Summary of two knowledge points of compulsory history in senior high school

Two laws of knowledge economy, the first is called the extreme asymmetry between initial cost and final effect, and the second is that the quality of knowledge is far more important than the quantity of knowledge. Next, I will share with you some compulsory knowledge points of high school history, hoping to help you. Welcome to read!

Two compulsory knowledge points in high school history 1

The Basic Structure and Characteristics of China's Ancient Economy

1. Ancient agricultural economy in China

(1) Evolution of Main Farming Methods in Ancient China

Shennong era: created primitive agricultural tools; During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period: iron farm tools and Niu Geng technology were adopted; Han Dynasty: Iron farm tools and Niu Geng technology were gradually popularized, and crank hoes, scythes, combined plows, single-headed plows and iron plows were popularized.

(2) The famous water conservancy projects in ancient China.

Warring States Period: Dujiangyan hosted by Li Bing, Zheng Guoqu project hosted by Zheng Guo, and "well canal" created by farmers in Guanzhong are popular in Xinjiang now; Eastern Han Dynasty: Wang Jingzhi ruled the Yellow River.

(3) The basic characteristics of ancient agricultural economy in China.

Basic characteristics: agricultural management mode based on individual operation of small farmers.

2. The handicraft economy in ancient China.

(1) Main achievements of silk weaving industry in Han and Tang Dynasties

Han Dynasty: Many exquisite and varied silk fabrics were found in archaeological excavations, such as plain yarn, Zen clothes and velvet brocade unearthed in Mawangdui, Changsha. Silk products are exported to the Mediterranean coast with Rome as the center.

Tang Dynasty: After the mid-Tang Dynasty, private textile workshops rose, and the government-run textile industry also had a considerable scale.

(2) The casting of bronze wares in Shang and Zhou Dynasties and the progress of iron smelting technology in Han Dynasty.

During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the casting technology of bronzes reached a fairly high level: the unearthed sites of Shang bronzes were widely distributed and the production scale was quite large.

In the Han dynasty, coal was used as fuel for ironmaking, and the gas supply developed from natural ventilation to human skin ventilation, and then to animal-drawn lama blowing. At the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Du Fu, the magistrate of Nanyang, created a hydraulic blower.

(3) The main achievements of the ceramic industry in Tang and Song Dynasties.

Tang Dynasty: Tang Sancai, Yue Kiln Celadon, Xing Kiln White Porcelain, Jingdezhen in Jiangxi and Dayi White Porcelain in Sichuan. Changsha Tongguan Kiln is the first to create underglaze color, which is decorated with paintings and poems as porcelain. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, Ding Kiln in Hebei, Jun Kiln in Henan, Jingdezhen Kiln in Jiangxi, Longquan Kiln in Zhejiang and Yaozhou Kiln in Shaanxi have become famous all over the world.

3. Ancient commercial economy in China.

(1) The development of "city" in past dynasties

(1) the qin dynasty stipulated that goods should be clearly marked; (2) There were specialized centralized trade management institutions in Han Dynasty; (3) During the Six Dynasties, a folk market managed by the government-Caoshiwei was formed; ④ In the Tang Dynasty, the grass market gradually evolved into a relatively concentrated local commercial center; ⑤ The night market is more prosperous; ⑤ The market in Song Dynasty broke through the original space.

4. China's ancient economic policies.

(1) the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining business" and its influence

Policy of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business: the economic thought and policy of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business began with Shang Yang's political reform in the Warring States Period and was followed by subsequent feudal dynasties.

Impact: On the positive side, it is conducive to stabilizing the agricultural population, developing the agricultural economy, strengthening the control over farmers, maintaining political stability and consolidating the monarchy; It is conducive to cracking down on wealthy businessmen, developing officials and businessmen and strengthening the state's control over the economy. On the negative side, this policy suppressed the social economy, hindered the germination of new modes of production, and was not conducive to the development of commodity economy.

(2) The "sea ban" policy and its influence.

"Sea ban" policy: China people were forbidden to do business overseas in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and foreign businessmen were restricted from doing business in China.

Impact: It hindered the economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries and the germination of capitalism.

High school history compulsory two knowledge points II

The tortuous development of capitalism in modern China

1, the rise of national industries in modern China.

(1) The symbol and influence of the disintegration of China's natural economy after the Opium War

Sign: The decline of China's handmade cotton textile industry marks the beginning of the disintegration of natural economy.

Influence: It promoted the rise of modern national industries. The destruction of natural economy provides a commodity market for the development of capitalism. (2) the bankruptcy of a large number of farmers and craftsmen has provided a labor market for the development of capitalism.

(2) The time, mode and famous enterprises of national capitalist industry.

Time: around 65438+70s.

Ways: ① Some small and medium-sized landlords, bureaucrats, comprador, businessmen and overseas Chinese invest in modern industrial and mining enterprises.

The other is that some handicraft workshops began to adopt machine production and turned into modern industrial and mining enterprises.

Famous enterprises: Shanghai Changfa Machine Factory, Nanhai Jichanglong Silk Reeling Factory, Tianjin Yilaimou Machine Factory.

(3) the main characteristics of the development of national capitalist industry

1, uneven development ① concentrated in coastal areas ② rapid development of light industry and slow development of heavy industry.

2. Development difficulties. It is difficult to develop between feudalism and foreign capitalism.

It accounts for a small proportion in the whole national economy.

(4) The historical conditions and time of the initial development of national capitalism and the famous industrialists Zhang Jian and Rong Brothers.

Conditions for initial development: ① After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the aggression of foreign powers intensified and the natural economy further disintegrated; In order to save the national crisis, many patriots "set up factories to save themselves" and "save the country through industry"; In order to solve the financial crisis, the Qing government temporarily relaxed the restrictions on setting up private factories.

Time: 65438+end of 2009 and beginning of 20th century.

Famous industrialists and enterprises: ① Sheng Da Cotton Mill founded by Zhang Jian in Nantong, Jiangsu; ② Baoxing Flour Mill founded by Rong and Rong Desheng in Wuxi, Jiangsu; (3) the new lime company founded by Tangshan, Zhou and Zhou; ④ Jinbao Mining Company founded by Liu Maoshang and Feng Jichuan in Shanxi.

2. The tortuous development of national industry in the Republic of China.

(1) Reasons and main manifestations of short spring in national industries

Causes: Internal causes: ① the promotion of the Revolution of 1911; (2) the propaganda of boycotting Japanese goods and promoting the movement of domestic products; (3) the influence of the ideological trend of saving the country by industry.

External factors (1) During World War I, European powers temporarily relaxed their aggression.

The main manifestations are as follows: ① Industrial groups are constantly emerging; ② Overseas investment is increasing; ③ Build more factories and mines; (4) increase new capital; (5) Textile, flour and other light industries have developed rapidly; ⑤ Heavy industry has developed.

(2) The main reason why the development of national industry was in trouble in the later period of Kuomintang rule.

The main reasons are: ① hyperinflation policy; (2) oppression of bureaucratic capital; ③ Heavy tax burden; (4) American economic aggression; (5) civil war destruction.

High school history compulsory two knowledge points 3

Exploration on the Road of Socialist Construction in China

1. Socialist construction has developed in twists and turns in exploration.

(1) The basic symbol of the establishment of China's socialist system.

1956 The victory of the socialist transformation of agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce (the completion of the three major transformations) realized the profound transformation of the ownership of the means of production, initially established the basic socialist system and entered the primary stage of socialism.

(2) The main tasks of the whole Party and the people of the whole country put forward by the Eighth National Congress of communist party, China.

1956 the main task of the whole party and people in communist party, China, put forward by the Eighth National Congress is to concentrate on solving the main domestic contradictions, namely, the contradiction between the people's demand for the establishment of an advanced industrial country and the reality of an backward agricultural country, and the contradiction between the people's demand for rapid economic and cultural development and the current economic and cultural failure to meet the people's needs, so as to turn China from a backward agricultural country into an advanced industrial country as soon as possible.

It embodies the Communist Party of China (CPC)'s initial achievements in exploring the road of socialist construction in China.

(3) The Great Leap Forward and the People's Communalization Movement

Reason: Because China's socialist practice has just started, people lack a deep understanding of what socialism is and how to build it, which leads to twists and turns and mistakes in the process of exploring the socialist road.

Launch: 1958, under the guidance of the erroneous idea of being eager for success and unilaterally emphasizing the speed of economic development, the "Great Leap Forward" movement was launched nationwide, and then people's communes were established in rural areas throughout the country.

Danger: The Great Leap Forward and the people's commune movement have seriously spread the "Left" errors marked by high indicators, blind command, exaggerated style and "* * * mode of production", and greatly damaged social productive forces.

2. Great historical turning point

(1) The main contents and functions of the household contract responsibility system

Main contents: "farm-to-household production quota" and "household-to-household contract" (on the basis of public ownership of land, land is contracted to households for use, and farmers operate independently and are responsible for their own profits and losses)

Role: The household contract responsibility system is a major change in China's rural economic system, which greatly mobilized farmers' enthusiasm for production and fundamentally changed the rural economic situation and social outlook.

(2) the principle of state-owned enterprise reform

The principle of separation of government from enterprise and proper separation of ownership and management rights.

(3) The initial formation and characteristics of China's opening-up pattern.

Formation: ① From 65438 to 0980, special economic zones were established in Shenzhen, Guangdong, Zhuhai, Shantou and Xiamen, Fujian.

② 1984: Dalian, Qinhuangdao, Tianjin, Yantai, Qingdao, Lianyungang, Nantong, Shanghai, Ningbo, Wenzhou, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Zhanjiang and Beihai are open 14 coastal port cities.

(3) since1985, in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, Southeast Fujian, Bohai Rim and other economically open areas; Hainan Island is a special economic zone.

④ 1990, which was opened in Pudong, Shanghai.

By the early 1990s, the opening pattern of special economic zones-coastal open cities-coastal economic open areas-inland areas had taken shape.

Features: multi-level, focused, point-to-area open pattern.

3, to a new stage of socialist modernization.

(1) put forward the goal of establishing a socialist market economic system.

199265438+February, the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China made it clear that the goal of China's economic system reform is to establish a socialist market economic system, and China's reform and opening up has entered a new stage.

1993165438+10 In October, the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee adopted a decision on establishing a socialist market economic system, which made the objectives and basic principles of economic system reform put forward by the Third Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee concrete.

High school history compulsory two knowledge points 4

The Changes of Modern Social Life in China

1, changes in material life and social customs

(1) Changes of China's Clothing in the 20th Century

The general trend of change: from formality, conservatism, rigidity and strict hierarchy to beauty, fitness, convenience and popularization.

Reasons for the changes of modern clothing: In ancient times, clothing was closely related to class and status, and there were complicated systems and regulations. As the Opium War opened the door to China, China entered a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the social structure changed accordingly. Western culture and lifestyle promoted the liberation of individuality, which was first reflected in getting rid of the old shackles in clothing.

The change of men's clothing: Chinese and western clothing coexist: it reflects the fierce confrontation between the two cultures; ? Suit was introduced after the Opium War, but it really became popular after the founding of the Republic of China, which showed that it was stipulated as one of men's clothes and more people wore it. Reasons for the popularity of suits: from the perspective of wearing, suits fit and are chic; Judging from the transformation of China's social regime, it was the product of haircut and change of clothes after the founding of the Republic of China; From the perspective of social ideological trend, Westernization ideological trend promoted the fashion of worshipping foreign things and obsessing foreign things in clothing in the early Republic of China. Clothing changes after the founding of New China: With the founding of New China, Chinese tunic suit, people's suit and Lenin suit quickly replaced suits and cheongsam and became the main clothing styles in the early Republic of China, because they were eye-catching signs of pursuing progress and maintaining revolutionary passion. In the era of change, clothing, as an expression of political belief, often plays a subtle role in the process of ideological standardization and integration. Through the identity of clothing, it shows people's concern.

The change of women's clothing: the popularity of cheongsam: In the process of reform, the cheongsam style abandoned the old look of China traditional clothing, absorbed the western aesthetic taste, and boldly reflected the curvaceous beauty of women's figure. It is a successful attempt to use traditional costumes and integrate Chinese and western aesthetics. The popularity of cheongsam also reflects the changes in China people's clothing aesthetic concept after the May 4th Movement. Characteristics of jewelry wear: After the Revolution of 1911, it developed towards simplicity. Influenced by western culture, some decorations with practical value have become the hobbies of fashionable women.

(2) Changes in major social customs since modern times.

Reasons for the change of customs and habits: When social politics, economy and culture have undergone great changes, social customs and habits have also changed.

Changes of marriage customs: modern marriage customs: the conclusion of marriage has developed from parents' orders and matchmakers' words to opposing arranged marriage and advocating freedom of marriage. In this process, the promotion of bourgeois intellectuals and the introduction of western ideas played a considerable role. After the founding of New China, the changes of modern marriage customs: freedom of love and marital autonomy have become fashionable, and the criteria for choosing a spouse are closely related to people's values. The change of the wedding itself reflects the imprint of the development of the times.

Funeral changes: 65438+the end of 2009 and the beginning of the 20th century: Chinese and western old styles coexist, and the old styles tend to be simplified, and most people are old styles. After the founding of New China, the reform was from burial to cremation.

Changes in other customs: they are characterized by novelty and admiration for differences, but also show the coexistence of old and new.

What are the characteristics of the changes of modern material life in China? China's modern material life has gone through a trend from closed doors to modernization and modernization from the feudal tradition in the past. China's modern material life showed a trend of combining Chinese and Western ideas and lifestyles until the founding of the Republic of China. After the founding of New China, due to the domination of ideology, it tends to be China and independent; After the reform and opening up, it gradually followed the international trend because of its closer ties with the world.

Combined with the current social phenomenon, this paper analyzes the influence and function of foreign culture on the material life and social customs changes in China.

In today's life, the influence of foreign culture-foreign fast food, popular clothes, new lifestyles and so on can be seen everywhere.

The changes in China's material culture and social customs are not completely copied from foreign countries, but are always mixed with some traditional things. After a culture is introduced, it often does not develop on the original track, but combines with local culture to produce new or even more brilliant results. The most important influence of foreign culture in this respect is to change people's old attitudes and lifestyles-advocating freedom and opening up, not sticking to tradition. In such inheritance and abandonment, it is in line with the people of China.

2. Progress in transportation and communication tools

(1) The trend and means of transportation in modern China.

The trend of traffic modernization: the evolution of traction power from manpower and animal power to machinery.

The characteristics of modern transportation renewal: traditional transportation is replaced by human-driven transportation such as rickshaws, bicycles, tricycles, etc., and mechanical power-driven transportation is becoming more and more important; The process of renewal is more obvious in cities than in rural areas.

Modern means of transportation in China;

Means of transportation drawn by human and animal: The emergence of rickshaws has added a new convenient and fast means of transportation to urban residents, and also brought a new professional class. The rickshaw pullers work hard and have limited income, so it is difficult to maintain food and clothing.

Bicycles were introduced to China in the middle and late19th century. After 1950s, with its own bicycle manufacturing industry, China gradually became a "bicycle kingdom".

Mechanical traction vehicle. Tram: Tram transportation system was built in 1906 Tianjin.

Bus: 1924 appears in Shanghai. Before liberation, there were fewer cars and more people. After 1950s, it became an important means of transportation in the city.

The relationship between advanced means of transportation, trains and ships and China's rights and interests: As soon as China appeared, they were tools for the powers to plunder China's rights and interests. From the end of 65438 to the beginning of the 20th century, with the development of the rights restoration movement, construction entered a new period.

The characteristics of traffic development after the founding of New China are: multi-level, wide-ranging, rapid development and unbalanced development (unbalanced regional economic development, influenced by specific environment).

High school history compulsory two knowledge points 5

Capitalist market going to the world

1, open up the route of civilized communication.

(1) The new route opened by Diaz and Columbus.

(1)1488, Portuguese Diaz led the fleet to the Cape of Good Hope in southwest Africa;

(2)1492, with the support of the Spanish royal family, the Italian Columbus sailed to America, opening up a new route to America.

(2) the significance of opening up new routes to the formation of the world market.

(1) The opening of the new air route caused a "commercial revolution", and many new commodities appeared in the European market. At the same time, the expansion of the market has effectively stimulated the development of capitalist relations of production in western Europe. In order to control domestic and foreign trade, a number of privileged trading companies were established, which promoted the process of primitive accumulation of capital in Western Europe. With the opening of the new air route, the Atlantic coast has replaced the Mediterranean region and become the hub of European trade routes and trade.

(2) The opening of new air routes caused a "price revolution", which accelerated the social division, the disintegration of feudal system in Western Europe and the further evolution of capitalist relations of production. The price revolution is an important part of primitive accumulation of capital in Western Europe.

(3) With the opening of new air routes, the ties between different regions and different nationalities are getting closer and closer. American crops were brought back to Europe and spread all over the world, which made great changes in the recipes of the lower classes in Britain. European plants, animals and advanced production methods entered the United States with European immigrants, which greatly affected the economic life of the United States. At the same time, as an important means of primitive accumulation of capital, the colonial system and colonial plunder also entered the historical stage.

(4) The opening of the new air route has also greatly impacted the ideological and cultural fields in Western Europe, which proves the scientific nature of the "Earth Circle Theory" and is of great significance to the development of natural science and the formation of a correct world outlook; It directly impacted the theological theory, dealt a heavy blow to the prestige of the church, proved the greatness of human strength, diverted people's attention to the real world, and stimulated people's scientific exploration in hot pillow. Since then, the regional history dominated by countries and races has gradually evolved into a world history of mutual communication, mutual influence and mutual integration. Under the domination and influence of capitalist relations of production, the interaction and influence of various civilized worlds have been developing and advancing.

2. The conquest and plunder of blood and fire.

(1) Several major wars in the process of establishing British colonial hegemony

(1) 1588, Britain defeated Spain's "Armada";

② From 1652 to 1674, there were three wars between Britain and the Netherlands, and the Netherlands not only lost its maritime hegemony, but also lost its colonies in North America.

(3)/kloc-In the second half of the 7th century, the colonial contradiction between Britain and France in North America and India became increasingly acute. During the period of 1756- 1763, Britain launched a seven-year war against France and seized the exclusive right of France to sell slaves in North America and Spanish colonies to the western part of America. 1763, Britain won the seven-year war.

(2) the way and influence of colonial expansion

① The way of colonial expansion: brutal plunder, slaughter and unequal trade.

(2) The influence of colonial expansion: (a) For colonial countries, a large amount of wealth was plundered from the colonies and turned into capital, which led to the development of European capitalism; Breaking the relative isolation of the world has made the world increasingly an interactive and closely linked whole, which has promoted the process of world integration. B, for colonies, colonialism is a disaster and scourge, resulting in the backwardness of Asia, Africa and Latin America; Colonialism has brought advanced modes of production, lifestyles and ideas, and promoted the development and progress of colonial history.

3. The power of "steam"

(1) Premises and conditions of British industrial revolution

(1) Overseas colonial expansion and plunder provided a source of funds for the industrial revolution and also expanded the market demand for British goods;

The enclosure movement provided labor resources for the industrial revolution and promoted the expansion of the domestic market;

(3) The development of handicraft workshops made the conditions for technological reform and machine invention mature, which were three indispensable conditions for the British industrial revolution;

The establishment of bourgeois representative system has become a great motive force and reliable political guarantee for the industrial revolution.

(2) Great inventions in the process of British industrial revolution.

11733, Kay invented the shuttle.

(2) 1764, Hargreaves invented the hand spinning machine.

(3)1739, Akelet invented the hydraulic spinning machine.

(4) Watt improved the steam engine and invented the linkage steam engine.

(5) 1807, Fulton invented the steamboat.

61814. Stephenson invented the steam locomotive.

(3) The influence of the industrial revolution on the development of the capitalist world market.

(1) The industrial revolution has strengthened international exchanges. The technological innovation triggered by the industrial revolution has broken national and continental boundaries, transcended the ocean and spread to Europe, America and Asia. The complementarity of production between industries and countries makes the exchanges between countries and regions in the world more frequent, which prepares the material conditions for the formation of the world market.

(2) The industrial revolution promoted the international movement of population and capital, which led to the technological revolution in the transportation industry. The invention of ships, trains and other means of transportation has made interpersonal relations and international exchanges increasingly close, expanded people's activities, promoted the spread of advanced production technologies and modes, promoted the international flow of population and capital, expanded the influence of industrial civilization on the world, and gradually formed a link with the world economy.

(3) The industrial revolution changed the world pattern, promoted the formation of the colonial system in the capitalist world, and became an important guarantee for the formation of the world market.

④/KLOC-In the middle of the 9th century, the "founding of the People's Republic of China" in Japan and the "open door" in China marked the formation of the world market.

⑤ The establishment of the basic norms of international economic exchanges has made the world economic exchanges more rational and strengthened the credit, marking the gradual maturity of the capitalist world market.

Step 4 go global

(1) Premises and conditions of the second industrial revolution

(1)/kloc-in the second half of the 9th century, the capitalist mode of production was finally established in major countries in Europe and America, and a relatively stable political situation emerged, which provided the premise for the second industrial revolution.

Breakthrough achievements and innovations in science and technology directly promoted the rise of the second industrial revolution.

(3) After the first industrial revolution, European and American countries achieved initial industrialization, which promoted the basic formation of the world market and the emergence of international currencies. A large amount of accumulated capital provided sufficient funds for the establishment and rise of new industrial sectors and laid an important material foundation for the second industrial revolution.

(2) The beginning sign and birthplace of the second industrial revolution.

1866, German scientist and engineer Siemens invented the world's first high-power generator, marking the beginning of the second industrial revolution.

The United States and Germany were the two cradles and centers of the second industrial revolution.

(3) The great inventions of Edison, Bell, Ben Ci and the Wright brothers.

Edison invented the tungsten light bulb, improved the telephone invented by Bell, succeeded in the tram experiment, invented the phonograph, and cooperated with George? Hysmans invented the film projector. In September, 2082, new york Pearl Street Power Plant was established, which was the first central power plant.

1876, Bell of America invented the telephone.

③ 1893, Ben Ci began to produce station wagons, and the modern automobile industry rose.

(4)1903, the Wright brothers invented the plane.

(4) the emergence of monopoly organizations

During the second industrial revolution, with the great development of industry, production and capital were highly concentrated, resulting in monopoly organizations, and companies in the modern sense gradually became the dominant form of industrial and commercial organizations.

(2) With the formation of monopoly organizations, major capitalist countries entered the stage of imperialism, which set off a frenzy of dividing up the world and triggered a fierce struggle among the powers to redistribute the world.

(5) The influence of the second industrial revolution on the capitalist world market.

The second industrial revolution has greatly promoted the trend of world economic integration. Local international communication has developed into global communication, and the scattered and local world has become interactive and integrated. At the end of 2009 and the beginning of the 20th century, the whole world basically completed the integration process and the capitalist world system was formed.

The transformation of means of transportation has closely linked the production, circulation and consumption all over the world, and mankind has taken a key step towards the process of world integration.

(3) The integration of the world has promoted the large-scale mobility and integration of people, and also brought about extensive exchanges of animal and plant species in the world, which greatly promoted the development of the world agricultural economy.

The international division of labor has developed in breadth and depth, and the degree of socialization of production has improved. Capitalist countries have become the biggest beneficiaries of world trade and international division of labor.

⑤ World integration has promoted the expansion of global cultural exchanges, which is objectively a historical progress. However, the unbalanced development between countries and regions has led to the rise of the national democratic liberation movement in Asia, Africa and Latin America, and the contradictions and conflicts among capitalist powers have intensified.

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