Psychological common sense knowledge

1. Collection of psychological knowledge

Psychological effect is a common psychological phenomenon and law in social life. It is a causal reaction or chain reaction that the behavior or function of one person or something causes other people or things to change accordingly.

Like anything else, it has positive and negative meanings. Therefore, correctly recognizing, understanding, mastering and utilizing psychological effects is of great significance in people's daily life and work.

The butterfly effect, a meteorologist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, believes that he has discovered a new phenomenon: "extreme instability to the initial value". Also known as the "butterfly effect", Asian butterflies flap their wings, and in a few months, a tornado will be worse than the strong wind in the United States! The butterfly effect is about the influence of "one thing" on the results, just like the results calculated by changing only a little data will differ by a hundred thousand miles.

The barrel effect How much water a barrel can hold depends on the shortest board. This is the famous "barrel effect" herding effect. Sheep (collective) is a very messy organization. Usually, everyone runs blindly together.

If a sheep finds a fertile green grassland and eats fresh grass there, later sheep will plunge into the grass there, completely ignoring the wolves eyeing nearby, or not seeing other better grass. Catfish effect Norwegians love sardines. After catching sardines at sea, if they can reach Hong Kong alive, the selling price will be several times higher than that of dead fish.

However, because sardines are lazy by nature, do not like sports and have a long way to return, sardines caught often die as soon as they return to the dock. Only a fisherman's sardines are always alive because there is a catfish in his fish tank.

It turns out that catfish will swim around because of unfamiliar environment after being put into the fish tank. When sardines find this alien molecule, they will become nervous and swim faster. In this way, the sardines will return to the port alive. This is the so-called "catfish effect"

Halo effect People's cognition and judgment of people often only start from the part, spread it to get the overall impression, that is, they often generalize from the part. If a person is marked as good, he will be shrouded in a positive aura and be endowed with all good qualities; If a person is marked as bad, he is shrouded in a negative aura and is considered to have all kinds of bad qualities.

The first impression effect made both students answer half of the 30 questions correctly, but the question that made student A answer correctly appeared in the first 15 question as far as possible, and the question that made student B answer correctly appeared in the last 15 question as far as possible. Then some subjects evaluated the two students: Who is smarter than the other one? The results show that most of the subjects think that student A is smarter. This is the first impression effect.

The first impression effect is the impression people leave in the first communication, which forms and occupies a dominant position in the other person's mind. When recency effect appeared in a variety of * * * at a time, the formation of his impression mainly depended on the * * * that appeared later, that is, in the process of communication, our latest and latest understanding of others occupied the main position, which covered up the previous evaluation of others, so it was also called "novelty effect".

Friends I haven't seen for years, what impressed me most in my mind is actually the scene when I left; A friend always makes you angry, but there are only two or three reasons to be angry, which is also the performance of recency effect. These two phenomena are very common in study and interpersonal communication.

Pygmalion effect (self-test prediction) implies that people's emotions and thoughts are influenced by others' subconscious to varying degrees. People will unconsciously accept the influence and hints of people they like, admire, trust and appreciate.

This hint is just one of the cornerstones to make your dream come true ... Matthew effect refers to the phenomenon that the better the worse, the more and less. The name comes from a fable in Matthew in the Bible.

Robert Morton summed up the "Matthew effect" as: once any individual, group or region achieves success and progress in a certain aspect (such as money, reputation, status, etc.). ), it will produce an accumulated advantage and have more opportunities to achieve greater success and progress. This word was later borrowed by economists, reflecting the phenomenon of unfair income distribution in economics that the poor are getting poorer and poorer, the rich are getting richer and richer, and the winner takes all.

Generally speaking, people tend to like people who are smart and have small shortcomings, which is called "Young Ba Jiao effect" in psychology. It means that a wise man accidentally makes a little mistake, which not only does not affect his advantages, but makes people feel that he will make mistakes just like ordinary people, and has an ordinary side, which makes people feel good.

1. Having sex with the leader-that is, holding the boss's thigh effect-the secret Hercules effect of interview and anti-interview-hating your leader will push you into a dead corner-the waterfall psychological effect of the leader expecting you to say "no"-put a sentry Babel rule on your mouth-be careful! Unconsciously, it has come out ........................................................................................................................................................................ Purple Genik effect-eagle effect-shines early, at least let others think you can do it! The status effect-kicking the cat when you have a position-is criticized, so don't lose the emotional cost feedback effect-your silence will make your boss very uneasy-retina effect-you want to be promoted and observe the leadership sitting effect with your brain-where will you sit in the meeting? Johnson effect-at the critical moment, real masters will forget their own crab effect-the "claw" homomorphism psychological effect that leaders will pay attention to-the other side that cannot be seen through. Second, improve the relationship between colleagues-from independence to interdependence-aronson effect-don't let others think that you are better than Malone before pretending Hawthorne effect and complaining.

2. Who can tell me some psychological knowledge?

According to the British "Guardian" report, can the instantaneous facial expression change really reveal whether a person is lying? Paul ekman, a famous American psychologist, thinks he has found the answer.

Forty years ago, when the research psychologist gave a speech to a group of trained young psychiatrists, someone asked him a question, and he has been busy looking for the answer to this question ever since. This group of people obviously want to know that if you work in such a mental hospital, one of the patients who came here tried to commit suicide.

When this patient says to you, "I feel much better now, can I go out at the weekend?" What should you do? Of course, you know that mental patients often ask similar questions, but if you allow them to leave the hospital temporarily, some people will take the opportunity to commit suicide.

However, this group of special patients often swear that they are telling the truth. They look honest, and his words don't sound like lying.

Faced with this situation, do you have any way to tell whether what they say is true or not? This question made Aikman think deeply. As part of the research, he recorded 12 minutes of conversations with many mental patients in the hospital.

In a later conversation, a patient told him that she had lied to him. Hearing this, Aikman patiently sat down and began to watch the previous video carefully.

For the first time, he didn't find anything unusual, so he slowed down the video. Over and over again, he gets nothing, so he will play it at a slower speed. Suddenly, just as two pictures passed before his eyes, he saw a very bright and intense expression of pain on the patient's face, which lasted less than a fifteenth of a second.

But since he found this strange expression, he found three other examples that can explain the patient's lying in the same conversation video. Aikman said: "This is the process of discovering micro-expressions. Micro-expressions are very strong hidden expressions that happen in an instant."

Tim Roth, the star of Don't Lie to me, showed an expression of disgust: his nose was slightly wrinkled and his upper lip was raised. Fear: the eyebrows are provoked and close to the middle, the upper eyelid is raised, and the lower eyelid is tightened; Spread your lips horizontally towards your ears.

Happiness: wrinkles are squeezed out of the corners of the eyes, cheeks are stretched upward, and muscles around the eyes are slightly shaken. Surprise: eyebrows raised, eyes wide open and lips unconsciously opened.

In the next 40 years, Aikman of the Department of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Francisco successfully confirmed the proposition put forward by Charles Darwin: the expressions of anger, disgust, satisfaction, fear, surprise, happiness and sadness are innate and accurate across cultures, fields and the world. From the United States to Japan, from Brazil to Papua New Guinea, regardless of language and culture, the facial muscle changes caused by these seven basic emotions are roughly the same.

Moreover, the expression of emotions is subconscious, which is basically difficult to suppress or conceal. Of course, we can also have a try.

But when we lie, the micro-expressions caused by strong emotions will fly over our faces quickly, and we have no time to stop them. Fortunately for liars, 99% of them can't see these fleeting signals to express their inner pain, while only 50 of the 15000 people who participated in the Aikman experiment can see these signals without training.

He called these people "geniuses". But Aikman said that with some training, almost everyone can master this skill.

He should know that since his most famous book Lying was first published in the mid-1980s, he has often received invitations from the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Central Intelligence Agency, the Transportation Security Administration, the Immigration Bureau, anti-terrorism investigators and police around the world. The purpose of inviting Aikman is not only to help solve the case, but also to teach them how to use this technology. He also holds seminars to teach defense lawyers, prosecution lawyers, health experts, poker players and even people who doubt their spouses to see through lies.

In addition, he also made an online course. With the help of a CD worth $20 or an online course worth $65,438+02, you can quickly learn to recognize when people are lying. Sounds like a good TV script. Rupert Murdoch's latest TV series Lie to Me, which is based on Aikman's lies, will be premiered on Sky 1 TV in Britain this week.

British actor Tim Roth plays (and I quote) "Dr. Carl Letterman, the world's top detective and scientist, can not only see whether you are lying, but also know why you are lying by studying facial expressions and subconscious body language." He is more accurate than any polygraph. The advertisement in Sky said that Letterman was a "human polygraph".

This TV play is different in several ways. As far as ekman knows, this is the first time that a commercial TV series is based on the research of only one scientist.

Moreover, ekman also participated in the creation of the play. He not only participated in the discussion of the plot, but also proofread the scripts five times in a row to ensure the accuracy of each script. He also sent the actor a special expression video that he personally performed. Ekman admitted that when Brian Grazer, a film and television producer (the director of 24 Hours and Dialogue between Foster and Nixon) first contacted him and said that he would turn his lifelong research into a TV series, he was really skeptical.

He said, "If I can stop him, I will. I'm worried that this series will have the effect of crime scene investigation or cause a wrong expectation.

One day, maybe some people on the jury will blame someone wrongly according to the skills mentioned in Don't Lie to me. "Glazer and Samuel Baum, the screenwriter of this TV series, won the support of Aikman with their clear and serious intentions. When they discussed the role of scientific consultant with Aikman, Aikman thought he should be a practical scientist.

According to his estimation, "about 80-90% of this series is correct. They used 18 examples in the pilot project, and only two of them were wrong. But you know, this is just a TV series, not a documentary.

3. Basic knowledge of psychology

Modern research and development of psychology 1 chapter 1. Concept of psychology: Psychology is a science that studies the laws of human behavior and psychological activities.

2. The essence of psychological phenomenon: human psychology is the subjective and dynamic attitude of the human brain towards objective reality. 3. The relationship between human behavior and individual psychology: behavior refers to any explicit and observable reflection action or activity of the body. Psychology is the active attitude of the human brain towards the objective reality: individual behavior is dominated by its implicit psychological activities, which in turn are generated by behavior, and people are manifested in behavior.

4. The structure and relationship of individual psychology: cognitive process: psychological processes such as perception, memory, thinking and imagination; emotional process: attitude towards things, experience process and will process: psychological process of will behavior; tendency of individual psychological activities: stable characteristics of individual psychological processes such as needs, motives, beliefs, ideals and world outlook: ability, temperament and personality, including cognitive process, emotional process and will. Personality difference refers to the relatively stable psychological activity tendency and psychological process characteristics that personality often shows in the development and process of psychological process. Psychological process and personality differences restrict and influence each other, and personality psychology is gradually formed and developed on the basis of psychological process, and always shows itself in various psychological processes; On the other hand, the formed personality psychology affects the psychological process, making the individual's psychological process always personalized.

This relationship between psychological process and personality psychology reflects the dialectical unity of similarities and differences in people's psychological activities as a whole, and psychology is to study and reveal these psychological phenomena and their laws. 5. The symbol of the birth of psychology: Feng Te, a famous German psychologist, established the world's first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig in Germany on 1879, and began to conduct systematic laboratory research on psychological phenomena, thus separating psychology from philosophy and becoming an independent science.

This event marked the birth of psychology, and Feng Te was also called the father of psychology. 6. The main schools of psychology and their representative figures and thoughts: the name and era of the school, the research objects of the main figures, basic viewpoints, structuralism, 1879- 1900, and the structural consciousness of Feng Te and Tieqinna can be decomposed into three basic elements: feeling, image and functionalism1890-/. Gestalt Psychology 19 12- 1940 wertheimer, Kaufka and Kohler's experience and perception of organizational consciousness are greater than the sum of their parts. Behaviorism 19 13—— Up to now, the influence of Watson and Skinner's environment on the explicit behavior of human beings and animals. Psychology only studies observable explicit behavior. Psychoanalysis School1900-Up to now, Freud has determined the unconscious factors of behavior, the unconscious experience of childhood, personality characteristics and the root of psychological obstacles. Cognitive Psychology1950-Up to now, Nasser, Simon, Piaget and other complex psychological process psychology need to know how people get it. Humanistic Psychology of Storing and Processing Information 1950- So far, Rogers has a unique and special experience of human contraction. Man is an autonomous and rational animal, which has the potential of self-development and is essentially different from animals. 7. The basic task of psychological research is to explore the facts, essence, mechanism and laws of psychological phenomena.

It includes description and measurement, explanation and explanation, prediction and control. (What, why and how) 8. The main methods of psychological research: a, observation: simple and easy, direct observation; B survey method: including questionnaire survey and interview survey, which is efficient, but the survey results will be interfered by subjective and objective factors, and the authenticity is insufficient; C, case study method: deepen personal understanding but lack reliability in collecting information; D. Experimental method: It is to systematically manipulate the change of one variable under controlled conditions to study the influence of the change of this variable on other variables, which can be divided into field experiments and laboratory experiments.

The accuracy is high, but divorced from the actual situation, it is difficult to bring the results into daily life. 9. The procedure of psychological research: a, determine the problem and put forward the hypothesis; Determine the research object; Define concepts and their measuring tools; D choose research methods; E explained the result by analogy, because it was too long, more than 10 thousand words, and only the first part was passed.

Just let me know if you need it, and I'll give you a Q for adoption ~! Help each other ~ thank you very much ~.

4. The most basic knowledge about psychology

Basic knowledge of psychology Section 1 Research objects, principles and methods of psychology 1. The research object of psychology is the science that studies the occurrence, development and laws of human psychological phenomena. People's psychological phenomena are mainly divided into psychological process and personality psychology. (1) psychological process psychological process includes cognitive process (feeling, perception, memory, thinking, imagination, etc. ), emotional process (emotions, emotions, etc. ) and the process of will (overcoming difficulties). (2) The cognitive process, emotional process and will process of personality psychology are all processes that everyone has. Due to the differences of everyone's genetic quality, living environment, education and activities, these psychological processes are different for everyone, thus forming their own different personality psychology. Personality for short. Personality psychology consists of personality tendency and psychological characteristics. (1) Personality tendencies include needs, motives, interests, values and world outlook. Personality tendency determines a person's attitude and enthusiasm for things. (2) Personality psychological characteristics Personality psychological characteristics include differences in ability, temperament and personality. Temperament and personality are the stable characteristics of every specific person. (3) The unique and stable organic combination of their relationship, personality tendency and personality psychological characteristics in a certain person forms the personality that distinguishes this person from others. Therefore, in the process of dealing with various things, people not only have psychological activities such as observation and thinking, but also show different personalities. Psychological process is closely related to personality psychology. ① Personality psychology is formed and developed in the long-term psychological activities, and it is also manifested in the current psychological activities. For example, people's cognitive ability is formed and developed in the long-term cognitive process. Only in the current cognitive process of something can we show the strength of cognitive ability. The personality psychology that has been formed in history has a profound influence on my current psychological process and results. For example, ability and personality directly affect the effect of an individual's cognitive process. To understand people's psychology comprehensively and deeply, we must combine psychological process with personality psychology. Second, the research principle of psychology (1) The principle of objectivity means that in scientific research, we must explore according to the true nature of objective things, not by subjective speculation. All psychological activities are caused by objective factors, which are manifested in various objective activities of people. To study people's psychology, we must adhere to objectivity based on these objective facts. (2) practical principles. Human psychology is produced and developed in social practice. Therefore, psychological research should be carried out both in the laboratory and under natural conditions. It is necessary to carry out both theoretical research and practical application research, such as conformity. (3) The principle of development The principle of development means that psychological phenomena cannot be regarded as fixed things. Even relatively stable psychological characteristics may change under the influence of various factors for a long time. (4) Systematic principle People live in extremely complicated natural and social environments, and various psychological phenomena of people arise. Affected by various specific factors in the surrounding environment, people's reaction to every object and phenomenon is influenced by factors such as time, place, situation at that time and their own psychological state. For people's psychological research, we should not only consider the reasons and conditions that cause psychological phenomena, but also consider the influence of other factors related to these reasons and conditions. The method of understanding the psychological activities of the subjects through their external performance (behavior, speech, expression, etc.). ) purposeful and systematic. (2) Experimental method Experimental method is a method to strictly control or create certain conditions purposefully to cause some psychological phenomenon. There are two kinds of experimental methods, namely laboratory experimental method and natural experimental method. 1, the laboratory experiment method is generally carried out in the laboratory with the help of various instruments. The results obtained by laboratory experiments are not only accurate, but also can be repeated to check whether the results are correct. However, because the experiment is conducted under artificial conditions, the subjects often have emotional tension and self-attitude, which may affect the experimental results. Natural experiment is a psychological experiment in daily activities. It has the advantages of naturalness of observation and initiative of laboratory experiment. (3) Questionnaire is a method to study the psychological activities of the respondents through their written answers. Using this method, the researcher first determines the questions according to the research purpose and makes a questionnaire. Respondents were asked to answer the questions one by one, and then sorted out, analyzed and counted according to the questionnaire. Draw a conclusion. (4) Other methods (1) Psychological test: it is a method to test individual differences such as people's attitude, ability, personality and temperament according to a pre-established scale. (2) Case analysis: it is a method to study the psychological activities of the subjects through long-term systematic understanding. (3) Work analysis method: it is through analyzing the works of the subjects. Methods To understand their psychological activities. (4) Experience summary method: According to the facts provided by management or educational practice, it is an effective method to analyze and summarize psychological phenomena under uncontrolled natural conditions and upgrade them to theory. Section 2 Human psychology is a dynamic reflection of objective reality. Human psychology is the function of human brain. However, the human brain can't produce psychological phenomena by itself, but only under the influence of external objective things. First, people's psychology and consciousness come from objective reality. People's psychology and consciousness, whether simple or complex, all come from objective reality. There are flowers and trees in objective reality, and there will be images of flowers and trees in people's minds. There are cars and planes in objective reality, so there will be cars and planes in people's minds. People's psychology and consciousness are an open system, which is always in close contact with the external environment. It is formed and developed under the influence of objective reality. Objective reality can be divided into natural environment and social environment. The formation and development of people's psychology and consciousness are influenced by both natural environment and social environment, but mainly by social environment and social reality. Social reality includes