and tragic humanistic spirit.

For thousands of years, the people of the Three Gorges have created various ships suitable for large and small rivers, different reaches and different water potentials. It is understood that there are only hundreds of ships sailing in the upper reaches of the Chuanjiang River, and the most common ones are dozens. Its variety and unique shape are rare in China.

These ships were collected by us in the Three Gorges area. The most common fishing boats on the Xiajiang River are covered. The ship is long and narrow, flat-bottomed, with the bow and stern upturned at both ends. It is about 10 m long and about 1 m wide. It's called Chen refute. Because it is shaped like a willow leaf, the locals also call it a "willow boat". Mainly sailing on Daning River, Shennong River and Madu River. They are important production and living utensils for the people of the Three Gorges.

These three Gorges wooden boats with different shapes have played a great role in communicating with the East and the West, promoting economic and cultural exchanges, inland river shipping and so on, and formed a unique boat culture in the course of historical development.

The magnificent Three Gorges Water Control Project is not only the selfless dedication of millions of Three Gorges immigrants, but also the embodiment of the courage and wisdom of China people, and it is also the crystallization of the comprehensive application of modern science and technology in the world today. After the completion of the Three Gorges Project, the face of the Yangtze River will be completely changed. The magnificent Three Gorges and the magnificent dam buildings complement each other, which makes people sigh the wonders of nature and the magic of modern technology.

1in June, 956, during his inspection in Wuhan, Mao Zedong wrote "Water Tune Song Tou? The poem "You" expresses the grand idea of building the Three Gorges Reservoir. Handwriting of mink head swimming

Three Gorges dream-seeking

For thousands of years, Xiajiang area has influenced the production, life and ideology and culture of the people of the Three Gorges with its unique geographical environment. It is a century-old dream of the Chinese nation to use the Three Gorges to build water conservancy and benefit the people.

19 19 Sun Yat-sen founded Construction magazine and published Industrial Plan in Shanghai. In the section of "improving existing waterways and canals" in industrial planning, besides the navigation problems such as regulating the waterway from the Yangtze River estuary to Chongqing and building ports along the Yangtze River, it is the water conservancy development in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Later, in his speech "People's Livelihood", he clearly put forward the idea of using the Three Gorges hydropower to generate electricity.

1924 17 In August, Sun Yat-sen delivered a speech on "People's Livelihood" in Guangzhou Normal School, clearly stating that the Three Gorges dam was built for power generation.

"Like the hydropower under Kuixia in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, it is even bigger. Some people have investigated the hydropower from Yichang to Wanxian, which can generate more than 30 million horsepower, much larger than the current national power generation. It can not only supply trains, trams and various factories across the country, but also be used to manufacture bulk fertilizers. "

Sun Yat-sen's Livelihood Doctrine

1 9 5 3+02 When Mao Zedong visited the Yangtze River for the first time, he invited Lin Yishan, then director of the Yangtze River Water Conservancy Commission, to his hut to inquire about the management plan of the Yangtze River basin in detail and discuss the water control plan.

1958 65438+ 10, Zhou Enlai was entrusted to personally grasp the planning of the Yangtze River basin and the Three Gorges Project at the Central Nanning Conference. In March of the same year, the Chengdu Working Conference in the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China adopted the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's Opinions on the Three Gorges Project and the Yangtze River Basin Planning drafted by Zhou Enlai, and formally decided to build the Three Gorges Project. "Build a stone wall of Xijiang River, break Wushan Yu Yun and leave Gaoxia Pinghu." A grand blueprint for the complete conquest of the Yangtze River was born in the great man's chest.

Spirit of Three Gorges Immigrants

The patriotic spirit of taking the overall situation into account

Millions of immigrants in the reservoir area take the national interest as the highest interest, the national justice as the highest morality, consciously abandon family interests and personal interests, take the overall situation into account, and give up their families to serve the country.

Dedicate oneself to the public.

In order to "move out, stay stable and get rich step by step", the majority of immigrant cadres keep in mind the party's purpose of serving the people wholeheartedly and the requirements of governing for the people, and put immigrants first, making sacrifices for the public and selfless dedication.

The spirit of cooperation with one heart and one mind

Under the unified leadership of the CPC Central Committee and the State Council, the relevant provinces, cities and central departments understand each other, support each other and unite and cooperate in the construction and resettlement of the Three Gorges reservoir area.

The spirit of hard work. Immigrants and migrant cadres have great potential in the practice of building and "rebuilding their homes" in the Three Gorges reservoir area.

From the end of 2002 to the beginning of 2003, CCTV held "Touching China 2002 People Selection", and selected 10 People and a special contribution award with the theme of "Touching China". The candidates came from all fields, but their shocking personality touched the whole of China. Millions of Three Gorges immigrants won the special prize of "giving up a small family for everyone". "Let the Three Gorges Museum collect this history on behalf of immigrants and make the Three Gorges Museum a spiritual home for immigrants." On July 3rd, 2003, the trophy and certificate of "Touching China-Person of the Year in 2002" won by millions of Three Gorges immigrants were officially collected by Chongqing China Three Gorges Museum.

Three Gorges Project

Since the mid-1950s, New China has carried out geological exploration for the Three Gorges Project for more than 40 years, and finally determined Sandouping as the dam site of the Three Gorges Project. Total length of Three Gorges192km. From the engineering geological point of view, only He Miao to Liantuo, with a length of 3 1km, is a flash-cloud igneous rock-plagiogranite, and Sandouping dam site is located in this reach. The granite at the dam site is formed by condensation and crystallization of granite slurry in the deep crust. Uniform lithology, complete rock mass and high mechanical strength; Rock mass permeability is weak; The dam site is a rigid block with high stability. This is a dam site suitable for building high concrete dams.

1On April 3, 1992, the Fifth Session of the Seventh National People's Congress deliberated and adopted a resolution on the construction of the Three Gorges Project on the Yangtze River. This cross-century project with an investment of more than 200 billion yuan and a construction period of 17 years finally got the "birth certificate". In order to give full play to the role of Chongqing as a mega-economic center city, which is conducive to the construction of the Three Gorges Project and the unified planning and resettlement of immigrants in the reservoir area, the central government decided to establish Chongqing municipality directly under the Central Government. 1997 17 On March 4th, the Fifth Session of the Eighth National People's Congress deliberated and passed the State Council's proposal on establishing a municipality directly under the Central Government. On June 18, Chongqing municipality was officially listed.

According to China's water conservancy and hydropower industry standards, the permanent hub buildings of the Three Gorges Project are first-class buildings, which need to be designed according to the once-in-a-millennium flood standard (flood flow of 98,800 m3/s) and checked according to the once-in-a-millennium flood plus 10% standard (flood flow124,300 m3/s). The seismic standard is higher than the basic seismic intensity ⅵ in the dam site area 1 degree, that is, ⅶ degree.