Answers to the second volume of history for the first year of high school

Lesson 1

1. Ten thousand? Animal husbandry? Yanhuang? Central Plains? C? C? C? Copy 5

2. Building houses and cooked food , fishing, hunting, and farming. Before the invention of writing, myths and legends passed down orally were exaggerated accounts of the history of ancient times by our ancestors. Although it contains exaggerated elements, it also contains some valid information to a certain extent.

It is good at cultivating rice, has advanced agricultural tools, and residential houses are stilt-type buildings. Boats are the main means of travel, and natural objects such as birds and the sun are revered.

Lesson 2

1. Concession? Hereditary? National? Erlitou Culture? B?C?B?D? Hereditary system replaces the abdication system, a society in which "the world is one family" To replace the society of "the world is for the common good"; the Xia Dynasty has established officials with separate duties; ~has a certain number of troops; ~has set up prisons and formulated criminal laws.

2. The emergence of palace complexes shows that social differentiation is obvious; bronzes and jades are mostly used as ritual and sacrificial vessels, which to a certain extent reflects the strict social hierarchy and people's reverence for gods at that time.

The archaeological excavations in Material 1 confirm the records of "city..., rites..." in Material 2.

The sites and relics unearthed by archeology can confirm or supplement the documentary records.

Lesson 3

1. Soup? Internal administration? External administration? Oracle? Shang? B? A? C? D? Government: implement the internal and external administration system. Classic: Pay attention to agriculture; the bronze casting industry is developed. Text: Jia Guwen is a relatively mature text. Thoughts: Respect ghosts, gods and ancestors, and practice ritual governance.

2. It helps to understand the economic conditions, production and living conditions and governance conditions of the Shang Dynasty.

The custom of businessmen in material one to divination everything corroborates the statement in material two.

Jiaguwen is a direct record reflecting the social life of the Shang Dynasty. It is the first-hand information for studying the history of the Shang Dynasty. It also confirms the records of the Shang Dynasty in some historical documents, making the history of the Shang Dynasty a reliable history. ?

Unit 1 Exercise

1. It has the characteristics of stars in the sky and rising in all directions. The Central Plains area in the middle reaches of the Yellow River is the most concentrated.

Same: Dryland agriculture and rice agriculture appeared almost at the same time, showing a pattern of coexistence between the north and the south. Difference: rice in the south and millet in the north, the specific crops are different. Because: the geographical location is different. The north is dry and less rainy, suitable for dry farming agriculture; the south is humid and rainy, suitable for rice farming. ?C?The origin of agriculture has made human beings no longer rely solely on gathering, fishing and hunting to make a living. It has enabled human beings to become food producers and provided people with a sustainable source of food. At the same time, a relatively stable settlement was guaranteed. With the improvement of production capacity and the increase of population, people gathered together to settle down, forming the initial farming settlements.

Ancient Mesopotamia, ancient Egypt, ancient India, etc.

2. Inter-tribal violence intensified; a political entity emerged that was superior to ordinary settlements or tribes. The difference: The original farming settlements were all farmed together and distributed equally; but during this period, with the development of productivity and the emergence of private ownership, the original equal relationship has been destroyed.

It makes sense. Because the grave goods in the tombs are obviously different, it reflects the existence of different social classes; the funerary objects are matched according to different levels, which to a certain extent reflects the origin of the strict hierarchical ritual culture; the Zhu calligraphy characters may be early writing; The discovery of larger city sites also reflects the obvious social differentiation.

Movement: from abdication system to hereditary system. Symbol: marks the establishment of private ownership and the emergence of the state; marks the completion of the transition from primitive society to class society in the Xia Dynasty. Causes: the development of productive forces, the emergence of private ownership and the emergence of class differentiation, etc. ?

The bronzes of the Shang Dynasty were exquisitely made, with various forms and functions, and unique patterns. ?A?Because oracle bone inscriptions are the origin of Chinese characters, and the continuous development of Chinese characters based on oracle bone inscriptions has played an important role in inheriting Chinese civilization. Later, Chinese characters also had an important impact on the writing creation of some East Asian countries.

3. Before writing was invented, many events were transmitted orally.

Myths and legends, on the one hand, are exaggerated and imaginary, and have low credibility; however, because myths and legends carry the collective memory of early ancestors, and there is also a certain amount of real historical information hidden in them, they are worth cherishing.

Use fire, animal husbandry, and farming. ?

D?Because judging from the mutual confirmation of archaeological discoveries and historical documents, the Erlitou site is very consistent with the Xia Dynasty in time and geography.

Materials on paper and materials on the ground. Historical documents, archaeological excavations. Through underground materials, paper materials are supplemented, confirmed and falsified.

Ancient Chinese Ci. Because oracle bone inscriptions are relatively mature Chinese characters; oracle bone inscriptions are direct records of people's activities at that time and are first-hand materials for studying Shang history. The historical data are of very high value; in addition, the lineage of the Yin royal family found in the inscriptions is consistent with the "Historical Records? Yin Benji" The lineages of emperors of the Shang Dynasty are basically the same, so Shang history is called trust history.

Lesson 4

1. The founding of a feudal state? The people of Yin? Ritual and music? Mandate of Heaven? A?A?D?B?

2. Duke Zhou, Ming Dan was the younger brother of King Wu of Zhou. Because his fiefdom was in Zhou, he was called Duke of Zhou. He was a famous politician and thinker in the history of our country. After the death of King Zhou Wu, he served as king for seven years, quelled rebellions in various places, conquered the remaining Yin and Shang forces in the east, formulated a ritual and music system, and put forward a set of ideas of "respecting heaven and protecting the people." These measures consolidated and expanded Zhou's territory and influence, and also had a profound impact on later Confucianism and ancient Chinese political thought.

Food utensils.

King (government) power.

In the Battle of Muye, King Wu destroyed Zhou and established the Western Zhou Dynasty.

It shows that King Kai of Chu coveted the Zhou Dynasty regime and wanted to replace it; it reflects the historical fact that the power of the princes in the late Zhou Dynasty was strengthened and the Zhou royal family declined.

Lesson 5

1. Centralized power? Qin? Scholars? Confucianism? Legalism? Taoism? CCDAC?

2. A: adfg?B :e?C:b?D:ch?

Lesson 6? The formation of a unified centralized state

Exercise and assessment

1. People often It is said that advanced people can become backward, and latecomers can also catch up. Let’s take the unification of Qin as an example and talk about the conditions that latecomers must meet to catch up.

① Reform to become stronger and catch up: For example, Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to reform; ② Policies must be stable and continuous: Although Shang Yang was brutally killed, the system he reformed can continue; ③ Break tradition and reuse talents: Qin broke the boundaries of the patriarchal system, tried its best to absorb outstanding talents from other countries, entrusted them with important tasks, and respected them as "guest ministers". Due to the above reasons, the Qin State came from behind and quickly became stronger. It successively annexed the six countries and established a unified empire.

2. Combined with the contents of Lessons 5 and 6, talk about the foundation, conditions and reasons for the formation of the Qin Dynasty's unified country.

Political basis: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there were continuous wars and disputes among various countries. Big countries annexed small countries to form the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period". The seven countries annexed the surrounding small countries and opened up the border areas, completing regional unification. It laid the foundation for Qin's unification; Economic foundation: Iron farm tools were used in agricultural production, plowing technology emerged, the area of ??cultivated land expanded, private handicrafts and commerce were active, and economic ties between various places were strengthened; Theoretical foundation: Legalism advocated the implementation of a centralized monarchy system .

Conditions and reasons: Qin Xiaogong appointed Shang Yang to carry out reforms with the goal of enriching the country and strengthening the army and annexing the world. He abolished the well field system, abolished Shiqing Shilu, rewarded farming wars, established county systems and other measures to reuse talents. , the country is strong and the military is strong. The transportation between the various vassal states is convenient, and the people of Qin are simple and honest, making it the most powerful country among the seven vassal states.