Geography outline for the second semester of grade two, China Map Publishing House.

Review outline of the second volume of eighth grade geography

Geographical significance of Qinling-Huaihe line: ① It is the dividing line between the southern and northern regions of China; ② It is roughly equivalent to the 0℃ isotherm of 65438+ 10 in winter in China; ③ It is the place where the annual precipitation of 800 mm and other precipitation lines generally pass in China; ④ It is the dividing line between semi-humid area and humid area in China; ⑤ is the dividing line between warm temperate zone and subtropical zone in China.

Chapter five, four geographical regions of China.

The first section, the division of four geographical regions.

1. Reasons for regional division: According to different needs, a region can have multiple "identities" at the same time, and the same type of region can be divided into regions of different scales or levels.

2. Area type: natural areas (tropical areas, Yangtze River Delta, etc.). ), economic region (industrial region, etc. ) and administrative regions.

3. China has a vast territory, and the geographical environment in different regions is very different. According to the different geographical location, natural environment and human geographical characteristics, China is divided into four geographical regions, namely, the northern region, the southern region, the northwest region and the Qinghai-Tibet region. Among them, the monsoon region roughly includes the northern region and the southern region of four geographical regions; Non-monsoon regions generally include northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet region.

Note: P5 Activity 1, 2, 3 and P4 Figure 5.4

Section 1, Northern Region and Southern Region

Northern region: (P8 activity 1, 2; Activity 1)

1. Location: including all or most of the three northeastern provinces, the provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, the southeast of Ningxia, Gansu, and the north of Jiangsu and Anhui provinces; The terrain is mainly plain and plateau; 20% of the area; The population accounts for 40%, and the Han nationality accounts for the vast majority. Among the ethnic minorities are: Manchus and Koreans in the northeast; Hui people in Ningxia and Gansu;

Vegetation and fruit trees: natural forests in Northeast China and temperate fruits; Mineral resources: iron; Main energy sources: coal and oil;

Main fruits: apples, grapes, pears, peaches, apricots and persimmons;

Second, the ecological environment and its governance

Fragile ecological environment: due to long-term reclamation, soil erosion and serious deterioration of the ecological environment (Northeast: black soil loss; North China: the threat of drought, flood, alkali and sandstorm; Loess Plateau: the loess is bare, with ravines criss-crossing);

Northeast plain: returning farmland to forests, returning farmland to grazing and rebuilding ecological homes; North China Plain: Build water conservancy, improve irrigation conditions, build farmland forest network, improve soil and reduce disasters; Loess Plateau: planting trees, returning farmland to forests, returning farmland to grassland and developing ecological agriculture;

Southern region:

I. Location range

Including the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the southern coast and the southwest; The area accounts for 25%; The population accounts for 55%, the Han nationality accounts for the vast majority, and there are more than 30 ethnic minorities with a population of more than 50 million, mainly distributed in Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Chongqing, Hunan and Qiong provinces. There are many people: Zhuang, Miao, Yi, Tujia, Buyi, Dong, Bai, Hani, Dai and Li.

Vegetation and fruit trees: subtropical and tropical cash crops and fruit trees (Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Sichuan Basin-the main producing areas of mulberry planting and sericulture-silk; Hainan Island, Leizhou Peninsula and southern Yunnan are the production bases of natural rubber);

Main fruits: sugarcane produced in Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Taiwan Province; Banana, litchi, longan, pineapple, citrus, longan and other fruits are produced in the southern coastal areas; Coconut is produced in Hainan Island; Mineral resources: non-ferrous metals; Main energy sources: nuclear energy and abundant water energy;

Second, the ecological environment and its governance

1, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River Basin are flood-prone areas in China. Reinforce the dam; Dredging waterways; Centralized control of pollution sources within a time limit.

2. Red soil is developed in a high temperature and rainy environment, with much iron and wind, little organic matter, strong acidity and heavy soil viscosity. It is one of the low-yield soils in southern China, which needs to be improved: increasing the application of organic fertilizer and supplementing hydrated lime. Change the acidity of soil, plant acid-resistant economic trees, such as tea tree, camellia oleifera, Chinese fir, Pinus massoniana, etc., to inhibit the viscosity of soil.

P8 activity 1, 2

Qinling-North of Huaihe River-Qinling-South of Huaihe River Comparison Project

Differences in natural landscapes

1 (higher/lower than 0) The monthly average temperature is lower than 0 and higher than 0.

The annual precipitation is less (generally less than 800 mm) and more (generally more than 800 mm)

Climate type temperate monsoon climate subtropical and tropical monsoon climate

The main terrain is dominated by plains and plateaus, and plains, basins, plateaus and hills crisscross.

Vegetation type temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest

The river flow is small and large.

Is there a river or an ice age?

Causes of human landscape differences

Farming system crops are cooked once a year or

The climate of triple cropping in two years and double cropping to triple cropping in one year.

Cultivated land type Dry land paddy field climate and topography

Climate of grain, wheat and rice

Oil crop peanut oil vegetable

Sugar crop beet sugarcane

Cash crops such as cotton, millet and soybean.

Traditional houses have small slopes, thick walls and large roofs.

Wall high climate

The traditional modes of transportation are mainly land (carriage) and water (boat).

Traditional sports such as skiing, skating and dragon boat racing, swimming terrain and climate.

Section III, Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet Region

I. Northwest China: P 12 Activity 1, 2

1. Location: west of Daxing 'anling, north of Great Wall, Kunlun Mountain-Altun Mountain: Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Xinjiang, Ningxia, northern Gansu, with an area of 30% and a population of 4%. The population density is small and sparsely populated, mainly Han nationality, accounting for about 2/3. Ethnic minorities mainly include Mongolian, Hui and Uygur, who live in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and Xinjiang respectively.

2. The topography of northwest China is mainly plateaus and basins. The climate is mainly arid and semi-arid temperate continental climate; From east to west, the vegetation landscape is grassland, desert grassland and desert (reason: precipitation is getting less and less from west to east); There is a large area of desert in the western basin; Only rare oases appear at the edge of the basin. There are few rivers in northwest China, mostly inland rivers and seasonal rivers.

All these show that the northwest region is a region with drought as its main natural feature. P 12 activity 1, 2

The Qinghai-Tibet region is a unique region because of its high terrain. The Qinghai-Tibet region includes Xizang Autonomous Region, Qinghai Province and western Sichuan Province. The climate is dominated by alpine climate; The terrain is mainly plateau and mountain. With an average elevation of more than 4,000 meters, it is known as the "roof of the world". Characteristics of rivers: There are many rivers and lakes, which are the birthplace of great rivers. The most important natural feature of this area is the extreme cold.

4. Northwest China and Qinghai-Tibet are the main pastoral areas in China, and the grassland and main livestock breeds have their own characteristics.

Qinghai-Tibet region in northwest China.

Pasture types: grassland pasture in Inner Mongolia, mountainous pasture in Xinjiang, alpine pasture in Qinghai and alpine pasture in Tibet.

Three hippos, three cows, fine-wool sheep, yak, Tibetan sheep and Tan sheep are mainly cultivated.

Farming irrigation agriculture (Ningxia plain, Hexi corridor, Tianshan foothills) valley agriculture (Huangshui valley, southern Tibet valley)

The main crops are barley and wheat such as wheat, corn, long-staple cotton and melon.

3. Ecological environment construction in northwest China.

Formation of sandstorm: Northwest China is mainly caused by drought and water shortage, low vegetation coverage, extensive management, overgrazing and blind reclamation, and the desertification area is expanding year by year.

At present, the people in northwest China are rebuilding the ecological environment in the west through measures and technologies such as returning farmland to forests and grasslands, building ecological forests, vigorously developing artificial grasslands, and promoting enclosure.

6. Rich energy and mineral resources in Qinghai-Tibet region P 14 Activity 2

① Abundant solar energy resources: Because of the high terrain, thin air and good transparency in this area, when the sun rays pass through, the heat loss is less and more people reach the ground. Lhasa is called "Sunlight City". /kloc-more than 0/000 hours, Yangbajing geothermal station.

(2) the birthplace of the great river:

With high altitude, cold climate and small evaporation, melting water of ice and snow has become the main water source of rivers.

③ Qaidam Basin-cornucopia and Chaerhan Salt Lake area.

7. Ecological environment in Qinghai-Tibet region: protecting the source of the Three Rivers.

Located in Qinghai Province, the source area of Sanjiang River is known as the "Water Tower of China", which is the most important water conservation area in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the Lancang River.

Long-term unreasonable deforestation, grazing and farming-lakes are shrinking, wetlands are degraded, runoff is reduced, grasslands are seriously degraded, soil desertification is rapid, the number of Tibetan antelopes and wild donkeys is sharply reduced, and the ecological environment is seriously deteriorated-restore forest and grass vegetation, control degraded grasslands, and improve the ecological environment in the source area of the Three Rivers.

Chapter VI, Understanding Provinces and Regions

The first section, Beijing

I. Geographical location: P 19 Activity 1

1 is located in the north of North China Plain, 50 km away from Bohai Sea1in the east, bordering Tianjin in the southeast, and surrounded by Hebei Province on the other three sides. The area of Beijing is 1. 680,000 square kilometers, with an existing population of13.82 million.

2. Physical and geographical features of Beijing: ① Topography: the northwest and northeast are surrounded by mountains on three sides, with high terrain, and the southeast is a part of the North China Plain; ② Climate: Beijing belongs to a typical temperate continental monsoon climate: cold and dry in winter, high temperature and rainy in summer, with annual precipitation of 609 mm; ③ Rivers: The rivers in Beijing belong to Haihe River system, including Yongding River, Wenyu River and Chaopi River.

3. Advantages of Beijing's geographical location: ① superior latitude and land and sea location, Beijing is located in the mid-latitude temperature zone, inland, not far from the sea, which makes Beijing suitable for moderate cold, hot and dry climate advantages; The strategic position is superior, and the terrain of Beijing determines that it is easy to defend but difficult to attack in wartime, and it is suitable for economic development and urban construction in peacetime; The economic location is superior, and the western part of Beijing is backed by the China Loess Plateau energy and raw materials base; South of Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, it is rich in grain, cotton, oil and other products; Arrive in northern Inner Mongolia, the largest pastoral area in China. These areas have laid a solid material foundation for Beijing's economic development, urban construction and people's life.

Second, Beijing's urban functions:

Beijing is the political, cultural and international communication center of China: ① Beijing is the political center of China: the National People's Congress, the highest authority in China, the highest administrative organs in the State Council and China, and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China are all in Beijing; Beijing is the cultural center of our country: there are hundreds of universities and research institutions such as Peking University, Tsinghua, National People's Congress and Chinese Academy of Sciences, as well as many stadiums, museums and many national literary and art groups. (3) Beijing is an important international exchange center in China. There are many foreign embassies, representative offices of international organizations, representative offices of overseas enterprises and foreign journalists stationed in Beijing, and international conferences of various countries are often held here.

Third, an ancient city with a long history.

1. Ancient city pattern: The ancient city pattern was formed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The buildings in the city were arranged in a chessboard shape, with palaces in the center and passing through the center.

There is a central axis that extends from north to south and makes the city symmetrical left and right, showing a "convex" shape, and the house faces north and south.

There are many places of interest in Beijing, such as the Great Wall, the Summer Palace, the Temple of Heaven, Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site,

Among them, the Forbidden City in Beijing is the largest and most well-preserved palace complex in the world.

3. The site of Beijing has experienced two great changes in space since Liao Dynasty, both of which are closely related to water sources.

Fourth, urban modernization.

1. Urban modernization is manifested in all aspects of the economy, such as convenient transportation, smooth information, beautiful environment, complete functions, advanced facilities and high level of culture, education and scientific research.

2. Beijing is the heart of China and the symbol of China, so Beijing must develop into a modern metropolis, because Beijing is an ancient historical and cultural city, and its history has a far-reaching impact on today. Therefore, in the construction and development of Beijing, we should pay attention to maintaining the pattern of the old city and the original style and etiquette while building modern buildings, which makes Beijing a special landscape where tradition and modernity coexist.

3. For the rapid development of Beijing's modernization and the continuous enhancement of its international competitiveness and service functions, on the one hand, Beijing has increased infrastructure construction, on the other hand, it has actively developed high-tech industries, making Beijing more and more an international modern metropolis with coordinated development of people and land.

Section 2. Special Administrative Region-Hong Kong and Macau

First, Hong Kong and Macao profile comparison

Area of population (10,000 people) when returning to the motherland (km2); Composition of main residents.

Hong Kong1997.7.167,800 1092 East of the Pearl River Estuary, adjacent to Shenzhen, China, 98% British (mostly from Guangdong Province), and the other 2% Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the "New Territories" and more than 200 islands around them.

Macau1999.122440016 the west bank of the Pearl River Estuary, adjacent to Zhuhai, China, 95% (native of Guangdong Province), Portugal, 3%, Macau Peninsula and two nearby islands.

Second, Hong Kong has a large population and a small area, and its topography is characterized by mountains and little flat land. Two ways of urban construction land expansion: "going to heaven"-building tall buildings; "Going to the sea"-filling the sea to build roads.

Third, Hong Kong's economy is developed-"Oriental Pearl" and "Shopping Paradise"

1, the tertiary industry in Hong Kong is very developed, and it is an international trade center, financial center, transportation center, information service center and tourism center.

2. Hong Kong's developed entrepot trade depends on the following conditions: ① superior geographical location; ② Flexible economic policies (free trade ports) ③ Close ties with Chinese mainland. P3 1 The advantages of Hongkong and China are complementary.

Re-export trade refers to a form of trade in which goods purchased from one country are directly sold to other countries instead of being sold locally. Mainland China is Hong Kong's largest entrepot trading partner.

Principles of economic cooperation between Hong Kong and the Mainland: economic cooperation, complementary advantages and mutual benefit.

Export products: clothing, electronic appliances, plastic products, textiles, watches and clocks, toys are mainly consumer goods and labor-intensive products.

Three. Macao's economy and development strategy

Gambling tourism is an important economic pillar of Macao's economic development.

Join hands with the mainland to develop in Zhuhai, forming a Macao-Zhuhai-Guangzhou development axis.

Section 3. The Holy Territory of the Motherland-Taiwan Province Province

1, Location (P33 activity 1, 2) Taiwan Province Province includes Taiwan Province Island, and many small islands such as Penghu Islands and Diaoyu Islands nearby. Taiwan Province Island is the largest island in China, bordering the East China Sea in the north, the Pacific Ocean in the east, the South China Sea in the south and Fujian Province across the Taiwan Province Strait in the west.

2. Topographic features of Taiwan Province Province: mountainous, with hills accounting for 2/3, and plains mainly distributed in the west. Among them, Yushan is the highest peak.

3. Taiwan Province Island is a rich treasure island, with superior natural environment and rich resources such as forests, minerals and aquatic products, and is known as the "Pearl of Southeast Seas".

4. Taiwan Province Island has a subtropical and tropical climate, which is warm and humid. The western plain is fertile and rich in rice, sugarcane, tea and tropical and subtropical fruits. About half of the land on the island is covered with dense forests and has the reputation of "Asian Natural Botanical Garden". Cinnamomum camphora is the most famous tree species in Taiwan Province Province, and its camphor production ranks first in the world.

In addition, Taiwan Province Island is also known as "the rice warehouse on the sea, the sweet island in the east, the hometown of fruits, the sea of forests and the southeast salt bank". P36 activity 1, 2, 3.

Reasons for Taiwan Province Province's rich products:

Low latitude (the Tropic of Cancer passes through the central part of Taiwan Province Province), surrounded by the sea; Tropical and subtropical monsoon climate; Plate collision tectonic belt; Mountain topography; A short and swift river.

5. Before 1960s, the economy of Taiwan Province Province was dominated by agriculture and agricultural products, and it exported cane sugar, pineapple, rice and camphor. Since 1960s, Taiwan Province Province has focused on developing export processing industry, forming an "import-processing-export" economy.

6. Industries in Taiwan Province Province are mainly distributed in Taibei, Taichung and Kaohsiung. They are located in the coastal plain of western Taiwan. The factors influencing the formation of this distribution feature are terrain conditions, traffic conditions, population distribution and a long history of development. P38-39 Activity 1, 2

6. Since 1960s, the tertiary industry in Taiwan Province Province has greatly increased, the fluctuation of the secondary industry has slightly increased, and the primary industry has continued to decline, which shows the rapid economic development of Taiwan Province Province.

Section IV-Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

I. Geographical location: P4 1 Activity 1, 2

Located in the northwest border of China, it is adjacent to eight countries including Mongolia, Russia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan from east to southwest. It is the provincial administrative region with the largest number of neighboring countries in China. With an area of 1.6 million square kilometers, it is the largest provincial administrative region in China, and a multi-ethnic area with Uighurs and Hans as the main body.

Second, the natural environment:

1. Topography: Three mountains and two basins, Altun Mountain, Junggar Basin, Tianshan Mountain, Tarim Basin and Kunlun Mountain.

2. Rivers: There are few rivers, mainly inland rivers.

There are two main rivers in this area: Tarim River, the largest inland river in China, and Irtysh River, which flows into the Arctic Ocean.

3. The climate is dry. Reason: Because it is far away from the ocean and surrounded by high mountains, the airflow from the ocean is not easy to reach, so the precipitation in Xinjiang is scarce and the climate is dry.

Impact: The climate is dry and there is little rain, and the water source mainly comes from the melting water of alpine ice and snow glaciers. Moistened by the melting water of ice and snow glaciers, there are many oases in the foothills of the basin edge, and the population cities in Xinjiang are concentrated in these oases.

Xinjiang (Oasis) is the most important agricultural production base. Summer (high temperature) and (light) are sufficient, and the temperature difference between day and night is large, which is suitable for planting a variety of crops. People use the ancient water diversion project (karez) to develop characteristic (irrigation) agriculture. Wheat, corn and sorghum are the main crops here. Based on the unique light and heat conditions, (cotton, sugar beet and various fruits) have become the characteristic agricultural products of Xinjiang oasis. Figure 6.36 P43 and P43 activities 1, 2,3

5. Energy development: Xinjiang's oil and gas reserves account for about 1/3 of the country's total land reserves, including natural gas resources in Tarim Basin.

Accounting for 22% of the total onshore natural gas reserves in China.

In order to stabilize the east and vigorously develop the west, the state has implemented the "West-to-East Gas Transmission Project", starting from Lunnan in Tarim Basin and ending in Shanghai, that is, the target is the Yangtze River Delta. General situation of west-to-east gas transmission and its benefits to the East and West, P47 Figure 6.40.

Chapter seven, understanding the various regions in the province.

Part I: Pearl River Delta, an open area facing the ocean.

First, the frontier of opening to the outside world

1. Location: Located in the southeast of Guangdong Province, at the lower reaches of the Pearl River, adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, and across the sea from Southeast Asia. Known as the "South Gate" of China.

2. Favorable conditions for becoming the frontier of opening to the outside world: ① Location factors: South China Sea, Hong Kong and Macao, facing Southeast Asia across the sea, with superior geographical location and convenient land and sea transportation, it is called the "South Gate" of China; ② Human factors: dense population and abundant labor resources. With the historical tradition of opening to the outside world, many places are famous hometown of overseas Chinese; ③ Policy factors: The state implements the policy of "opening to the outside world and giving priority to development" in the Pearl River Delta region (setting up special zones, opening up in an all-round way, bringing the rich first and then getting rich).

Economic characteristics: P53 activity 1, 2. three

1. Export-oriented economy: processing and manufacturing industry is the leading industry, and export is the business direction.

2. The main source of foreign investment in the Pearl River Delta region is Hong Kong and Macao, and the products are mainly exported through Hong Kong and Macao trade channels, and exported to Southeast Asia, Europe, Africa, America, Oceania and other regions, earning a lot of foreign exchange. By the end of the 20th century, it has become one of the largest production and export bases of electronic and daily consumer goods in the world.

The mode of division of labor and cooperation between them is "front shop and back factory", "front shop" refers to Hong Kong and Macao, and "back factory" refers to the Pearl River Delta.

3. Comparison between central and southern Liaoning and the Pearl River Delta: study guidance and training.

Third, the development of cities and towns.

Important symbol: the land use pattern has undergone major changes.

Reasons: ① the export-oriented economy is becoming increasingly prosperous; (2) Changes in industrial structure.

The second section, Xishuangbanna, is a characteristic tourist area in the southwest border.

I. Geographical location: P60 activity 1, 2

1 is located in the south of Yunnan Province, the southwest border of China, south of the Tropic of Cancer, at the southernmost tip of Hengduan Mountains, bordering Laos and Myanmar in the south, and also connecting Thailand and Vietnam through Lancang-Mekong River.

2. Influenced by the humid southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean, Xishuangbanna has a tropical monsoon climate, with high annual temperature, which is obviously divided into dry season and rainy season.

Under the influence of tropical monsoon climate, Xishuangbanna has formed an original tropical rainforest landscape. Apart from Hainan Province, the pristine tropical rain forest in China is the most intact place, with tall trees, roots, strangled plants, single-tree forests, Asian elephants, green peacocks, long-tailed apes and so on.

Second, rich tourism resources.

1. Located at the border, border tourism and outbound tourism can be developed nearby;

2. The location here is superior, the scenery is unique and the animal and plant resources are abundant. Known as the "tropical animal kingdom".

3. Ethnic minorities live in compact communities here, with profound cultural background and attractive ethnic customs.

Note: The main ethnic minority in Xishuangbanna is the Dai people. They live in bamboo houses, eat bamboo rice, celebrate the Water-splashing Festival and dance in peacock dance. The relationship between these cultural customs and the natural environment. P60 Activity 2

Third, the booming tourism industry.

1. For a long time, Xishuangbanna has been dominated by agricultural production. Since the mid-1980s, with the encouragement of the relevant policies of the state and Yunnan Province, Xishuangbanna's tourism industry has risen rapidly and become an important pillar industry, which has promoted the economic development of Xishuangbanna.

2. The reasons for the decline of tourism are: ① the number of surrounding scenic spots has increased; ② The local scenic spots are scattered; (3) unscrupulous traders are immoral; (4) The ecological environment is under great pressure; ⑤ The scenic spots are similar. P63 Activities 2 and 3

Countermeasures for revitalization: P63 Activity II ① Scientific and rational development, utilization and protection of tourism resources; ② Implement the strategy of sustainable development.

Chapter 8: Understanding Inter-provincial Regions

The first section, the loess plateau, the special terrain with criss-crossing gullies.

I. Geographical location and scope: P67 activity 1

1, starting from Taihang Mountain in the east, reaching Wushaoling Mountain in the west, Qinling Mountain in the south and Great Wall in the north, spanning four provinces of Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia. The total area is 640,000 square kilometers.

2. The formation of loess: aeolian theory-that loess is blown from deserts and Gobi in Central Asia and Mongolia. P67 Activity: 2

3. Loess landform landscape: loess plateau, loess beam and loess promontory.

Two. Serious soil erosion P 12 activity 1, 3

1. Causes of soil erosion: 1. Natural factors mainly include topography, rainfall, soil (ground material composition), vegetation and so on. (1) The terrain is generally mountainous with a large slope; ② Precipitation is mainly concentrated in July and August, with heavy rain; ③ Loess is loose in structure, and many substances are easily soluble in water; (4) The surface is bare, lacking the protection of vegetation. 2. Man-made factors: ① Deforestation, grass destruction and steep slope land reclamation destroyed the ground vegetation; (2) Mining, road construction and other capital construction do not pay attention to soil and water conservation, which destroys the ground vegetation and stable terrain. At the same time, a large number of abandoned earth and stone are dumped into the river ditch at will, resulting in new sand and gravel loss.

P69 Activity 3: Areas prone to soil erosion: Loess Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin, and mountainous areas in northern North China. Formation conditions: generally, the precipitation is large, and the seasonal variation of precipitation is large; The terrain is generally mountainous, and the surface slope is large.

2. Consequences of soil erosion. P68

Third, the fragile ecological environment

1, vicious circle of man-land relationship in the Loess Plateau: P7 1 Figure 8.6438+00.

2. The fragile ecological environment of the Loess Plateau: P72 Activity 2.

3. Drought and flood are the most important natural disasters in the Loess Plateau. In addition, there are collapses, landslides and mudslides.

4. Ecological construction measures: ① biological measures such as planting trees and grass are combined with engineering measures such as building terraces and repairing earth dams to control soil erosion; (2) Reasonably arrange production activities, such as returning farmland to forests and grasslands on steep slopes, and reduce the number of grazing livestock in overgrazing areas.

Measures to solve the ecological construction of the Loess Plateau: ① Strengthen family planning, strictly control population growth and improve population quality; ② Migrate the population with fragile ecological environment to other places and establish new immigrant villages; (3) government departments should vigorously publicize and provide farmers with food and subsidies, so that they can respond to the call of returning farmland and actively carry out ecological construction; ④ In the process of ecological construction in the Loess Plateau, we should adjust measures to local conditions, develop diversified businesses according to local natural conditions, increase income, and solve the problem of large population and little land on the Loess Plateau.

Section II-Areas with Rivers as Lifelines-Areas along the Yangtze River

I. Geographical location and scope: P75 activity 1, 2

1. Location: The Yangtze River starts from Shanghai in the east and reaches Panzhihua in Sichuan in the west, stretching for more than 3,000 kilometers from east to west; The north-south width is roughly within the range of 100-200 km on both sides of the Yangtze River. This is a typical banded area.

Topographic regions spanning from east to west: the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, Sichuan Basin and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau.

Most of them are located between 25 and 35 north latitude. The main stream of the Yangtze River runs through the east and west, and inland navigation is developed. Shanghai, Jiangsu and Zhejiang in the east of the region are in a central position in the national shipping network, with developed shipping and superior geographical position.

2. Unique natural conditions: ① Topography: generally speaking, it is relatively flat, mainly with plains and low hills; ② Climate: subtropical monsoon climate (climate feature: P75 Figure 8. 18), with good hydrothermal conditions; ③ Rivers: dense river networks, numerous lakes and abundant water resources; ④ Rich in natural resources, such as water conservancy and hydropower resources, forest resources, wildlife resources, tourism resources, agricultural resources and mineral resources.

Two. Contact and radiate P78 activities along the Yangtze River 1

1, the connection between east and west: P77 Figure 8.22

(1) The western region can enter the international market by river-sea transportation; (2) Shanghai, Nanjing, Wuhan, Chongqing and other commercial centers are connected from east to west along the Yangtze River, becoming a link between East and West businesses; ③ The area along the Yangtze River is the channel for the eastern coastal industries to advance to the central and western regions; (4) The area along the Yangtze River is the channel for the eastern technology and information to transfer to the central and western regions.

2. Function of radiating north and south: P78 activity 1 passes through numerous north-south tributaries and traffic trunk roads, and its economic and technological advantages can radiate north and south, thus integrating China's north-south economy.

3.① Basis and conditions of radiation along the Yangtze River-strong agricultural and industrial foundation, leading development level of high-tech and related industries in China, and convenient land and water transportation; ② The motive force of radiating the Yangtze River-the most dynamic high-tech and related industries; ③ radiation direction along the river-from local to north and south; (4) Significance of radiation along the Yangtze River —— With the help of economic and technological advantages along the Yangtze River, integrate the north-south economy of China and strengthen regional economic cooperation.

3. Cities along the Yangtze River

1. The Yangtze River is the lifeline for the formation and continuous development of cities along the Yangtze River.

2. Relying on the convenient shipping and abundant water resources along the Yangtze River, four mega-cities and four urban agglomerations have been formed along the Yangtze River.

3. These megacities are the economic, economic, cultural and transportation centers in the region, which have a strong radiation and driving effect on the economic development inside and outside the region.

4. Difference in distribution density of towns along the Yangtze River: the upstream density is low, and the middle and lower reaches are densely distributed, especially in the Yangtze River Delta region.

Four. Industry along the Yangtze River

1. Four industrial bases: ① The industrial belt formed by Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou is the largest comprehensive base in China; The industrial belt centered on Wuhan is an important base of China's steel and textile industry. (3) Electric power, metallurgy and other industrial bases centered on Yichang and Chongqing; ④ Steel and coal industrial bases centered on Panzhihua and Liupanshui. Formation conditions of four industrial bases and their relationship with natural resources.

2. The embryonic form of the four "industrial corridors": ① Iron and steel industrial corridor: along the Yangtze River, there are steel industrial bases such as Shanghai Baoshan, Anhui Maanshan, Hubei Wuhan, Sichuan Chongqing and Panzhihua; ② Automobile Industry Corridor: There are automobile and motorcycle bases in Shanghai (Santana, Buick and Sail), Nanjing (Iveco), Wuhan and Chongqing (Jialing and Yin Gang) along the river; ③ Petrochemical industry; ④ Textile.

3. (Activities on page P83) Cooperation between the upper and lower reaches of the Yangtze River: While actively developing the regional economy, according to the principle of "complementary advantages, mutual benefit, joint action and * * * common development", the rich power resources and broad market advantages in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River will be combined with the advantages in capital, technology, talents and management in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River to form a new Yangtze River Economic Belt.

V. Ecological environment and governance:

Serious soil erosion in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River; The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the areas with the most concentrated, frequent and serious floods. Environmental pollution along the Yangtze River is becoming more and more serious, mainly water pollution and acid rain pollution.

Soil erosion: ① mainly in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River; ② Reasons: Deforestation and steep slope reclamation have led to the continuous reduction of forest area and increasingly serious soil erosion; ③ Hazard: P84 Figure 8.31; ④ Preventive measures: P85 activity 1

Flood disaster: ① The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are the most concentrated, frequent and serious areas of flood disaster; ② Reason: P86 activity 2; ③ Harm: causing great losses to people's lives and property; After the ecological environment in the disaster area has been hit hard, it is often difficult to recover for several years. ④ Preventive measures: P86 Activity 2

Water pollution: ① mainly occurs in the main stream area of the Yangtze River ② Causes: farmland drainage, industrial sewage and domestic sewage. P84 reading materials

(3) Harm: pollute water sources, affect the quality of drinking water, and endanger the life safety of people and creatures; ④ Prevention and control measures: P86 Activity 3: Strengthen the prevention and control of industrial pollution, do a good job in environmental remediation, take practical and effective measures for existing pollution sources, treat them within a time limit, and bid on schedule.

Acid rain pollution: three acid rain areas in Central China, Southwest China and East China.

① There are three major acid rain areas in Central China, Southwest China and East China, among which the acid rain area in Central China has become the acid rain area with the largest pollution range and the highest central intensity in China; ② Reasons: A large number of chemical fuels such as coal and petroleum are used, and various waste gases are discharged; ③ Hazards: acidification of rivers and lakes and soil; Corrosion caused by buildings and cultural relics; Harm human health. ④ Preventive measures: Reduce the use of coal and switch to clean energy such as natural gas and solar energy. "West-to-East Gas Transmission" can improve the environment in this area.

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