Who invented the Internet?

1957

The Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the first man-made earth satellite. In response, the United States Department of Defense (DoD) established the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and began to apply science and technology to the military field.

60 s

196 1

Leonard kleinrock of MIT published Information Flow in Large Communication Networks (July).

The first paper on packet switching (PS).

1962

J.C.R. Licklider and W. Clark of Massachusetts Institute of Technology published Online Man-Machine Communication (August).

The concept of global network includes distributed social behavior.

1964

Paul baran of RAND Corporation published On Distributed Communication Networks.

Packet switching network; There is no exit.

1965

Research on ARPA supporting "Time-sharing Computer System Cooperation Network".

The TX-2 computer in Lincoln Laboratory of Massachusetts Institute of Technology is directly connected with the Q-32 computer of the system development company in Santa Monica, California through the telephone line of 1200bps (without packet switching). Subsequently, APRA added computers from Data Equipment Company (DEC) to form an "experimental network".

1966

Lawrence G. Roberts of MIT published "Towers: A Cooperative Network of Time-sharing Computers" (10).

The first ARPANET project.

1967

Larry Roberts organized a discussion on ARPANET design at the ARPA IPTO PI meeting in ann arbor, Michigan, USA. (April)

A seminar on ACM operating principles was held in Fort gatling, Tennessee. (10 month)

Lawrence g Roberts published his first paper on ARPANET design, Multi-computer Network and Communication between Computers.

The first meeting of developers of three independent packet-switched networks (RAND, NPL, ARPA).

The National Physics Laboratory (NDL) in middlesex, England, with the support of D.W. Davies, developed the data network of the National Physics Laboratory.

Is the first person to use the term "bag". NDL network is an experimental network of packet switching, which uses the communication line of 768kpbs.

1968

Demonstrate the packet-switched network to the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).

The proposal on ARPANET was submitted in August and received a reply in September.

In June 5438+10, UCLA won the bid to establish a network measurement center.

Bolt Beranek and Newman Company (BBN) were awarded the contract to establish the packet switching part in the interface information processor (IMP).

US Senator Edward Kennedy sent a congratulatory message to BBN Company, congratulating them on winning a million-dollar contract from ARPA to build an "interfaith" information processor, and thanking them for their efforts.

Network Working Group (NWG) is a loose organization led by Steve Crocker, which started to develop host-level protocols for APRANET communication.

1969

The United States Department of Defense commissioned the development of ARPANET for network research.

Establish a node (Honeywell DDP-5 16 minicomputer, 12K memory) by using the interface message processor IMP developed by BBN company; At&T Company. T company provides a communication line with a rate of 50kpbs.

Node1:UCLA (visited on August 30th and September 2nd)

Function: Network Measurement Center

Host and operating system: SDS SIGMA 7, gender

Node 2: Stanford Research Institute (SRI) (65438+1 October1)

Function: Network Information Center (NIC)

Host, operating system: SDS940, Elf.

Doug Engelbarth's "Increasing Human Intelligence" Plan

Node 3: University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) (1 65438+1October1)

Function: Keller-fried interactive mathematics

Host and operating system: IBM 360/75, operating system /MVT.

Node 4: University of Utah (65438+February)

Function: graphic processing

Host and operating system: DECPD- 10, Tenex

The first RFC document "Host Software" written by Steve Crocker (April 7th).

Recommendation 4: Network Timetable

Charley Kline of UCLA tried to log in to SRI and sent the first data packet. His first attempt caused the system to crash, when he entered the login name g. (65438+1October 20th or 29th, to be verified)

The University of Michigan and Wyoming State University in Michigan established Merit network based on X.25 for their students, teachers and alumni.

70 s

1970

The first publication about the original ARPANET host-to-host communication protocol, written by C.S. Carr, S. Crocker and V.G. Cerf, "Host-to-host communication protocol in ARPANET network" was published in the SJCC meeting minutes of AFIPS.

AFIPS's first report on ARPANET: Computer Network Development for Resource Sharing (March).

The first packet-switched wireless network, ALOHAnet, developed by Norman Abrahamsen of the University of Hawaii, began to operate.

1972 is connected with ARPANET.

ARPANET hosts began to use the first host-host protocol, namely Network Control Protocol (NCP).

At&T Company. T established the first 56kbps transnational communication line between UCLA and BBN. This line was later replaced by another line between BBN and Rand. The second line connects MIT and the University of Utah.

197 1

There are 15 nodes (23 hosts) connected to ARPANET: UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, UCSB University, University of Utah, BBN University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rand University, SDC University, Harvard University, Lincoln Lab, Stanford University, UIU University, CWRU University, CMU University, NASA/Ames University.

BBN began to use the cheaper Honeywell 3 16 to build IMP. However, due to the limitation that IMP can only connect to four hosts, BBN began to study the terminal IMP(TIP) which can support 64 hosts. (September)

Ray Tomlinson of BBN invented an email program to send information through a distributed network. The original program consists of two parts: an email program (SENDMSG) on the same machine and an experimental file transfer program (CPYNET).

1972

Ray Tomlinson of BBN modified the email program of ARPANET, which became very popular. Tomlinson's model 33 teletypewriter chose @ as the punctuation mark representing "in" (March).

Larry Roberts wrote the first email management program (RD), which can list letters, selectively read, save files, forward and reply. (July)

The International Conference on Computer Communication (ICCC) organized by bob kahn was held at the Hilton Hotel. An ARPANET composed of 40 computers and a terminal interface processor (TIP) is displayed. (10 month)

During the ICCC meeting, the psychopath Parry (in Stanford) and the doctor (in BBN) discussed their diseases in the form of computer-to-computer chat for the first time.

ICCC Conference held that advanced network technology needed further cooperation, which led to the establishment of the International Network Working Group (INWG) in June+10, 5438, and Vinton Cerf was appointed as the first chairman. 1974, INWG became the 6. 1 working group of IFIP.

Louis Pouzin led the establishment of France's own ARPANET-CYCLADES.

RFC 3 18: Remote Login Specification

1973

ARPANET is the first international network: University of London (UK) and NORSAR (Norway).

Bob metcalfe put forward the concept of Ethernet for the first time in his doctoral thesis at Harvard University. His concept was tested on the Alto computer of PARC of Xerox, and the first Ethernet was called ALTO ALOHA system (May).

Bob kahn put forward the problem of establishing Internet and began to study network interconnection in ARPA. In March this year, Vinton Cerf drew a sketch of the gateway architecture on the back of an envelope in the lobby of a hotel in San Francisco.

In September, CERF and Kahn put forward the basic concept of the Internet at the INWG meeting held at the University of Sussex in Birmingham, England.

RFC 454: file transfer specification

The Voice over Internet Protocol (NVP) specification (RFC 74 1) and its implementation make it possible to hold a meeting notice on ARPAnet.

SRI(NIC) began to release ARPANET news in March; It is estimated that there are 2000 users of ARPANET.

ARPA research shows that e-mail accounts for 75% of ARPANET traffic.

Christmas deadlock-Harvard's IMP hardware failure caused it to send a broadcast message of length 0 to all ARPANET nodes, causing all other IMPs to transfer their communication to Harvard. (65438+February 25th)

RFC 527: apawoch

RFC 602: Socks are carefully hung by the chimney.

1974

Vinton Cerf and bob kahn published a paper "Packet Network Interconnection Protocol", which described the design of TCP protocol in detail. [Transportation Committee of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]

BBN began to provide the first public packet data service Telenet (commercial version of ARPANET) on ARPANET.

1975

DCA (now DISA) took over the operation and management of the Internet.

Steve Walker established the first mailing list (MsgGroup) of ARPANET. Because the list was not automatically managed at first, Einar Stefferud quickly accepted it as its manager. SF-Lovers, a cc list about science fiction, became the most popular unofficial cc list in the early days.

John Vittal developed a full-featured email program MSG, which has the functions of replying, forwarding and archiving emails.

Stanford University, BBN and UCL conducted the first TCP test of satellite connection across two oceans (connecting Hawaii and Britain).

The "jargon file" written by Raphael Finkel of SAIL was first published.

John Bruner published the science fiction "Shock Wave Knight".

1976

In February this year, Queen Elizabeth II sent an e-mail to the Royal Institute of Signal and Radar (RSRE) in malvin.

At&T Company. T's Bell Labs developed UUCP(Unix-to-Unix file copy) and released it with Unix in the following year.

A multi-processor and multi-bus IMP is developed.

1977

Larry Landweber of the University of Wisconsin developed THEORYNET to provide e-mail service for more than 100 computer scientists (using their own TELENET-based e-mail system).

RFC 733: mail specification

Tymshare published Tymnet.

A demonstration of ARPANET/ San Francisco Bay Wireless Packet Switching Network/Atlantic SANNET running Internet protocol was held in July, and the gateway provided by BBN was adopted in the demonstration.

1978

TCP is divided into two protocols: TCP and IP. (March)

RFC 748:TELNET random loss option

1979

Computer scientists from the University of Wisconsin, DARPA, the National Science Foundation (NSF) and other universities held a meeting, and planned to establish a network connecting the computer departments of each university (the meeting was organized by Larry Landweber).

Tom Truscott and Steve Bellovin used UUCP protocol to establish USENET connecting Duke University and the University of North Carolina. At first, USENET only contained NET. Newsgroup.

Richard Bater and Roy Trubshaw of the University of Essex developed the first multiplayer game MUD, named MUD 1.

ARPA established the Internet Structure Control Committee (ICCB).

With the support of DARPA, the experiment of wireless packet switching network (PRNET) was started, which was mainly used for communication between vehicles. ARPANET is connected through SRI.

On April 12, Kevin MacKenzie sent an email to MsgGroup, suggesting that some words such as-should be added to the boring words in the email to stick out his tongue. His suggestion caused a lot of controversy and was finally widely adopted.

The 1980s

1980

10 year1October 27th, ARPANET completely stopped running due to an accidental self-replication of a status information virus.

BBN's first IMP based on C/30.

198 1

BITNET, "Because it is a time network".

First, the cooperative network established by City University of new york, USA, the first node connected is Yale University.

According to the free NJE protocol provided by IBM system, the "t" in the initial letter stands for "there" instead of "time".

Provide e-mail service, set up electronic forum server to spread information, and also provide file transfer service.

With the start-up funds provided by the National Science Foundation of the United States, computer scientists from the University of Delaware, Purdue University, University of Wisconsin, Rand University and BBN University cooperated to establish CSNET (Computer Science Network) to provide network services (mainly email services) for those scientists who cannot connect with ARPANET. CSNET was later called Computer and Science Network.

IMP based on C/30 is dominant in the network; SAC's first hint is longing for C/30.

France Telecom deployed Minitel(Teletel) network all over France.

Vernor Vinch published the novel Real Name.

RFC 80 1: NCP/TCP transition plan

1982

Norway uses TCP/IP protocol to access the Internet; Through SANNET. UCL entered in the same way.

DCA and ARPA have established transmission control protocol (TCP) and Internet protocol (IP) for ARPANET. As a set of protocols, they are usually called TCP/IP protocols.

This leads to the definition of Internet for the first time, that is, "Internet" is defined as a group of networks connected by TCP/IP. "Internet" is the "Internet" connected by TCP/IP protocol.

The United States Department of Defense announced that TCP/IP protocol is the standard network protocol of the Department of Defense.

EUUG established EUnet (European Unix Network) to provide e-mail and USENET services.

The first countries to connect are the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and Britain.

External Gateway Protocol (EGP, RFC 827), EGP is used as a gateway between networks.

1983

The University of Wisconsin has developed a name server so that users can communicate with another node without knowing the exact path.

ARPANET switches from NCP protocol to TCP/IP protocol. (65438+ 10 month 1)

Honeywell or Pluribus)IMP is no longer used, and TIP is replaced by TAC (Terminal Access Controller).

Stuttgart and South Korea surf the Internet.

At the beginning of the year, Europe began to establish a sports information network (MINET) and connected to the Internet in September.

The gateways of CSNET and ARPANET started to be enabled.

ARPANET is divided into ARPANET and MILNET, and the latter is merged into the national defense data network established by 1982. 68 of the existing 1 13 nodes have entered MILNET.

Workstations began to appear, and most of them used Berkeley Unix(4.2 BSD) operating system including IP network protocol.

The network requirement has changed from a single large-scale time-sharing computer system for each node to connecting the local area network with the Internet.

Internet Action Committee (IAB) was established to replace ICCB.

EARN (European Scientific Research Network) was established, which is very similar to BITNET and uses gateway hardware sponsored by IBM.

Tom jennings established Fidonet.

1984

Introduce the Domain Name Server System (DNS).

The number of hosts exceeds 1 0,000.

JUNET (Japan Unix Network) with UUCP protocol was built.

JANET (Joint Academic Network), formerly known as SERCnet, was established in Britain by using the color book protocol.

USENET has set up a newsgroup for manual management.

William Gibson, finish The Nervous Wanderer.

Canada began its efforts to network universities within one year. From Toronto to Ithaca, the northern network is connected to BITNET.

Kremvax news announced that the Soviet Union had joined USENET.

1985

Global electronic connection (well) began to provide services.

The responsibility of DNS root domain name management, which was originally handled by DCA and SRI, was transferred to USC Institute of Information Science (ISI), which is responsible for DNS NIC registration management.

On March 15, Symbolics.com became the first registered domain name. The original domain name is: cmu.edu, purdue.edu, rice.edu, UCLA. EDU (April); Css.gov (June); Mitre.org，。 Britain (July).

It took 100 years to lay the railway across Canada's east and west coasts, and only 1 year to connect NetNorth to the last Canadian university.

RFC 968: "This is the night before startup.

1986

NSFnet completed (backbone network speed 56K bps).

NSF has established five supercomputing centers in the United States, providing powerful computing power for all users. (JVNC in Princeton, PSC in Pittsburgh, SDSC in University of California, San Diego, NCSA in UIUC, Cornell's theoretical center)

This set off the climax of Internet connection, especially in universities.

NSF-funded SDSCNET, JVNCNET, SURANET and NYSERNET began to operate.

IAB established the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Research Task Force. The first meeting of IETF was held in June+10/October, 65438 in Lincabit, San Diego.

Under the sponsorship of SOPAC, the first Freenet meeting was held online on July 16 (Cleveland). The management of the subsequent agenda of Freenet is the responsibility of the National Public Remote Computing Network (NPTN) in 1989.

In order to improve the transmission efficiency of news on TCP/IP network, network news transfer protocol (NNTP) was established.

In order to make non-IP networks have domain names, Craig Partridge developed mail exchanger (MX) records.

USENET was renamed, and its human management newsgroup 1987 was renamed.

BARRNET (Bay Area Research Network) was built with high-speed connection line and started to run on 1987.

At&T Company. T Company's transmission optical fiber line between Newark, New Jersey and White plain, New York was interrupted, which led to the disconnection between New England and the Internet. All seven ARPANET backbones in New England were connected and stopped running between1:112:12 Eastern Time.

1987

NSF signed a cooperation agreement to transfer the management right of NSFnet backbone network to Merit Network Company (IBM and MCI also signed an agreement with Merit Company, and the three companies participated in the management). IBM, MCI and Merit later jointly established ANS.

With the support of Usenix Fund, UUNET was established to provide commercial UUCP services and USENET services. The original UUNET experiment was completed by Rick Adams and Mike Odell.

In March, the first TCP/IP interoperability conference was held. 1988 the meeting was renamed INTEROP.

An e-mail connection was established between Germany and China using CSNET protocol, and the first letter was sent from China on September 20th.

DocumentNo. 1000 RFC: Reference Guide for Soliciting Opinions.

The number of hosts exceeds 10000.

BITNET has more than 1 000 hosts.

1988

165438+102-Internet worms spread on the Internet, affecting about 6000 of all 60000 nodes.

The Morris worm incident prompted DARPA to set up CERT (Computer Crisis Rapid Response Team) to deal with such incidents. Worm is the only thing that CERT consulted in this year.

The U.S. Department of Defense adopts OSI protocol, with TCP/IP as the transition. The U.S. government OSI program (GOSIP) has issued a set of protocols, and products purchased by U.S. government departments must support these protocols.

Without using federal funds, the Los Nettos network was established, which was supported by some local institutions (including California Institute of Technology, TIS, UCLA, USC, ISI).

The rate of NSFNET backbone network is upgraded to T 1( 1.544M bps).

CERFnet (California Education and Research Network) was established with the support of Susan Estrada.

65438+February, the Internet Assigned Numbers Agency (IANA) headed by Jon Postel was established. Postel has been a REC file editor and domain name registrar in the United States for many years.

Jarkko Oikarinen developed Internet Chat (IRC).

Canada's regional network is connected with NSFNET for the first time: ONET passes through Cornell, RISQ passes through Princeton, and BCnet passes through Washington University.

FidoNet is connected to the Internet and can exchange e-mails and online news.

/kloc-0 In the summer of 988, the first multicast channel was established between Stanford and BBN.

Countries that have joined NSFNET: Canada (CA), Denmark (DK), Finland (FI), France (FR), Iceland (IC), Norway (NO) and Sweden (SE).

1989

The number of hosts exceeds 100000.

European internet service companies have established RIPE (Reseaux IP Europe) to provide management and technical support for pan-European IP networks.

The commercial e-mail system was relayed to the Internet for the first time: MCI Post Company exchanged mails through the National Research Program (CNRI), while * Compusserv exchanged mails through Ohio University.

CSNET was merged into BITNET, and a research and education cooperation network (CREN) was established. (August)

The Australian Scientific Research Network (AARNET) was jointly established by AVCC and CSIRO, and began to provide services in the second year.

Clifford Stoll has finished the book The Cuckoo's Egg, which tells the true story of a German code-breaking team invading many computer facilities in the United States through the Internet.

UCLA hosted the first seminar to celebrate ARPANET and its 20th anniversary of retirement. (August)

The first act-poetry

RFC 1097: TELNET subliminal message option

Countries that have joined NSFNET: Australia (AU), Germany (DE), Israel (IL), Italy (IT), Japan (JP), Mexico (MX), Netherlands (NL), New Zealand (NZ), Puerto Rico (PR) and United Kingdom (UK).

1990s

1990

The ARPANET stops running. Mitch kapor established the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). Peter deutsch, Allen Ntaghi and Bill Sheeran of McGill University released Archie. Peter Scott (University of Saskatchewan) released Hytelnet. World Online (world.std.com) became the first Internet telephone dial-up access service provider. ISO development environment (ISODE) provides a means for the Ministry of National Defense to switch to OSI protocol. ISODE software allows running OSI applications under TCP/IP protocol environment. (:gck:) Canada's 10 regional network constitutes CA$*$net, which is directly connected with NSFNET and serves as Canada's national backbone network. (:ec 1:) The first remotely operated machine, John Romki's Internet toaster (controlled by SNMP protocol), was connected to the Internet and made its debut at the Interop Conference. Image: internode, invisible. RFC 1 149: The standard for airlines to transmit IP datagrams RFC 1 178: Choose a name for the computer connected to NSFN. ET countriEs: Argentina (AR), Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Brazil (BR), Chile (CL), Greece (GR), India (in), Ireland (ie), Korea (KR), Spain (es) and Switzerland (CH).

199 1

After the National Science Foundation of the United States lifted the restrictions on the commercial application of the Internet, General Atomics Corporation (CERFnet), Performance Systems International Corporation (PSInet) and UUNET Technology Corporation (AlterNet) jointly established the Commercial Internet Exchange Association (CIX). (March) Thinking Machines released the Wide Area Information Server (WAIS) invented by Brewster Kahle. Paul lindner and Mark P McCahill of the University of Minnesota released the gophers. CERN published the World Wide Web (WWW) developed by Tim Berners-Lee. (:pb 1:) Philip zimmermann released PGP (quite good privacy). (:ad 1:) according to the American high performance computing regulations (Gore 1), the national research and education network (NREN) was established. The rate of NSFNET backbone network is upgraded to T3(44.736M bps). The NSFNET traffic reaches 10 12 bytes/month,10/0 packets/month. DISA signed a contract with government systems company, which replaced SRI as NIC of national defense data network in May. JANET IP service (JIPS) began to operate, which marked that the software used by British academic networks changed from colorful books to TCP/IP. The IP protocol was originally converted in the X.25 protocol. (:gst:) RFC 12 16: Gigabit Network Economy and Paradigm Transformation RFC 12 17: Memorandums of countries and regions of Slow Turbulence Research (CSCR) Alliance connected with NSFNET: Croatia (HR), Czech Republic (CZ) and China.

1992

The Internet Society (ISOC) was established. (65438+ 10) IAB was renamed the Internet Architecture Committee and became a part of the Internet Society. The number of hosts exceeds 1, 000,000. The first audio broadcast of MBONE (March) and video broadcast (165438+1October). In April, RIPE's Network Coordination Center (NCC) was established to provide address registration and coordination services for Internet users in Europe. (:DK 1:) The University of Nevada released Veronica, a gopher spatial query tool. The World Bank provides online services. Jean Armour Polly coined the word "surfing the Internet". (:jap:) Brendan Kehoe published The Art of Zen and the Internet. (:jap:) Rick Gates began to offer Internet search tests. Rfc 1300: reminiscence post RFC 13 13: Today's program is krf cam 13 13- Internet talk broadcast country connected to NSFNET: South. Polar continent (AQ), Cameroon (CM), Cyprus (CY), Ecuador (EC), Estonia (EE), Kuwait (KW), Latvia (LV), Luxembourg (Lu), Malaysia (MY), Slovakia (SK), Slovenia (SI), Thailand (TH), Venezuela (VE).

1993

NSF establishes InterNIC to provide the following Internet services: (:sc 1:) Directory and database services (at & amp； T). Registration service (Network Solutions Company). Information service (General Atomics /CERFnet). The White House provides online services (this domain name, so they registered this domain name. Sure enough, after analyzing the domain access log file, they found that many users used the domain name "domain.com" in the example to configure their application software. RFC1605: Translation from SONET to SONET RFC1606: Historical Perspective of IP Version 9 RFC 1607: Views of 2654 countries and regions connected with NSFNET as of the 38th+0th century: Algeria (DZ), Armenia (AM), Bermuda (BM). Niger (Northeast), Panama (PA), Philippines (PH), Senegal (SN), Sri Lanka (LK), Switzerland (SZ), Uruguay (UY) and Uzbekistan (UZ). According to the number of hosts, the top 10 domain names are: com, edu, UK, gov, de, ca, mil, au, org, net.

1995

NSFNET has been restored as an academic network, and most of the backbone services in the United States are handled by Internet service providers. NSF established ultra-high speed backbone service (vBNS) to connect supercomputing centers: NCAR, NCSA, SDSC, CTC and PSC, and a new NSFNET was born. In order to search for a computer hacker, Hong Kong police shut down all Internet providers except one local one, making 10000 people unable to use the Internet. On May 23rd, Sun Company released JAVA. RealAudio uses audio streaming technology to hear real sound on the Internet.