Ask for the loose-leaf answer of the general review guidance for the English senior high school entrance examination

Review outline of junior high school geography knowledge

The shape and size of the earth

The earth is an irregular region with a slightly flat polar part with an average diameter of 637 1 m.

2. Latitude

The similarity of the earth, along the east-west direction and around the earth, is called latitude. All similarities are round. The so-called latitude circle and latitude circle are long and short, and the longest equator is gradually shortened to two poles to one point. Latitude indicates the east-west direction.

The equator is the longest latitude, about 4 million meters. This is the same distance between the two hemispheres of the earth, divided into two hemispheres: the north and the south. The equator is 0 and the latitude is cut off. The latitude north of the equator is called north latitude, and it is customary to use "n" as the code name; Latitude is south of the equator, south latitude, and "S" means habit.

3. Latitude and longitude of longitude

Also known as the meridian on the earth, connecting the north and south poles, it is called the same latitude vertical line of the meridian. ; All the longitude lines are semicircular in length, indicating the north-south direction. The prime meridian with longitude of 0 (UK) is divided into east, west, east 180 and east 180, which is the customary code of "e", while the customary code of "w" in west 180 is the code. According to international practice, the east and west hemispheres are divided by the coils of 20 W and160 E.

4. The rotation of the earth and the alternation of day and night.

The earth keeps spinning around its axis, which is called earth rotation. The direction of earth rotation is from west to east. Rotation around 24 hours, that is, one day. This has produced the phenomenon of alternating day and night.

5. Revolution

And the rotation of the earth and seasonal changes, the earth revolves around the sun, the direction of the earth's revolution is naturally from west to east, and period of revolution is a year. The orbital plane always keeps an angle of 66.50 with the earth axis. Because of the rotation of the earth, the seasons have changed.

6, 5 area

In the south, this year is the tropical direct sunlight between the Tropic of Cancer, the sunlight on the ground and the hot climate all the year round. The Tropic of Cancer is the dividing line between tropical and temperate zones. The cold zone is in the north and south of Arctic Circle, Antarctic Circle, Extreme Night and Extreme Day. Polar circle is the dividing line between cold zone and temperate zone. In the area between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle, there are extreme days and nights in a year. The sunshine in the Arctic Circle and geothermal zone is less than that in the tropics and frigid zones, and the climate changes obviously between the four seasons and temperate zones. (Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn 32.5 degrees, Tropic of Capricorn 32.5 degrees, Arctic Circle 66.5 degrees, Antarctic Circle 66.5 degrees)

Map elements

Scales, legends and notes. The smaller the scope drawn on the map, the more detailed the content is, and the larger the scale should be chosen. On the contrary, the smaller the optional scale is. On the map, it is usually "north south, left west, right east"

The vertical distance of the ground above sea level and the calculation method of the ground height. The vertical distance from one location to another is called relative height.

9. Outline

The connecting lines of these points have the same height profile. Each contour has a corresponding height value. Steep slope, contour and density; The local slope is gentle and the outline is sparse.

10, distributed in the land and sea of the world.

The ocean area of the earth accounts for 7 1%, but it only accounts for 29% of the land area. The mainland and nearby islands are collectively called the mainland. All these are located in the northern hemisphere, Europe and North America.

1 1, landform

It is divided into five basic types: mountains, plains, plateaus, basins and hills.

Mountains: undulating ridges and peaks, steep slopes, and strip-shaped distribution of some high-altitude mountainous areas, generally exceeding 500 meters. Among them, the most prominent is the combination of some tall mountains and huge mountains: one is the Alps-Himalayas system across the central and southern parts of Eurasia; The other mountain runs through North and South America, the Rockies and the Andes. decreasing

Plain: Generally, the ground below 200 meters above sea level is flat or undulating, and "endless" is often used to describe the magnanimity of the plain. The Amazon Plain in South America is the largest plain in the world. The topography of Europe and Africa is relatively simple, while the topography of plains and plateaus in Asia is relatively complex, with high terrain in the middle, low terrain around and large area? Plateau, mountain and plain are distributed around the mainland. )

12 force, indicating terrain change.

The interior of the earth is called internal force, such as crustal movement, volcanic eruption and earthquake. These are all manifestations of the internal forces of the earth. Volcanoes and earthquakes in the world are mainly concentrated in the Pacific coast and the Mediterranean-Himalayan region where crustal activity is active. Forces from outside the earth are called external forces, water, wind, waves and glaciers.

13

Weather and climate are atmospheric conditions against wind, rain, heat and cold in a short time. It's time to change. Climate is an average weather condition that has hardly changed for many years.

14, temperature change

God, the temperature goes up and down. After the highest temperature on land, at noon 12( 14:00), the lowest temperature generally appears around sunrise. The annual average maximum temperature in most parts of the global land month is July in the northern hemisphere and 65438+ 10 in the southern hemisphere. The average minimum temperature in the northern hemisphere this month is 1, and in the southern hemisphere it is July. The difference between the highest value of a place and the monthly average temperature in a month and the annual average temperature and the lowest average temperature is called the ground.

15, world temperature distribution

The global average temperature gradually decreases, from low latitude to polar direction; At the same latitude, the temperatures of the ocean and the land are different. Land and ocean temperatures at high temperatures in summer. The opposite winter. Temperature also affects the influence of high and low topography. As the altitude of the mountain increases, the temperature will gradually decrease. About every altitude 100 meters, the temperature drops by about 0.6℃.

16, world precipitation distribution

General rule: the precipitation in equatorial region is less than that in polar region; On both sides of the Tropic of Cancer, there is little precipitation on the west coast, east coast, mid-latitude coastal areas and inland areas.

17, seasonal precipitation

Rainy areas throughout the year: in equatorial areas, such as Singapore, monthly rainfall; Dry areas throughout the year: inland areas with less monthly precipitation, polar regions, Cairo and Egypt, and areas with summer rainfall: north and south latitudes on the east coast of the African continent and rainy summers and dry winters around 300 to 400, such as Beijing and China; Rainy areas in winter: latitude is about 300 to 400, rainy in winter and less rainy in summer, such as Rome, Italy, and humid areas all the year round: latitude in the north and south of the mainland is about 400? 600, this area is affected by the west wind blowing from the ocean all the year round, with wet months and moderate rainfall, such as London.

18, main climate types and distribution in the world

Subtropical climate type

Mainly distributed in the equatorial region, it belongs to the tropical rainforest climate with high temperature and rainy weather.

2. The tropical grassland climate is mainly distributed in the north and south sides of equatorial rainforest climate in Africa and South America. High temperature all year round, in this year's dry season and rainy season.

3. The most remarkable tropical monsoon climate is in South Asia, Southeast India Peninsula and Indochina Peninsula. This climate is hot all year round, and it can also be divided into dry rain, autumn and monsoon all year round. Dry season, sea, land, drought, rainy season wind, sea wind, land, rainfall concentration.

4. It belongs to the tropical desert climate, mainly distributed on the west coast of tropical cancer continent and near the southern part of inland areas. This climate has little precipitation, is hot and dry all year round, and has a large desert on the ground.

Temperate climate type

Temperate and subtropical monsoon climate is distributed in eastern Asia. Summer is hot and rainy, and winter is cold and dry. The 0℃ isotherm of the average temperature around 65438+ 10 belongs to the northern temperate monsoon climate and the southern subtropical monsoon climate.

2. The Mediterranean climate is mainly distributed in the west coast of the mainland and the low latitudes along the Mediterranean coast, with hot and dry summers and mild and rainy winters.

3. The temperate continental climate is mainly distributed in mid-latitude, with Leng Xia fever in winter, temperature change and precipitation concentration in summer.

4. Located in the mid-latitude area on the west coast of the mainland, it is the most widely distributed and belongs to the temperate maritime climate of Western Europe, with moderate rainfall and interannual changes in temperature and precipitation.

19, natural resources

The value of human use of land, sunshine, water, minerals, forests, etc. , are natural resources. Their formation characteristics can be divided into two categories: one is renewable resources; A non-renewable resource. Renewable resources can be renewable energy or renewable resources in a short time. Non-renewable resources refer to resources that cannot be copied in human history.

Land use types, land use types can be divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland, construction land and other types.

2 1, allocation of land resources

The temperate humid plain has a warm climate and is suitable for agricultural development. What are the main distribution areas? Cultivated land in the world. Large areas of coniferous forests and tropical rainforests are preserved in cold and humid climate, sub-cold zone and hot and rainy tropical areas. The main distribution area of tropical and temperate grasslands in the vast semi-arid areas is world animal husbandry.

22. Water resources are distributed on the earth.

Water exists in three forms on the earth: sea water, land water and atmospheric water. Land water, glacier water, groundwater, lake water, swamp water, river water and biological water. On the earth, there is more than 96% of the total seawater. Freshwater resources include water stored in glaciers, widely used freshwater resources, major rivers, lakes (fresh water lakes) and groundwater. The main ways to protect water resources are: protect and rationally use water and reduce water waste; Prevent water pollution, plant trees and prevent soil erosion; Desalinate seawater and expand fresh water sources.

23. The general control room

Forest odor, air purification, fine water, increasing air humidity, windbreak, soil and water conservation, their properties and functions, and standardizing their components. Therefore, people call forest "natural air-conditioned room". What is the world forest area? 400 million hectares of land, mainly concentrated in coniferous forests and broad-leaved forests. Global forest resources are mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere.

24. Distribution of iron, coal and oil

The distribution of iron, coal and oil in the world is as follows:

1, iron ore in the world is mainly distributed in Russia, Malaysia, Australia, India, Canada and the United States. These seven countries account for about 90% of the world's iron reserves.

2. Coal is mainly distributed in Eurasia and central North America in the northern hemisphere. The world's coal reserves are China, the United States, Russian and other countries.

3. Pay great attention to the distribution of world oil resources. The Middle East accounts for more than half of the world oil reserves, mainly exported to Japan, Europe and North America.

25, the growth of the world population.

Among the continents in the world, especially the population growth rate, Africa's population accounts for the fastest growth rate of the world's population, followed by South America and Europe, with the slowest growth rate of 2%. In Europe, Asia accounts for 65,438+05%, North America for 65,438+00%, South America for 65,438+07%, and Oceania.

On June 26th, the world population moved.

After World War II, there are three main forms of small-scale population migration. The first is skilled migration, and a large number of high-quality talents flow from developing countries to developed countries. The second is the export of labor services. Foreign workers flow from developing countries to developed countries, to rich oil-exporting countries, from poor countries to densely populated countries, and the third is the migration of international refugees.

27. The world

The plains of Asia, Eastern and Southern Europe and Eastern North America are the most densely populated, and the population is distributed in densely populated areas, mainly in the low-latitude coastal waters. It is sparsely populated in cold tundra, ice sheets and vast cold coniferous forests, tropical rain forests in the middle and late development period, arid desert areas, and mountainous areas with high terrain and high altitude. question

28. One of the usual criteria is to measure a country's development level. More than 70% of the population is in developed countries, and the population of all cities in the world is in developing countries. Only a little more than 30% of the urban population accounts for the phenomenon of large-scale migration from rural areas to cities, mainly in developing countries.

29

The skin color, eye color and hair color of white people in the world are generally light wavy hair, with thin nose and lips and much body hair. They are mainly distributed in Europe, North America and Oceania. Yellow people have yellowish or brownish-black skin and straight, flat and medium hair. They are mainly distributed in eastern Asia, while blacks have dark skin, curly hair, thick lips and little body hair. They are mainly distributed in Africa, Oceania and the United States.

30./What is the largest country in the world with an area above 190, the size of the country and the name of170,000 square kilometers? Russia covers an area of 9.6 million square kilometers, and China ranks third. The smallest is the Vatican.

3 1, referred to as national boundaries and national boundaries, within the scope of land, territorial sea, territorial sea and airspace. Argentina in South America is bounded by the Andes in Chile; The United States and Canada are the eastern part of the lake center, and the western latitude is the boundary, that is, the longitude boundary.

32. Division of buried areas in the world

It is divided into 13 areas. Drawings, books read, volume 1, page 83.

33. Overview of East Asia

See P85 for the picture. East Asia is located in the eastern part of Asia and the western Pacific Ocean, including China, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, Japan and other countries. Mongolia plays an important role in animal husbandry. Japan is a country with developed modern industry. East Asian monsoon climate is one of the most remarkable regions in the world. At that time, the north wind in winter, the wind blowing from the cold Siberian and Mongolian plateaus and the Pacific Ocean was very strong, and the climate in most affected areas was cold and dry. The prevailing southerly winds in summer bring abundant precipitation, while winds from inland coastal areas reduce climate heat according to the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and precipitation. In East Asia monsoon climate zone, temperature and precipitation can be divided into temperate monsoon climate zone and subtropical monsoon climate zone. When the average temperature last month was lower than 0℃, the rainy season was shorter. The average temperature of the latter is above 0℃ in June 5438+ 10, and the rainy season is longer.

34. Population and economy in East Asia

What are the main distribution areas in East Asia? In the world of yellow race, most residents are yellow race. East Asia is one of the fastest growing and most dynamic regions in the world.

35. Physical and geographical features of Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia, Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku and Kyushu, which is relatively small and densely populated. More than three-quarters of Japan's mountainous land is mountainous and hilly, close to the Kanto Plain, and Tokyo Bay is the largest plain in Japan. Honshu Island, Kobe and Yokohama on the Pacific coast are famous seaports in China. The Japanese archipelago is located in the Pacific Rim, where there are many fires, earthquakes and volcanoes. Mount Fuji is a famous active volcano in the Asian continent, and the highest mountain is in Japan. Compared with the characteristic latitude of the ocean, the monsoon climate in Japan is warmer in winter, cooler in summer and abundant in precipitation. Most countries are covered by forests, and the rivers in mountainous areas are short and urgent, rich in water resources, but poor in mineral resources. See P90 for the picture.

36. Japanese economy

Japan's largest trading partner is the United States, followed by Asia and Western Europe. Kobe and Yokohama are the two largest foreign trade ports in Japan, and Japan's trade with China has developed greatly. Commodities imported from China, such as clothing, oil, coal, cotton, aquatic products and vegetables. China's merchandise exports, steel, electronic products and other industrial products.

Japanese industry is mainly distributed in the Pacific coast and the narrow strip of Seto Inland Sea, Tokyo, the southern part of Kanto Plain and the capital of the northwest coast of Tokyo Bay. The sea near Hokkaido, Japan is a world-famous fishing ground, and Japanese fishing boats often rank first in the world. Rice production is self-sufficient. Vegetables and fruits still need to be imported.

37. Southeast Asia

Map P94. Located in Southeast Asia, Southeast Asia includes Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago. The southern part of Indochina Peninsula, which extends to the equator, is called Malay Peninsula, and it is a country in Southeast Asia. Except Laos, it is inland and abroad, and other coastal countries or islands. The largest is Indonesia, with more than 13000 islands, which is the largest archipelagic country in the world. Most volcanic activities in the world. This is a "volcanic country", said. The southern part of the Malay Peninsula and most of the Malay Archipelago are located near the equator and belong to the tropical rainforest climate. Indo-China Peninsula and northern Philippine Islands belong to tropical monsoon climate.

38. Residents and Economy

Indonesian Southeast Asia is the most concentrated area of China and overseas Chinese, and most of their ancestors are China residents. More than half of Guangdong and Fujian, the most populous countries in Southeast Asia, are located in Java Island. Asia has the world's largest tropical cash crops such as natural rubber, palm oil, coconut, banana and rice, which are the staple foods of its residents. The most important minerals in Southeast Asia are tin and oil. Singapore is called "Garden City"

39. South Asia

See volume P 108 for the picture. The birthplace of Buddhism and Hinduism in South Asia. The Himalayas in the northern part of the South China Sea are towering into the sky, which is called the "South Asian subcontinent". The main agricultural areas and densely populated areas in the Indus and Ganges plains of South Asia. Deccan Plateau is occupied by most of the Indian Peninsula. South Asian monsoon rainfall, which affects from June to September every year, prevails in the southwest monsoon rainy season. 10 to May of the following year, the northwest monsoon prevails and it is a dry season.

40 years old, India

India has a large area of cultivated land, which is the largest in Asia. The main food crops in India are rice, wheat, cotton, tea, jute and other cash crops. India mainly has coal, iron, manganese and other minerals. Mainly distributed in the Deccan Plateau in the northeast. The capital, New Delhi. Calcutta is rich in jute, which is the textile industry center and important seaport of India. One of the most populous cities in India. Mumbai, located on the west coast, is India's largest seaport and center of cotton textile industry.

4 1, Central Asia

Central Asia is located in the middle of Eurasia and lives in a simple Asian land. The terrain is hills and plains. An inland river in central Asia. The west is close to the largest tidal lake and sea in the world. Pasture in Central Asia and South Central China is the third largest cotton production base in the world after China and the United States. Uzbekistan, known as the "Platinum Country", is rich in cotton, with fine-wool sheep and mutton sheep as animal husbandry. At the same time, mining, metallurgy and military industries are also quite developed.

Forty two.

The geographical position of West Asia is very important. It is at the junction of North Africa, West Asia and North Africa, Asia, Europe and Africa, and the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. The Dead Sea Lake is -400 meters above sea level, which is the lowest point in the world and the land surface. Most areas have a tropical desert climate. The highest temperature recorded in the world is in Aceh Zia, Libya and North Africa (57.8℃). The total precipitation is scarce, and only the Mediterranean coast is a typical Mediterranean climate.

43. Sahara Desert

It is the largest desert in the world. The Atlantic Ocean on the west coast, the Red Sea in the east, the Mediterranean coast in the north, the prairie in southern Sudan, about 1/4 Africa, a desert rich in oil with high temperature and little rain all the year round.

44. Arabia and Islam

West Asia and North Africa are multi-ethnic areas, mainly white. Common Arabic, these countries are called "Arab countries". West Asia is the birthplace of Islam, Christianity and Judaism. Mecca in Saudi Arabia is called the holy city of Islam. It is regarded as the holy city of Jerusalem, Islam, Christianity and Judaism.

45. The largest oil depot in the world

West Asia and North Africa are oil producers and exporters. With the Persian Gulf in West Asia as the center, it forms a huge oil with Saudi Arabia, Iran, Kuwait and Iraq, and is the main oil producer in West Asia. Oil reserves account for 1/2 of the world's total oil reserves, and the output accounts for 1/4 of the national total output. The oil produced is mainly exported to western Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries and regions. Morocco, a country's phosphate rock reserves account for 3/4 of the world.

46. Animal husbandry and agriculture

Oasis agriculture representing the plant date palm.

47 years old, Pakistan

Located in the west of Arabian Peninsula, it is the transportation hub of Europe, Asia and Africa. Drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation technology.

48 years old, Egypt

Located in northeast Africa, Sinai Peninsula in Asia, and Egyptian territory. More than 90% of the whole territory is desert, and cultivated land, population and cities are mainly concentrated in a plain along the Nile Delta and an estuary. The Nile, which is more than 6,600 kilometers long, is the longest river in the world. It originates from the plateau in eastern Africa and flows into the Mediterranean Sea from south to north. Cairo, the capital, is the most populous city in Arab countries. Alexandria is an important port along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. In the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, Suez Canal, the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea connect the Indian Ocean, sail to the Atlantic Ocean, bypass the Horn of Africa, and shorten 8000- 10000 km. In the past, Egypt was a country dominated by agriculture, and it has always been a famous export commodity of Egyptian long-staple cotton. In recent years, Egypt's oil, canals, remittances and tourism revenues have surpassed cotton to become Egypt's main economic pillar. The pyramids and other historical sites in Egypt are the main tourist attractions.

Forty nine

Sub-Saharan Africa, the hometown of black people in the world. On the whole African continent, the East African Rift Zone starts from Zambezi River in the south, passes through the plateau terrain near the Dead Sea in the Red Sea in the north, and extends to West Asia. An extinct volcano, Kilimanjaro, the highest peak in Africa. The Rift Valley in East Africa is a fault formed in the process of crustal movement. The ocean of Madagascar, the largest island in Africa, is a prominent sharp corner, known as the Cape of Good Hope. It is widely distributed in Africa and tropical continent? The savanna climate in sub-Saharan Africa. Animals zebra, antelope, giraffe, lion and leopard. The reserves and production of gold and diamonds account for the vast majority of South Africa's gold production. Guinea bauxite is the country with the highest output, and Zambia is an important copper producer. Nigeria is a major oil exporter.

Fifty, yes.

Residents and economy in the decade before the war, Africa, 1990, Egypt, Ethiopia, Liberia, three different countries. Namibia, the last colony, declared independence The whole economy is based on the primary product economy.

5 1

South Africa South Africa is located at the southernmost tip of the African continent, close to the capital Pretoria. Cape Town is the largest port in South Africa. Johannesburg's gold mining and machinery manufacturing industrial center.

52, in western Europe

Western Europe borders the Arctic Ocean in the north and the Mediterranean Sea in the south. The coastline is very tortuous. The main peninsula, northern Scandinavia, southern Iberia, Apennine and Margain are the three major peninsulas. The main islands of the British Isles and Iceland. Mainly inland sea? The northern and southern parts of the Baltic Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, Southeast Asia, the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, Europe, Asia, Africa and the west are connected with the Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar, and the marginal sea of the North Sea.

The topography of western Europe is mainly distributed in plains and mountains, the eastern plain of the Rhine River, the western plain, western Europe, Scandinavian mountains in northern Europe, and the main eastern and western Alps in the north and south. There are many glaciers and lakes in western Scandinavia. Mont Blanc on the border of stmicroelectronics (ST) is the highest mountain in western Europe.

The climate is maritime. Winter is relatively mild and it is relatively cool all the year round. The average distribution of precipitation in rainy season gradually decreases to the east, and the annual average temperature gradually increases from west to east. The Mediterranean coast is dominated by evergreen shrubs and arid vegetation. The Danube River originates from nine countries, enters the Black Sea, flows through European countries to international rivers, and the Rhine River flows through Ruhr-gebiet. It is also an important international river.

53. Western European economy

The residents are mainly white, and the most densely populated area is the industrial zone. The natural population growth rate is the lowest. Economically developed areas account for about 1/3 of the world's industrial and agricultural production. Its foreign trade is very developed, accounting for more than 1/2 of the total foreign trade, ranking first in the world, including Germany.

54. Britain

The full name of Britain is "Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Britain. Including Great Britain and the northeastern part of northern Ireland. Great Britain is divided into three parts, England, Scotland and Wales. Britain is the political and economic center of the country. In the first industrialized country. Continue to maintain the world merchant tonnage. British oil is mainly imported. Economic driving force of beihai oilfield. London, the capital, is known as the "Fog City", a tourist attraction, the British Museum, the China Metallurgical Science and Technology Observatory at Greenwich Mean Time, and the cemetery where Marx is buried.

55 years old, France

It is the largest country in western Europe. There are favorable conditions for developing agriculture, mainly distributed in plains and hilly areas, with mild and humid climate and fertile soil, which is conducive to agricultural development. The development of horticulture in southwest and Mediterranean regions, especially in the production of famous wines and world famous wines. At present, France is the largest exporter of agricultural products in Europe.