Answering skills for geography topics in college entrance examination

High school geography knowledge is rich and covers a wide range of topics. Many students are happy to learn geography, but are afraid of memorizing geography knowledge. The key to learning geography well is to have a map in your mind. Not only can you know the knowledge, but you can also point out where it is. This time I have compiled some tips for answering the major geography questions in the College Entrance Examination for your reference.

Contents

Tips for answering geography questions in the College Entrance Examination

Suggestions for answering geography questions in the College Entrance Examination

Notes on answering geography questions Matters

Tips for answering the major geography questions in the college entrance examination

1. Small topic on contour topographic maps

1. Slope problem: look at the density of contour lines , the slope is steep in dense places and gentle in sparse places;

Calculation: tangent of slope = vertical relative height/horizontal field distance

2. Visibility problem: by making a terrain profile To solve the problem, if there are no mountains or ridges blocking the terrain profile drawn through two known points, the two places can see each other; note that the convex slopes (contour lines are sparse and dense) are not visible, and the concave slopes (contour lines are dense) are not visible. Dense at the top and sparse at the bottom) are visible; pay attention to the requirements in the question. The landscape in the analysis diagram is visible when looking up or down.

3. Water diversion line: Pay attention to diversion of water from high to low to achieve self-flow, and the line should be as short as possible, so that the economic investment will be less.

4. Transportation route selection: Take advantage of the favorable terrain and consider not only the length of the distance, but also the smoothness of the route (spacing, slope, etc.). Generally, detour between two contour lines, along the The contour lines (extension direction) are distributed to reduce the slope. Cross one or two contour lines only when necessary; pass through rivers as little as possible, build fewer bridges, etc. to reduce construction difficulty and investment; avoid passing through Cliffs, swamps, deserts and other areas.

5. Reservoir construction: Consider the reservoir site, dam site and whether resettlement is needed after the reservoir is built. ① Select the outlet in a narrow river or at the outlet of a basin or depression (i.e., a "pocket-shaped" area. "Small mouth" is conducive to dam construction, and "big bag" has a broad hinterland and large storage capacity. Because the project volume is small, the project cost is low) ; ② Choose a place with good geological conditions and try to avoid faults, karst landforms, etc. to prevent reservoir earthquakes; ③ Consider the situation of land relocation and minimize flooding of fertile fields and villages and towns. ④ Also note that when building a reservoir, the water source must be sufficient.

6. River flow direction: flows from high altitude to low altitude, developed in river valleys (contour lines convex to high values), and the river flow direction is opposite to the convex direction of the contour lines.

7. Water system characteristics: Mountains form radial water systems, basins form centripetal water systems, and ridges become watersheds.

8. Hydrological characteristics: Valleys with dense contour lines have high river flow speeds and abundant water energy; river flow is not only related to climate, especially precipitation, but also to the size of the basin.

9. Agricultural planning: Based on the terrain type, undulating terrain, and steep slope reflected in the contour topographic map, combined with climate and water source conditions, a plan for the reasonable layout of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fishery should be proposed according to local conditions; such as plains Farming is developed in the area, and forestry and animal husbandry are developed in the mountainous and hilly areas.

10. Urban layout form and terrain: The plains are suitable for concentrated and compact layout; the mountainous areas are suitable for dispersed and loose layout.

11. Description of terrain features: terrain type (plains, plateaus, mountains, hills, basins); terrain and relief conditions; distribution of main terrain areas; important terrain profile characteristics.

12. Topography related analysis:

① Analysis of geological causes: using geological effects (internal forces - crustal movement, magma activity, metamorphism, earthquakes; external forces - flowing water , wind, waves, glacier erosion, transportation, sedimentation, etc.) and plate movement (the crust inside the plate is relatively stable, the crust is relatively active at the plate junction, and the collision or rupture of the plate) to interpret, interpret and analyze geographical knowledge related to terrain .

② To analyze the climate characteristics of a certain place, a comprehensive analysis should be carried out based on the geographical latitude of the place, the ups and downs of the terrain, the direction of the mountains, the shady and sunny slopes, and the distance from the ocean.

③The upper reaches of the river have high altitude and the lower reaches have low altitude. Determine the general terrain based on the river flow direction, and analyze the river hydrology and water system characteristics based on the differences between windward slopes, leeward slopes, precipitation conditions, contour height differences and landform types.

④ Interpretation of terrain types: The first step is to look at the contour shape. If the contours are straight, it may be plain terrain or plateau terrain; if the contours are closed, it may be hills, mountains or basins; The second step is to look at the annotation of the contour lines. A straight contour line indicates that the terrain below 200 meters may be a plain; a straight contour line indicates that the terrain above 500 meters may be a plateau; a closed contour line indicates that the interior is low. The terrain that is high on the outside is a basin or depression; the closed contour line is marked as low on the outside and high on the inside, and the terrain between 200 and 500 meters is marked as hills, and the terrain above 500 meters is marked as mountainous. To interpret the terrain type in the profile, you must look at the profile shape and corresponding altitude. The method can be carried out by referring to the above method.

2. Special Topic of Isotherms

1. Analyze the trend (extension direction): Parallel to the latitude line, that is, east-west direction - latitude factors or solar radiation; Parallel to the coastline - sea and land properties or Distribution of sea and land; parallel to contour lines or mountain ranges - topographic factors.

2. Analyze the bending situation: horizontal line method - compare the temperature of the bend and the intersection; convex value method - convex height (convex to the high value area) is low (low value), convex low (convex to the low value area) is high (high value).

3. Analyze the density situation: sparse - small temperature difference - my country's July temperature, tropical areas, oceans, mountain steep slopes, fronts; dense - large temperature difference - my country's January temperature, temperate zone Area, land, mountain gentle slope.

4. Analyze numerical characteristics: large and small, moving in the middle; closed curves are large or small; high value areas - summer continents, winter oceans, warm currents flowing through, low terrain (valleys, basins or depressions) , city; low value area - continent in winter, ocean in summer, cold current flowing through, high terrain (mountains, ridges).

5. College entrance examination ability requirements:

(1) Determine the position of the southern and northern hemispheres: the degree of the isotherm gradually decreases from north to south or the degree of the isotherm gradually increases from south to north The largest one is in the Southern Hemisphere. The northern hemisphere is the place where the degree of isotherms gradually increases from north to south or the degree of isotherms gradually decreases from south to north.

(2) Determine the location of land and ocean: the isotherms on land in winter bend toward low latitudes (meaning that the land in winter is cooler than the ocean at the same latitude), and the isotherms on the ocean bend toward high latitudes ( Indicates that the ocean in winter is warmer than land at the same latitude). The isotherms on land in summer bend toward high latitudes (meaning that the land in summer is warmer than the ocean at the same latitude), and the isotherms on the ocean bend toward low latitudes (meaning that the ocean in summer is cooler than the land at the same latitude).

(3) Determine the month (January or July): When judging the month, pay attention to the differences between the winter and summer seasons in the southern and northern hemispheres.

January: The isotherms on land in the northern hemisphere bend to the south, and the isotherms on the oceans bend to the north; in the southern hemisphere, the isotherms on land bend to the south, and the isotherms on the oceans bend to the north.

July: The isotherms on land in the Northern Hemisphere bend to the north, and the isotherms on the oceans bend to the south; in the Southern Hemisphere, the isotherms on land bend to the north, and the isotherms on the oceans bend to the south.

(4) Determine cold and warm currents: The direction of ocean currents is consistent with the protruding direction of the isotherm. The water temperature in the center of the cold current is lower than that in other areas at the same latitude, so the isotherm curves toward lower latitudes. The water temperature in the center of the warm current is higher than that in other areas at the same latitude, so the isotherm curves toward high latitudes.

(5) Determine the high and low relief of the terrain: Where the isotherms on land protrude toward low latitudes, it indicates that the terrain there has increased; where the isotherms protrude toward high latitudes, it indicates that the terrain is elevated. The terrain is lowered. On the closed isotherm map, the value of the mountain isotherm is smaller toward the center; the value of the basin isotherm is larger.

(6) Determine the size of the temperature difference: Under normal circumstances, regardless of time and space, if isotherms are dense, the temperature difference will be larger

On the contrary, the temperature difference will be smaller. It can be seen from the temperature distribution characteristics of the world and my country: ① The isotherms are dense in winter and sparse in summer. Because the temperature difference between different places is larger in winter than in summer. ②The isotherms are dense in the temperate zone and sparse in the tropical zone. Because the temperature difference in temperate areas is greater than that in tropical areas with high temperatures all year round. ③The land isotherms are dense and the ocean isotherms are thin. Because the surface shape of the land is complex and the heat capacity of the ocean is large, the temperature difference on the land is greater than that on the sea surface.

3. Topic of Contour Lines

1. Concept: Diving contour lines are the contour lines of the diving surface. They are drawn according to the respective water level elevations on the diving surface. Generally, they are drawn On a contour topographic map.

2. Judgment of river flow direction: The phreatic water level fluctuates with the terrain (positive correlation). The height of the terrain can be judged according to the order of the data gradient (increase or decrease) of the phreatic level line in the figure. Rivers are all The direction of the river flow can be known by flowing from high places to low places.

3. Diving flow direction: perpendicular to the equal water potential line, flowing from the high value area to the low value area.

4. Diving depth: refers to the distance from the diving surface to the surface. The numerical difference between the points where the terrain contours and the phreatic contours on the same picture intersect, that is, the difference in elevation between the two, is the phreatic burial depth of that point.

5. The size of the diving flow rate: depends on the slope of the diving. The larger the slope, the faster the flow, and the smaller the slope, the slower the flow. On the same map, the denser the contours, the greater the slope. Pay attention to the scale and height difference in different maps.

6. Determine the water diversion project: In order to prevent the potential from flowing into the water wells and drainage ditches to the greatest extent, when the water level is uneven and unevenly dense, the water intake well should be arranged at the groundwater confluence and buried Shallow place; when the water level changes from dense to thin, the water intake well should be arranged at the junction of the water level from dense to thin, and be parallel to the water level line (note not vertical).

7. The relationship between diving and river or lake water supply: First, use the horizontal line method to compare the water levels, and the higher water level will always replenish the lower water level; second, make the diving flow direction and dive to the river or lake If the phreatic flow direction is from the river or lake to the phreatic water, then the river water or lake water will supply the phreatic water.

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Suggestions for answering geography questions in the college entrance examination

1. Understand the meaning of the question: Candidates must first be able to understand the meaning of the question, find out the key words, and grasp the meaning of the question. The central meaning of the test questions and the requirements for answering the test questions can be targeted.

2. See the diagrams clearly: A large part of the college entrance examination questions in recent years are related to pictures. Therefore, students should carefully grasp the characteristics and functions of various geographical images and charts. When answering questions, carefully look at the content shown in images and charts, and extract explicit and implicit information from graphic materials accurately, comprehensively and effectively. And pay attention to the organic combination of images, chart data and text data, and use them flexibly.

3. Pay attention to connections: Various geographical elements are interconnected and influence each other. Therefore, when answering questions, you should pay attention to the interconnections between geographical things and phenomena, and also pay attention to interdisciplinary relationships. connections between them, as well as connections with real life, etc.

4. Accurate expression: After logically analyzing the test questions, you need to conceive the answer and be able to express the answer clearly in accurate language. This is also an important part of the exam.

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Things to note when answering geography questions

Answer questions using geographical terminology and be clear, focused, concise and neatly written.

To answer the geography short-answer questions of the College Entrance Examination well, in addition to following the above answering specifications, according to the current scoring standards of the College Entrance Examination papers, you should also follow the following techniques:

First, prevent missing answers and answer the questions. Try to be as few and precise as possible, but if you are not sure, you can answer more questions as appropriate.

The second is to master the skills of detail and vagueness.

The third is to be organized. Never have just one paragraph from beginning to end, it must be divided into sections, one for each knowledge point.

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