Please introduce Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty.

Liu Che (156-87), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was the seventh emperor of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty is the tenth son of Emperor Wu Liu Qi, the grandson of Emperor Wu Liu Heng and the great-grandson of Liu Bang. His mother is Wang Yong, who was made a prince at the age of seven, and ascended the throne at the age of 16. 54 years of rule. An unprecedented great achievement. His great talent and literary talent made the Han Dynasty the most powerful country in the world at that time, and the Western Han Empire under his rule was even stronger than the Roman Empire. It has become the undisputed center of world civilization, and the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty has also become one of the most proud and great times in the history of the Chinese nation.

all one's life

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor in China to use the title of the year. After he acceded to the throne, he continued his father's policy, weakened the power of the vassal, and promulgated the promotion decree put forward by minister Zhu, which made the vassal seal his son as Hou, thus splitting the vassal's fief. At the same time, he introduced the official title of secretariat to strengthen local control. Militarily and economically, he also strengthened centralization, putting iron smelting, salt making, wine making and other things under central management. At the same time, he forbade the vassal States to cast money, so that the finances were concentrated in his hands. He adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", paving the way for the special position of Confucianism in ancient China. However, it is generally believed that he used Confucianism to unify his thoughts, and at the same time used spells and criminal names to strengthen his rule, which is the so-called "expressing Confucianism in the law." Ji An and Sima Qian's castration, which were actively used at that time, are famous examples.

At the beginning of Liang Wudi's accession to the throne, on the one hand, the political situation was relatively stable and the national economic situation was relatively good. On the other hand, the separatist factors of vassal countries still exist. Therefore, while continuing to implement the policy of Emperor Jing, he took a series of measures to strengthen the centralization of absolutism. Politically, first, the "favor decree" was promulgated, which allowed the captaincy to enfeoff more children and divide the fiefs of the kingdom, further weakening the power of the captaincy; Secondly, the establishment of China and North Korea weakened the relative strength and consolidated the sacred position of imperial power; Another 13 secretariat departments were established, which strengthened local control. On the military side, it is mainly to concentrate military power and enrich the central military power; On the economic front, we should rectify the finances, issue the orders of "liquidation" and "admonition", levy a tax on businessmen's assets, and crack down on wealthy businessman dajia; Sang Hongyang suggested that smelting iron and boiling salt should be returned to the official camp, and it is forbidden to cast money in counties and counties; The establishment of leveling officials and loss-sharing officials, as well as the government's management of transportation and trade, have greatly enhanced the country's economic strength. At the same time, building water conservancy projects, emigrating to the northwest, and implementing the "land substitution law" ideologically are beneficial to the development of agricultural production, adopting Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, ousting a hundred schools of thought, and exclusively respecting Confucianism, making Confucianism the dominant ideology of China society and having a far-reaching impact on the politics, society and culture of China in later generations.

On the one hand, he sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to conquer the Huns, which relieved the threat of the Huns and ensured the economic and cultural development of the north. He wiped out the Yelang and Nanyue regimes, and successively established seven counties in the southwest, so that today's Guangdong and Guangxi regions returned to Chinese territory after the Qin Dynasty. At the same time, Zhang Qian was sent to the Western Regions to open up the Silk Road, strengthen the rule of the Western Regions and develop economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West. In the East, he sent troops to destroy Wei's Korea (Korea) and set up four counties: Le Lang, Xuantu, Lintun and Fan Zhen.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty attached great importance to the development of talents, and he established an inspection and evaluation system, which was the origin of China's talent selection system and had a great influence on later generations.

In the later period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, due to the constant use of troops against Xiongnu and the Western Regions, as well as the profligacy of meditation and worship of gods and immortals, the corvee was aggravated and taxes were increased, which led to the bankruptcy and exile of a large number of farmers. In the second year of Tianhan (the first 99 years), peasant uprisings broke out successively in Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao and Nanyang. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty once promulgated "The Crime of Luntai" in Luntai. "Since I acceded to the throne, crazy, make the world sad, can't regret it. Let those who have harmed the people and ruined the world from today! " Admit a mistake.

In 88 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty asked the painter to draw a picture of the Duke of Zhou as a dynasty vassal and give it to Huo Guang, which means that Huo Guang assisted his youngest son Liu Fuling as emperor. In order to prevent the young mother of the Prince from repeating the mistakes of Lv Hou's weighing system, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty executed her under a malicious excuse. In 87 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty died and was buried in Maoling. This temple is called Sejong.

domestic

* Hou

* Wei Ruyun

Prince Liu Ji

Princess awei (Princess donnelly)

Oh, Yang Shi Princess.

Oh, the princess of the city

* Mrs. Wang

Wang Qihuai Liu Hong

* Li Ji

Princess Agai (Princess Yi)

Ayanci Liu Wangdan

Guangling A Liu Xu

* Li Furen

Wang Ai Liu Bo Changyi

* Ms. Yin (Yin Jieyu)

* Mrs Xing (Xing Di 'e)

* Zhao Jieyu (Ms. Gou Yi)

Han Zhao Di Liu Fuling

Related audio and video

* Chinese mainland: TV series Hanwu the Great, TV series Hanwu the Great 2, TV series Han Tian Zi, TV series Han 2 and TV series Han 3.

A prosperous monarch who is talented and can make good use of people.

In the early Han dynasty, due to years of war, the population decreased and the productivity was insufficient. However, China's national strength reached its peak after the rule of Wenjing. After Emperor Wu ascended the throne, he began to solve the threat of Xiongnu in the north. Huo Qubing, Wei Qing, Li Guang, etc. And Zhang Qian's diplomacy, China quickly exposed in the international arena. After 30 years of operation, it basically solved the threat of Xiongnu and became the hegemon of East Asia.

At that time, the status of the Chinese empire was in full swing. In 28 BC, the Northern Xiongnu killed China's envoy. Eight years later, Chen Tang, the vice captain of China's Western Regions Protection Office, attacked the Northern Xiongnu with the help of the Western Regions troops and the Han army stored in the Western Regions, and finally wiped out the Northern Xiongnu in one fell swoop. Chen Tang stated the reason for sending troops to the Central Committee: "Anyone who invades China and escapes will be punished." So brave, now,

Twenty-five Historical Actions of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

The first emperor to use the title of the year: 25 historical initiatives of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is another brilliant emperor in the history of China after Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty.

In the history of China, people often call Qin Huang "Wu Han". This makes sense.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ascended the throne in the first month of the third year after Emperor Jing (14 1), and died in February of the second year after Yuan Dynasty (87), reigning for 54 years and one month. Emperor Wu is an innovative, pioneering and enterprising person. During his half-century in power, China is in a dynamic era of reform and development. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was an innovative person, so there were many creations in that period.

1, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor to use the year number, first once every six years and then once every four years.

2. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor to formulate and promulgate the taichu calendar Law in a unified way throughout the country, and it was used from the first month of each year.

3. During the period of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, Historical Records, the first biographical historical book in China, came out, which had a great influence on later historiography.

4. During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a map of the earth appeared in the historical records of China after the unification of Qin Dynasty. In April of the fourth year of Yuanshou, Shen Bing said, "My servant Gong Sunhe went to see Tai Shigong ... If you want to play a map, please name the country." Hanshu? According to the Records of Emperor Wudi, in the autumn of six years, the general Gong Sunhe was sent out of Jiuyuan, and the minister was quoted as saying: "Rich in residence, well-known, among the Huns. Go to Jiuyuan for two thousand miles and see the map of Hanyu. " According to Yanshigu, there was a minister Wang Zan in the early Jin Dynasty. This shows that Wang Zan, the minister in the early Jin Dynasty, has also seen the map of the Han Dynasty. This also shows that the regional concept of the country has clearly appeared in the Han Dynasty. This has had an important impact on the study of physical geography in later generations.

5. Give some advice to the founder of Xiande, and Emperor Wu personally asked and selected talents to be an official. This is where the imperial examination system of later generations began.

6. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty respected Confucianism and regarded Confucianism as the ruling ideology of the country.

7. In the fifth year of Yuanshuo, he made 50 disciples for Dr. Jason Wu and healed himself; Local counties and countries can send some people and accept them as disciples according to certain conditions. After passing the exam, you can pass a skill and become an official. This is where the selection of officials from Taiwanese students across the country began.

8. While respecting Confucianism, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty "learned from others' strengths" and formed a pattern in which Confucianism was the dominant ideology. This also has a great influence on future generations.

9. In the second year of Yuanfeng (109), Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty personally inspected the breach of the Yellow River. This is the first time that the emperor has personally taken charge of the Yellow River since the reunification of Qin.

10 When the hacksaw (indigenous seeder) was popularized by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, this method was used in China for more than two thousand years.

1 1. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions, which opened up the Silk Road and promoted economic and cultural exchanges between China and the West. This is the first time in the history of China.

12 years, in the sixth year of Han Yuanfeng (105), the ancestral daughter was married to Wusun and Qin as a princess. This is the first time in China's history that it is close to western countries.

13. Place fields on the wheel platform and furrow plough, and place messengers and a team leader side by side. This is the first time in China's history that he cultivated land in Xinjiang, China.

14, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used the well canal method to make the leading canal, which was later introduced to Xinjiang, China and Persia.

15. Grapes and alfalfa were introduced from the Western Regions, and the thoroughbred horse-Tianma was introduced from Dawan. Music and magic from the Western Regions were introduced to China, and China's cast iron technology, silk and lacquerware were introduced to Dawan and other places.

16, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty applied benevolence and righteousness and ruled the country by virtue; At the same time, we attach importance to the rule of law and govern the country with heavy punishment. This is also the first time in history.

17 Yuanfeng five years ago (106 years ago), in order to strengthen the supervision of local officials and strongmen, 13 state departments were set up, so that the 600-stone-level patrol secretariat guarded the 2000-stone-level county and country.

18, in order to strengthen the imperial power, reform the prime minister system and establish China-Korea (inner Korea), which had a great influence on the evolution of the prime minister system.

19 years, two years ago in Ding Yuan (1 15 years ago), it was forbidden for counties and states to cast money, and only Shanglin Sanguanshu states were allowed to cast money. Except for the three officials, there is no money to circulate, and all the money cast by the county and state was abolished. From then on, the state monopolized the right to coin, which had a great influence on later generations.

20. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty settled fields in the northwest frontier counties through a large number of immigrants, which played an important role in the victory of the anti-Xiongnu war and the governance of the western regions. It also has a great influence on future generations. Cao Cao once said in "Preface to Reclaiming Farmland" that "filial piety is a good example for the first generation to cultivate the western regions", which illustrates this point.

2 1. The appointment of officials in the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was diversified. Officials with more than 2,000 stones can make their descendants officials through the appointment system; Rich people can become officials through "election"; The descendants of sages can be taken care of, for example, Jia Yi's two sons are taken care of by the county magistrate. However, what is particularly striking is that Liang Wudi employs people on their own merits and does not stick to one pattern. For example, Wei Ruyun's son-in-law was chosen from the handmaiden. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing were selected from slaves and slave children respectively. The Prime Minister Gong Sunhong, Yu Shiguang, and the Prince Zhu and others were all selected from poor civilians. Zhang Tang, Du Zhou and Ting Wei Zhao Yu were selected from petty officials. It is particularly noteworthy that some generals appointed by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty were Yue and Huns. As a Xiongnu captive, Jin Ri Stan, a slave who kept horses in the palace, was chosen as an important official to entrust an orphan with Huo Guang and Shangguan Jie. These conditions show that the selection of talents by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is not limited by class background and ethnic differences. However, this does not mean that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty did not have standards for employing people, but there were still standards. The standard is "broaden the road of artistic talents and learn from others", and "those who have different talents in counties and counties can make the country unique". In other words, as long as they are willing to fight for the cause of the Han Dynasty, people with artistic talent and talent, people who can be generals and people who can go to distant countries can be appointed. In a word, the standard of employing people is meritocracy. It is precisely because of this that Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty has many talents. Ban Gu was surprised and said, "People who have won the Han Dynasty are prosperous here!" The appearance of this phenomenon deserves serious study.

22. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor in the history of China to send troops to the hinterland of Xiongnu for a decisive battle.

23. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was the first emperor in the history of China who proposed that the northern nomadic Xiongnu should submit to the Central Plains Dynasty, and therefore built a surrender city in today's Inner Mongolia. Although Emperor Wu did not achieve this goal before his death, in the first year of Xuanyuan, Xiongnu became a vassal of the Han Dynasty.

24. After Li Guangli conquered Dayuan, many countries in the southern western regions surrendered to the Han Dynasty. In the second year of Emperor Xuandi (the first 60 years), the Huns surrendered to the Han Dynasty day by day, but were afraid to fight for the western regions, so they made all their servants a captain. Xuan Di appointed Ji Zheng as the commander-in-chief of the Western Regions, managing the countries in the north and south of the Western Regions, and the countries in the Western Regions surrendered to the Han Dynasty. This is the first time in the history of China.

25. After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty pacified South Vietnam, Bo 'er County and Zhu Ya County were first established in Hainan Island.

In addition to the above twenty-five creations, there are several other firsts in the history of China, so I won't go into details here.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and his career are the products of China's ancient history, involving the development and evolution of China's ancient ideology and culture, manners and customs, science and technology, social economy, political system, national conditions and other aspects of social life.

Impressed by the great achievements of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in rejuvenating China and the thrilling struggle of the people at that time, this paper records an ancient poem "Praising Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty" written by modern people to commemorate that great era and provide reference for evaluating Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty:

What does Liang Wudi want? Be both civil and military, revitalize the ancient country.

Shao Fahua unified the nine fields and dared to attack the Xiongnu Zhenghe.

Repentance disappointed people, enriched them and started a new road.

The wind and rain are still in Maoling, and the songs of praise in the Spring and Autumn Period are eternal.

Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty knew that the theory of inaction was no longer suitable for the current situation of striving to govern the country, and decided to use Confucianism to realize his unity.

Its measures have four aspects.

1. Political aspects. ① Reform the official system. In the central government, the emperor's cronies, such as ministers, servants and servants. Participate in the decision-making of the imperial court and form the imperial palace; Weaken the power of the prime minister; The original central organization has become a foreign court, which is an executive agency, and the imperial power has been strengthened. (2) Select a large number of talents, attach importance to the appointment and assessment of officials, implement the secretariat system, and strengthen the court's control over local bureaucrats. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were many talented people, including Huo Qubing, who was good at archery with ape arms, and Li Guang, a "flying general" who fought with Xiongnu for more than 70 years, so that he dared not cross the line for several years. There is Sang Hongyang, who actively promoted the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business, and insisted that iron smelting, salt and cast iron should be owned by the government, thus enriching the country's economic strength. Some people go through hardships, swallow blankets and drink snow water, and persevere. He does not stick to one pattern in selecting talents. If you are frugal, you will cherish wealth and justice. Gong Sun Hong, a former jailer, is worshipped as the Prime Minister because of the need to respect Confucianism. Zhu Maichen, who bought firewood for his wife, was recommended by Yanzhu as a Chinese medicine practitioner and served as the prefect of Huiji; (The story of Peking Opera "Night Dream Crown Belt" or "Sprinkling Water in the Horse" is more vivid), etc., all the stars hold the moon, which is convenient for strengthening centralization. (3) Weaken the kingdom and strengthen the power of the central government. (4) Strengthen and improve the feudal legal system, crack down on powerful landlords and maintain the feudal social order.

2. Economic aspects. Reforming the monetary system and casting five baht as the national legal tender; Salt and iron are operated by the government, and the state monopolizes the production and sales of salt and iron; Stabilize prices, levy business tax and property tax on industrialists and businessmen, and so on. These measures strengthened the financial power of the central government, restrained the influence of businessmen, and laid an economic foundation for the martial arts of Emperor Wen Zhi of the Han Dynasty.

3. Military aspects. Sending troops to Xiongnu changed the passive position in the relationship between Han Dynasty and Xiongnu. After the war in Deng Bai, Emperor Gaozu married the Xiongnu to recuperate. During the Wenjing period, this trick remained unchanged and was given as a gift. However, Xiongnu constantly invaded the border, taking people and animals and destroying crops every time they entered the fortress. The Western Han Dynasty was completely in a passive position. During the period of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, as the economy approached its peak and military resistance gradually strengthened, the Huns could only "steal the border with the heart of a villain". The balance of power between the two sides began to change. With strong economic and military strength, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty waged a long-term war with Xiongnu from 133 BC. BC 1 19 played a decisive role in the First World War against the Huns. After this campaign, the main force of Xiongnu migrated to the northwest, and the Han army seized a large amount of land from Zhangye to Juyan in Gansu from the west of Shuofang to now, which ensured the safety of Hexi Corridor and stabilized the developed fields. At this point, the Xiongnu's threat to the northern border area was basically lifted. At the same time of military action, Zhang Qian was sent to the western regions, which opened up a trade route to the western regions. He also marched into South Vietnam and set up nine counties such as Nanhai. Xinjiang, a multi-ethnic and unified country, is unprecedented.

4. Ideological aspect. "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone." With the strengthening of imperial power, economic strength and the expansion of territory, it is necessary to strengthen ideological unity. Unlike Qin Shihuang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used coercive measures such as burning books and burying Confucianism. He adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion and praised Confucianism. The first important thing he did after he acceded to the throne was to call the scribes from all over the country to take the exam and read the papers in person, and selected Dong Zhongshu and Gong, the masters of the biography of the ram in the Spring and Autumn Period, as the first column to worship Gong. All scholars and officials must study Confucian classics before they can be used and popularized, and Confucianism has since become the ruling ideology of the Western Han Dynasty. Moreover, taking "great unity" as the ideological core has become an important cultural spirit that has always maintained national unity and enhanced the cohesion of the Chinese nation. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty also established two levels of official schools of Chinese studies in central imperial academy and local counties, and established the feudal official school system in China. He advocated the rule of law as well as Confucianism. This is also his genius, which not only gives Confucianism a respected position, but also leaves room for other schools (such as Legalists) to develop moderately. To some extent, this can be said to be an enlightened ruling art that tolerates the coexistence of multiple cultures. Respecting Confucianism and respecting law is the fundamental thought of his administration.

The 70-year history of the early Han Dynasty is a history of social and economic recovery and development, and it is also a history of centralization gradually defeating local separatism. On the basis of economic prosperity and political consolidation, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty pushed the Western Han Dynasty to its peak.

Evaluate Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty

Work:

Politics: ① Carrying out the assassination system in local areas is conducive to local jurisdiction, strengthening centralization and safeguarding national unity. (Ancient History p35)

(2) Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty promulgated the "favor decree" and "benefit decree", which further weakened the power of the kingdom and consolidated the unity of the country. (ancient history p35);

(3) Implementing the patrol system is conducive to selecting talents and expanding the ruling foundation. (Ancient History p35)

Economy:

(1) The local salt and iron management rights and coinage rights were collected by the central government, and five baht were issued in a unified way, which increased the national fiscal revenue; (Ancient History p3 1)

(2) Stabilize prices and levy business tax and property tax on industrial and commercial personnel. (Ancient History p3 1)

③ Pay attention to building water conservancy and harnessing the Yellow River. (Ancient History p37~28)

Ideological and cultural education:

(1) adopt Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone." So that Confucianism became the orthodox thought of feudal rule. (Ancient History p3 1)

(2) Establish two official schools in Chang 'an: Central Imperial College and Local County Chinese Studies. (Ancient History p3 1)

Military diplomacy:

(1) sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to fight against the Huns for three wars and hit them hard. (Ancient History p4 1)

(2) Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions brought back unheard-of information about the Western Regions, strengthened ties with the Western Regions, promoted social progress in the Western Regions, enriched the material life of the Central Plains, and laid the foundation for the opening of the Silk Road. (Ancient History p42)

(3) Set up counties in the southwest Yi area successively, and strengthen the jurisdiction over the southwest Yi border area (ancient history p43).

(4) In South Vietnam (Guangdong and Guangxi), nine counties such as Nanhai were set up for effective jurisdiction (ancient history p43).

(5) Contact with Japan and North Korea. (Ancient History p44)

Insufficient:

(1) "oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone." Cultural autocracy is not conducive to the development of cultural diversity.

(2) Delightfully, the Huns waged wars against each other year after year. Although the Huns could no longer compete with the Western Han Dynasty and protected the development of agriculture, economy and culture in the Central Plains, the huge and heavy military expenditure increased the burden on the people.