In order to solve the problems of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, the Party and the people's government adjusted their policies in time, which embodies an important truth?

1. Solving rural problems in rural areas is a dead end.

Solving rural problems is the key to the success of China's construction. Although there is partial prosperity in rural areas in China, today's reality is that under the double squeeze of international and domestic market economy, rural areas in China are in desperate situation and on the verge of bankruptcy, which is pregnant with social, economic and political crises. Judging from the existing theory and experience, it is obviously a dead end to deal with rural issues (or "three rural issues") only from the perspective of rural areas.

First, small-scale family agriculture in China can't "get rich". China has 900 million rural population, 500 million agricultural laborers and nearly 2 billion mu of cultivated land. Considering the natural disasters such as floods, droughts, freezing damage and insect pests, the barren land with high cold and saline alkali, and taking care of the environmental needs of fallow and returning farmland, the per capita land in rural areas is at most two mu. One acre per capita in the double cropping area in the south; The per capita yield of single-cropping rice area in the north is three mu, which is equivalent to one mu in the south. With such an "one-acre economy", farming can be well-fed and may even save a little. However, it is as absurd to "get rich" and catch up with developed countries on an acre of land as to expect Americans to become a powerful country by farming in their own backyard.

Second, as far as the results are concerned, there is no significant difference between decentralized management and cooperative management. The "big pot rice" in the planned era hurt farmers' labor enthusiasm. However, in the industrial market era, farmers' labor enthusiasm is "worthless", but their enthusiasm for agricultural labor is not as good as that in the planned era. In the era of market globalization, the small farmers in China have also met the competition from the western "agricultural industry", and their living conditions will deteriorate rapidly.

Third, state subsidies are unlikely to have a significant impact on rural areas. Does China need to subsidize agriculture today? Of course I want to! However, one basic fact must be clarified. Which country in the world has the ability to subsidize 900 million rural people so that their income level can be substantially improved? Everyone only pays 100 yuan a month, and 900 million people pay 1 trillion a year. The national fiscal revenue for the whole year is only 1.5-2 trillion.

Fourth, emphasizing the privatization of cultivated land has no positive significance. Those who initially supported the privatization of cultivated land valued farmers' labor enthusiasm and long-term stable investment in land. They didn't expect that the market would mercilessly destroy farmers' enthusiasm for land investment. Those who support land privatization today focus on accelerating land circulation and concentrating land in the hands of a few "experts in farming" or "big farmers". They don't understand that when the market is booming, there will be depression. Cultivated land is the only "social security" for migrant workers and workers in township enterprises, otherwise they will become "refugees" for migrant workers during the depression. We say that 300 million rural laborers leave agriculture seasonally, and half of them will return to the countryside seasonally to live on cultivated land. Privatization of agricultural land will cut off the way for farmers to return home. It will also confuse the existing lifestyle in rural areas.

Fifth, the village chief's "sea election" has nothing to do with rural social progress. The democratization of rural grass-roots political power has been implemented from top to bottom for ten years. Farmers' enthusiasm for this "great reform" is far less than that for the "household contract responsibility system", and the resistance of grassroots cadres is also very common. Nationwide, "sea election" has caused at least as many problems as it has solved. Why? (1) The majority is definitely not justice, but it is obviously unfair in the patriarchal clan system in rural China. There are big surnames and small surnames in the village, and there are many big surnames. Although it is true that big names bully nicknames, how can official policies be rationalized? Without understanding that the social relations in rural areas are dominated by kinship and nepotism, it is impossible to understand why "sea election" will restore reactionary patriarchal politics in a considerable number of villages, or give birth to money politics and underworld politics. (2) Farmers' dissatisfaction seems to be a conflict with grass-roots political power and grass-roots government. In fact, it is a conflict between farmers and central planning policies, and it is also a conflict between farmers and market risks. Village officials are not government officials and do not receive government salaries, but all policies of the central government will eventually be implemented or even enforced by village officials among their own villagers. Their education level is lower than that of ordinary citizens and their income is lower than that of the urban poor. Why let them make selfless contributions? The leaders of the grass-roots regime are no more corrupt than the officials in the city. Besides, is there any reason why elections can stop corruption and abuse of public power? (3) The "sea election" is just to select a person in charge from dozens or hundreds of peasant families, and there is nothing to be "sacred". Inciting the director of 750,000 village committees to lead farmers to fight the law with the government, and inviting people to mobilize clan forces to "fight each other" can not be conducive to leading farmers to leave the land and agriculture and become rich. When the form of grass-roots organizations changes, the living conditions of farmers have not improved, and this "responsibility" must be borne by the government. It is absolutely necessary to organize farmers, but the standard for evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of organizational forms is by no means abstract "rights", but whether farmers can leave the land and agriculture safely; At least, it should be conducive to rural medical and health care, road construction, drinking water safety, environmental protection, social order, and the basic living supply of the elderly and the disabled. In this sense, the leadership of the rural party branch is better than the "sea election", and there is no need to change it in a hurry, nor should it be changed across the board. ( www.yypl.net )

2. The only way out is for the city to surround the countryside.

A profound crisis breeds great opportunities. The era of eating economy has passed, and China people are not "useless". We can no longer console ourselves by "feeding" many people. What percentage of the world's arable land does Japan use to "feed" the world population? China people want to create high value-added products, and the per capita output value is as much as that of Japan. This can only be achieved through the non-agricultural economy, and only through the transformation of agriculture into non-agricultural fields and the promotion of urbanization can it be achieved.

In view of the understanding of the above problems, the author thinks that we should adopt active and bold macro policies to promote urbanization and regard urbanization as the most fundamental economic strategy in China. China's revolution surrounded the cities by the countryside, and China's modernization surrounded the countryside by the cities. Only urbanization can save China's rural areas and rapidly increase China's per capita income.

First of all, it is clearly declared as the most fundamental macroeconomic strategy of our country. Mao Zedong once said: "The route is an outline, and the outline is everywhere." . If it is clear that "rural non-agriculturalization" is the most fundamental economic task in China, the work of leading cadres in various cities will focus on this. Taking the urban population (having a fixed residence, paying taxes and having a relatively stable job) as the main criterion of the government's economic performance, local governments are bound to show their talents across the sea. In this way, urban policies that discriminate against rural people will soon be abolished (such as depriving suburban farmers of the right to develop real estate), policies that hinder the flow of people between cities will soon disappear, and various policies that encourage urban population expansion will appear. Since then, the main driving force of government administration is to expand cities and maintain good urban order, and the development competition in various places will become population competition.

Second, study all kinds of urbanization roads in the world and broaden our thinking. Roughly speaking, there may be four typical roads in the world. (1) industrialization road in western Europe. Most countries in northwest Europe rely on the development of urban industries to reduce the proportion of farmers in the population. After the war, the proportion of farmers in western Europe declined rapidly, resulting in many expanded old cities and new cities. (2) The road of refugees in Latin America. Most Latin American countries have turned landless peasants into urban poor, creating some mega-cities such as Mexico City, but it has also caused fierce class struggle. (3) Free New Town Road in the United States. The United States has built countless new cities and big cities almost overnight by the efforts of farmers to build new cities spontaneously and the relevant government regulations and planning management. (4) Japan's militarized road. Japan has turned most farmers into soldiers who are disciplined, obey orders, can control sophisticated weapons, go abroad and see the world. When they returned to China, they were no longer farmers. Comparatively speaking, in the era of planned economy in China, there was the embryonic form of the road to Western Europe, but the industrial development was faster than that of Western Europe, at the cost of relying on urban and rural administrative divisions. After the reform, it was a little Latin America, but because the land was not privatized, we did better in Bila. In the era of planned economy, we turned the rural society into a paramilitary organization, but the effect was not obvious because of the division between urban and rural areas. In the relatively closed western region, demobilized soldiers are the main source of rural grassroots cadres and the important source of "migrant workers". The policy that China has never tried at all is the American-style new urban construction strategy. The only unique way in China is for farmers to collectively build industries on the spot, that is, township enterprises.

Third, farmers are allowed to exchange cultivated land and labor for urban housing, and farmers are encouraged to participate in the establishment of new cities. In the United States in the first half of the 19th century, farmers started from scratch and had no "capital", but they soon turned the vacant land into a city. The foundation of our country is better than that of the United States. There are various small towns in the countryside, especially county towns. If there are corresponding urban planning and unified environmental standards, and the central and provincial governments choose investment targets in a planned way and invest in the infrastructure of regional central cities, we may quickly build new medium-sized cities, farmers will be willing to exchange agricultural land or labor for urban land, and relevant government leaders will feel that they are engaged in a great cause, so that the name of the new city is closely linked to their political achievements. Reading the history of urban development in the United States is much more difficult than the situation in our country, but it is full of dramatic development and legends, which should be extremely enlightening to our country.

Fourth, organize farmers to work in cities. Governments in big cities should require construction units to use the ranks of migrant workers organized by rural grass-roots political power as much as possible and leave outstanding workers in cities. The development of township enterprises proves that the organized farmers are powerful and help to resist the cruel plunder and fraud of capital. The * * * production party in China prospered by organizing farmers in an excellent way. Organizing farmers is a fine tradition left over from China's revolutionary period, and it is also a major feature of contemporary economic development. It is foolish to give up the organization for farmers. The key is to organize farmers to do something. The two work best together. Without a strong organization, it is impossible to unite as one. Organized farmers can win the liberation war and the Korean war, and organized farmers can also quickly expand the old city and build a new city. Excluding farmers, China's economy has no hope.

Fifth, cancel the urban-rural division and geographical restrictions in the household registration system. The existing household registration system is the main obstacle to urbanization in China. Many scholars believe that the abolition of the existing dual household registration system has long been a * * * knowledge, but the problem is that farmers have nothing to do after entering the city, which will make the urban unemployed population expand rapidly and the city chaotic and beautify. This view is actually defending the current household registration system. China is not Latin America, and China's rural economy is not a big manor economy, so there will not be a large number of refugees without cultivated land. Anyway, they eat urban meals. The cancellation of "rural hukou" in China will devalue the urban hukou, and will not cause farmers who cannot live in cities to stay in cities. The experience since China's reform has proved that the competition between urban and rural workers is the biggest source of job creation. If the quality of rural people is higher than that of urban people, won't the competition between urban people and rural people lead to the improvement of the quality of urban people? If the quality of rural people is lower than that of urban people, why should urban people be afraid of the competition from rural people and why should they be excluded from the competition? What do farmers go to town for? Cities always have people before jobs. Work is created by people. With people, there is a job; Without people, there must be no job. Others worry about overpopulation and overloaded infrastructure in cities. Cities prosper because of their popularity. When you take a taxi, you know that the city is short of people; When you open hotels, restaurants and shops, you know that there are too few "people"; Starting a real estate company will make you want to jump off a building because there are few people. There has never been a city before people, and there is always a city first; First there are cars, then there are traffic jams, and then there are roads. If there is no traffic jam, who will ask for trouble to tear down the house and build roads? How can there be a "city" without roads, water supply and drainage, communication facilities and residential buildings? Originally, the development of our city was slow because people were stuck outside the city because of their household registration. Now our cities are developing rapidly because we have made an opening in the household registration system, allowing rural people to work in cities and allowing population interaction between cities, thus forcing the government to build roads and bridges, creating beautiful big cities and new towns, and adding hundreds of millions of new jobs. We should remove the restrictions on the migration of rural hukou and urban hukou, and strive to remove all obstacles that hinder the migration of hukou within five years, so that the people of the whole country can "flow" to big cities and new cities, and rapidly expand the overall scale of China's urban economy. If the people of the whole country "move", the development of the western region and even all backward areas in China will be easy. When we eliminate the differences between urban and rural areas, people will be interdependent, society will become an organic whole, the country will become the same body of people's lives, and universal social justice will have a foundation. China's dual household registration system once decisively led to the success of the planned economy. However, the new situation in China and the world requires us to emancipate our minds and bravely dismantle the social barriers established in the planned economy era. I think the time is ripe to do it. ( www.yypl.net )

Three. conclusion

The key of modern China revolution is to know the countryside, and the key of contemporary China construction is also to know the countryside. Exclusion of farmers, China revolution can not be successful; Excluding farmers, the construction of China can't be successful. Farmers in our country are hardworking, brave and smart, and have a high tolerance for injustice. They have the ability to imitate almost all industrial products in the world and are one of the highest quality farmers in the world. If you look down on farmers, you don't know how to tap their creativity, and China will continue to be poor. When farmers began to leave agriculture and rural areas in large numbers, the economy of eating became a profit-making economy, and the rural areas of China became the cities of China. Solving rural problems on the spot is obviously a dead end. We have been doing it for decades, and the form of rural social organization has been tossed for three or four times. As a result, I didn't have enough to eat at first, but then I stagnated, causing serious pollution and environmental damage, and the ratio of male to female was out of balance. Even the "Hope Primary School" was established by donations. Rapid urbanization is the only hope for rural areas in China. In despair, hope is a good thing, the best thing. Hope molds determination, determination creates heroes, and heroes create miracles. Urbanization is a road that developed countries have just taken not long ago, but the most grand and creative urbanization miracle in the world is destined to belong to China.