When did this dialect originate?

Among the major dialects of modern Chinese in China, the northern dialect can be regarded as the development of ancient Chinese in the vast northern region after thousands of years.

Come to think of it, the rest of the dialects were gradually formed by northern residents in the history of moving south. In the early vast Jiangnan area

It is mainly the residence of the ancient Vietnamese, who use the ancient Vietnamese language, which is far from the ancient Chinese and can't speak. Later, the north

On several occasions, the Han people went south on a large scale, bringing the Han people from the ancient north to different periods and scattered them to various areas south of the Yangtze River, so one after another.

Step into six obviously different dialects. There are three reasons for dialect differences: First, northern Chinese and

The ancient Vietnamese in the south had their own regional dialects before they came into contact with each other. Second, the time for northerners from China to go south is not.

The same, naturally China people themselves are different; Third, the southern dialect developed in a certain unique environment.

(1) Northern Dialect (Mandarin)

Northern dialects account for three-quarters of the total population of the Han nationality, and are distributed in the north-south cultural line (Tongzhou County East-Nantong City East-Yangtze River-Nanjing).

Jiangxian North-Yangtze River-Zhenjiang East-Danyang West-Jintan West-Liyang West-Lishui South-Gaochun North-Guangde

County-Langxi County-Xuancheng City-Wuhu County North-Fanchang County-Nanling County East-Tongling County-Tongling City East-Qingyang County Southeast-

Shitai county North-pengze county-Hukou County South-Jiujiang South-Ruichang City-Yangtze River-Huangshi City-Wuhan South-Yangtze River-Pro

Xiangxian-Changde-Yuanjiang-Huaihua-Jingzhou-Tongdao-Yongzhou-Chenzhou-Guilin East-Hezhou-Liuzhou South-

South of Hechi-all Han residential areas north of Baise). Mandarin is generally divided into six regions, namely, Northern Mandarin, Qin Jin Dialect,

Lanyin Mandarin, Zhongyuan Mandarin (Zhongyuan Mandarin), Southwest Mandarin, Jianghuai Mandarin.

Northern Mandarin is divided into Jiaoliao Mandarin, Jilu Mandarin, Beijing Mandarin and northeastern mandarin. Jiaoliao Mandarin is distributed in Shandong Province.

Island, Liaodong Peninsula; Jilu Mandarin is distributed in Hebei Province, western Shandong Province and Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia. Beijing Mandarin is distributed in the north.

Beijing, northern Hebei Province, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia; Northeastern mandarin is located in Heilongjiang, Jilin, northern Liaoning and Inner Mongolia.

The ancient northeast.

Before the enfeoffment of Yan State in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Beijing residents spoke the East Lake branch of Mongolian language group of Altai language family. Later, due to the entry of the Yellow Emperor and Huang.

After the emperor divided into Ji (now Guang 'anmen, Xuanwu District, Beijing), Beijing began to speak Tianshui Longzhong dialect (Huangdi dialect); special

Especially after the establishment of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the imperial clan Yu Yan (now Liu Lihe, Fangshan District, Beijing) became more and more powerful, and most of Donghu was driven away.

Gradually, Beijing began to speak Baoji's Guanzhong dialect (Zhou dialect, similar language). Since then, Beijing has always belonged to the Han people.

Ethnic minorities and Mongolians (Wuhuan, Xianbei and Qidan) live together, so the brand of Donghu in Beijing Mandarin gradually appears.

Medium colors fade gradually. During the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, a large number of ethnic minorities took Beijing as their capital and settled in the army for four years.

/kloc-In the past 30 years, Beijing Mandarin has deepened its ties with Altai language family, strengthened its ties with northeastern mandarin and strengthened its ties with Chinese.

On the contrary, the original Mandarin is completely separated politically, and Beijing Mandarin, which is in an open environment, has developed rapidly and become an internal dialect.

The Chinese dialect with the smallest difference, the simplest phonetic structure and the least preserved ancient sounds is called Yuandadu dialect, which has become the modern Beijing Mandarin.

The source of the word. After the Ming Dynasty recovered Beijing, more than 300,000 Han Chinese from all over the country immigrated to the ruined Beijing, because of the Han Dynasty at that time.

With different ethnic origins, Han immigrants all use Yuan Dadu dialect, and Han natives in Beijing all use Yuan Dadu dialect, becoming ethnic minorities.

In terms of language, there is basically no difference between Dadu dialect in Yuan Dynasty and Beijing Mandarin now. Since then, with the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

With the concentration of politics and economy, a large number of ancient literary works were produced and circulated. By the middle of Qing Dynasty, the Beijing accent was finally replaced.

The position of Central Plains Elegant Tone as Chinese Standard Tone. The May 4th Movement combined the spread of vernacular Chinese with the promotion of Beijing pronunciation.

The vernacular has replaced the position of classical Chinese in written language, so has the modern Han nationality, whose written and oral language are initially unified and standardized.

English (Beijing accent) has basically taken shape. During the Republic of China, the same language of Han nationality was called "Mandarin", and the language of New China was called "Mandarin". Xinzhong

After the founding of New China, Beijing Mandarin spread to Brzin, Fuyun, Fuhai, Habahe and Jimunai in Altay, Xinjiang.

Tacheng, Shihezi, Tory and Bussel in Karamay, and bohu county in the northeast of Korla.

After the Warring States Period, a large number of Han people in Yan moved to the northeast, and Wei Man of Yan moved to North Korea with Han people from the northeast.

National. After the Yongjia Rebellion, a large number of Han people in Beijing moved to the northeast, but by the end of the Tang Dynasty, they were all assimilated by other ethnic groups. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period,

The Khitans plundered a large number of Beijingers, and the Mandarin spoken by the Han people in Northeast China laid the foundation for the development of northeastern mandarin.

1 122, the nomads from Beijing occupied and took all the people from Beijing to the northeast. These Beijingers and the Liao Dynasty arrived in Beijing earlier,

People together, make northeastern mandarin began to form. Due to the Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, Beijing and Northeast China were in the same country and had close ties.

There is not much communication with Chinese in the Central Plains, so northeastern mandarin is basically equivalent to Beijing Mandarin. The Qing army occupied the northeast collar of the Ming Dynasty.

After being left behind, northeastern mandarin began to speak Chinese. 1644, Manchu and Han Baqi people came to their hometown in Northeast China with this dialect.

-Beijing. 1620, there are 3 million Han people in Northeast China. Due to entering the customs with the Qing army, there were only 15000 Han people in the early Qing Dynasty.

However, during the Xianfeng period, it naturally surged to more than 2 million people, all living in the north-central part of Liaoning. After Xianfeng, Han people were allowed to enter the customs.

People from Shandong Peninsula crossed the Bohai Sea, and some settled in the uninhabited Liaodong Peninsula, forming a new distribution of Jiaoliao Mandarin, some of which

Continue to move northward and live in the eastern part of Jilin-Heilongjiang; Hebei people who speak Jilu Mandarin left Shanhaiguan and settled in Jilin-

Western Heilongjiang. Shandong people who settled in Jilin-Heilongjiang and Hebei people used to speak northern Mandarin, which is very close to northeastern mandarin and immigrated here.

At the same time, we have to pass through the north-central part of Liaoning, where northeastern mandarin is spoken, and officials sent by the Qing government speak Beijing Mandarin, as well as Heilongjiang and Jilin.

Manchu also said northeastern mandarin, so northeastern mandarin, which was originally rooted in the northeast, became Jilin and Heilongjiang, and moved to the north of Shandong Province.

The common language of the people.

During the Xia Dynasty, there were Huaxia people in the west of North China Plain, and many Dongyi people with profound Huaxia in the east. During the Shang dynasty, the Shang dynasty was completely

Huaxia, Huaxia's degree of eastward expansion has also deepened a lot. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the barbarians of Qi and Lu were sinicized and went their own way.

Dialect-Lu dialect (the fusion of Zhou dialect and Dongyi dialect), and the Huaxia tribe in the west of North China Plain speaks Zhao dialect-Yanfang.

Dialect (the language of the Yellow Emperor), but the differences between these dialects are just like the differences between Fuzhou dialect-Minnan dialect and Gan dialect-Hakka dialect.

It's huge. During the Warring States period, the princes scuffled, and the dialects of Qi, Lu, Zhao and Yan were influenced by Henan dialect (Yayan), the official dialect of the Central Plains, and Qin Jinfang.

The influence of dialects tends to be unified gradually, and Qilu dialect has been completely integrated and converged in Qin Dynasty. The Yellow Scarf Uprising and Yongjia Uprising in North China

With the frequent migration of population, Qilu dialect, Zhao dialect and Yandongnan dialect are becoming more and more mixed. Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, is a border city.

Become the best in the world. At this time, Qilu, Zhao and Yan southeast were just at the edge of Kyoto, with the same geographical location and meaning.

The economic situation provides an opportunity for the integration of dialects in North China Plain, from which Hebei-Shandong Mandarin is formed. As for Beijing Mandarin, it is independent of Hebei and Shandong officials.

In other words, it is entirely because Beijing has always been a place where East Hu Han people live together, which is related to the long-term capital rule of Liao and Jin Dynasties. During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties,

Luji people immigrated to Tianjin, Pinggu County, Tangshan, Qinhuangdao and other places, expanding the distribution area of Jilu Mandarin.

In the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was no Dongyi in Shandong Peninsula, and the language was a fusion of Tungusic and Baiyue.

Korean is similar now, but it has nothing to do with Qi dialect in Chinese at that time. Although qi later annexed Shandong peninsula, but

Qi Huaxia people still have no chance to communicate with these Dongyi people. The Yellow Scarf Rebellion and Yongjia Rebellion began in Shandong Peninsula.

There was a considerable flow between Qi people, so Dongyi people began to be in an open environment, gradually sinicized and stuck with Liao officials.

Word form. The dividing line between Jiaoliao Mandarin and Jilu Mandarin is: Laizhou Bay-Weifang West-Linqu Northwest-Yiyuan East-Yishui South.

-Wulian South.-Northeast Rizhao. The boundary with northeastern mandarin is: Huanren North-Kuandian West-Fengcheng South-Xiuyan North-Haicheng.

South-Davanan.

Qin Jin dialect is distributed in Shaanxi, northwestern Shaanxi, Hetao, Inner Mongolia, northwestern Zhangjiakou, Anyang, Henan and western Xinxiang. surname

The traffic in the distribution area of Jin dialect is blocked, and there are different sounds in ten miles. The reservation of ancient sounds is stubborn, such as the reservation of entering tones. pass by

In the history of this dialect area, Han and Altai nationalities have been living together, so there are still some ethnic minorities in Qin Jin dialect.

Traces of the nation. During the Warring States period, this dialect occupied the western region north of the Yellow River in Henan Province, and was occupied again in 1722.

Visit Hetao area in Inner Mongolia.

Lanyin Mandarin is subdivided into eight parts: Yinchuan, Shizuishan, Pingluo, Tao Le, Helan, Yongning, Qingtongxia, Lingwu and Wuzhong.

City-Zhongning-Tongxin-Zhongwei, Yanchi County, Ningxia, Lanzhou-Yuzhong-Minqin, Yongdeng-Gaolan, Gulang-Tianzhu,

Hexi Corridor (except Dunhuang and Jingtai), Urumqi-Changji-Bortala-Altay, Qinghe-Tower.

Cities (except Tory and Bussel)-Hami.

Central Plains Mandarin is distributed in the traditional residential area of ancient Chinese people, which is now the north and south of Longhai Line. Wanping Town, Wujiang County, Suzhou City, Xuancheng City

Some villages in the east, Guangde County in southern Anhui and Changxing County in Zhejiang, all belong to isolated islands of Central Plains Mandarin. Zhongyuan Mandarin is subdivided into Henan dialect.

, Dongfu Dialect of Guanzhong Dialect, Xifu Dialect of Guanzhong Dialect, Qinlong Dialect, Longzhong Dialect and Nanjiang Dialect.

Henan dialect includes 98 cities and counties in Henan Province, 2 cities and counties in southern Hebei Province and 3 1 city and county in southwestern Shandong Province.

Twenty-eight cities and counties in Fenhe River basin in southwest Shanxi Province, twenty-two cities and counties in north of Huaihe River in Anhui Province and Fengyang County in south of Huaihe River.

-Bengbu City-Huoqiu County-Jinzhai County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province-Suqian City-Ganyu County, Donghai County, Lianyungang City, and An, Shaanxi Province.

Baihe county, kangshi. (1) The Yellow Emperor defeated Yan Di, and together they defeated Dongyi, Yandi in the west of North China Plain and Weihe Plain.

The descendants of Huang gradually merged into Huaxia nationality, and Xia and Ji were two branches of Huaxia nationality. The Xia Dynasty ruled the western part of the Central Plains (Henan Province,

South Shanxi), whose language is the primitive Huaxia language with the integration of Yan and Huang; Thistle ruled Beijing, and language was the primitive Huaxia of the Yellow Emperor.

Language. (2) The Shang language was originally a Dongyi language with profound Chinese culture, which was popular in the eastern part of the Central Plains (now southwest Shandong-southern Hebei-northern Henan-

Northern Anhui-Xuzhou), after the Shang Dynasty ruled the Central Plains for hundreds of years, gradually merged with the Xia dialect of the Central Plains and became the embryonic form of the Central Plains Mandarin today.

Form-Chinese. (3) The Huaxia language with Luoyang as the standard pronunciation later became the language of the Book of Songs in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

Words are elegant, and Confucius used elegance in his lectures, not Lu dialect. Confucius became a pioneer in promoting national languages.

. During the Qin Dynasty, cultural policies such as "the same language but not the same name" were implemented, which politically ensured the spread of national languages in the same language. Elegant ci in Han dynasty

It evolved into "lingua franca, lingua franca", and Dialect compiled by Yang Xiong in the Western Han Dynasty used "lingua franca" to explain local dialects.

This is the first dialect book in China. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the "common language" based on Luoyang pronunciation spread from the Central Plains to the North.

And the Jiangzuo area. "Biography of Wang Qian in Xianyang, Shu Wei" is about the accent used by Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty (Luoyang dialect

) "record. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the capital was established in Jinling (now Nanjing). At that time, Jinling dialect was a continuation of Luoyang dialect. ④

Emperor Yang Guang of Yang Di moved tens of thousands of wealthy businessmen dajia from all over the country to Luoyang, with Luoyang as the capital, and promoted it.

Pronunciation and spelling. In the Tang Dynasty, Luoyang dialect was still regarded as the basis of the same language of the Han nationality. Rukong's Biography of Confucian Classics

And the literary creation activities of Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan. , which promotes the wide use of homophones in Chinese written language.

Spread. In the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty, the composition of fu poetry also put forward phonetic requirements, that is, it should meet the requirements handed down from generation to generation in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Rhyme cutting standard with Luoyang sound as the standard sound. Luoyang dialect, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty (now Kaifeng), is closely related to Bianjing dialect.

The sound circulating in the near and the two places is called "the elegant sound of the Central Plains". Hangzhou was the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the elegant sounds of the Central Plains were also launched in Hangzhou.

Due to this influence, today's Hangzhou dialect has many similarities with the Central Plains Mandarin. But Luoyang dialect was still a standard sound at that time.

Status, "Luoyang in the Central Plains is the best in the world, with the most correct pronunciation" (Notes on Lu You's Old Learning Temple, Volume 6). Northern Song Dynasty

The voice of the Central Plains is basically stereotyped, and it is almost exactly the same as today's Henan dialect. The reasons for the integration of northern mandarin and Henan dialect today

Small differences are formed by standardizing its vocabulary and grammar system with Henan dialect as the standard for a long time in the northern Mandarin area in history.

. ⑤ After Jin people moved to Beijing, the influence of Henan dialect extended to most areas ruled by Jin people. The Central Plains appeared in the Yuan Dynasty.

The situation of "four seas with the same pronunciation" in Henan dialect. Zhou yuan Deqing's "Central Plains Rhyme" is "based on

Like the central plains, the face is the same as the four seas. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Han people still used the Voice of the Central Plains as their pronunciation. Since the early Ming dynasty

Before the mid-Qing Dynasty, scholars who taught standard sounds were all based on the elegant sounds of the Central Plains. At this time, Yuan.

With the concentration of politics and economy in Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large number of China ancient literary works (Yuan Zaju, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin) were produced.

The Journey to the West, The Scholars, A Dream of Red Mansions and so on. ) and spread, so that Beijing pronunciation gradually rose to the standard.

The status of quasi-tone. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, the textbooks for Koreans to learn Chinese, Laoqida and Park Tong Shi, were all based on North Korea at that time.

Beijing dialect is written for standard pronunciation. The Qing government issued a decree, requiring officials at all levels and "juren, health worker, tribute supervisor and boy student".

They all learn Mandarin with Beijing accent as the standard pronunciation. "The standard phoneme of Beijing accent replacing Central Plains voiceless was in the middle of Qing Dynasty.

In the future. Chen Chongqing, a scholar of Manchu Dynasty, said: "The capital of Zhou Dynasty is Yan, and the voice of the world is the first in Beijing." As a result, the Han nationality * * *

With the development and evolution of Confucian classics, the standard pronunciation has changed from elegant pronunciation in the Central Plains to Beijing pronunciation, which is the homonym of modern Han nationality.

The birth of (Mandarin) laid the foundation.

Dongfu dialect in Guanzhong dialect includes Xi 'an, Tongchuan, Xianyang, Weinan and Shangluo, belonging to Shangxian-Luonan-Feng Dan.

Yang Shan in northern Shaanxi, Yichuan-Huanglong-Luochuan-Yijun-Huangling-Fuxian, Ningxian in Gansu; Xifu dialect in Guanzhong dialect includes Bao.

The Guanzhong dialect area of Jichang is the hometown of Emperor Yan, and the Zhou dialect with Emperor Yan as its mother tongue is English, French and Yanhuang.

The integration of Xia dialects is similar, and because of their close geographical location and frequent communication, Guanzhong dialect and Henan dialect belong to the Central Plains Mandarin.

Qinlong dialect includes Yan 'an, Ganquan, Fuxian and Dingbian in northern Shaanxi, and Lueyang, Mianxian, Nanzheng, Hanzhong and Chenggu in southern Shaanxi.

Yangxian, Xixiang, Hanyin, Ankang, Pingli, Xunyang, Zhen 'an and Qingyang, Heshui, Zhengning, Huachi and Huan in Longdong.

Counties south of Weihe River, Zhenyuan, Pingliang, Jingchuan, Huating, Chongxin, Lingtai, Longxi, Zhang Xian, Wushan, Gangu and Lixian.

, Xihe, Minxian, Tanchang, Zhouqu, Wudu, Chengxian, Huixian, Kangxian, Liangdang, Wenxian (except Bikou Town), Lintan

Xining, Zhuoni, Dunhuang and Jingtai at the eastern end of Hexi Corridor, and Huangzhong, Huangyuan, Menyuan, Huzhu and Guide in Qinghai Province.

Pingan Hualong, Guyuan City, Pengyang, Longde, Ningxia.

Longzhong dialect includes Datong, Ledu, Minhe, Xunhua and Tongren in Qinghai Province, Haiyuan, Xiji and Jingyuan in Ningxia Province and Gansu Province.

Yongjing, Linxia, Zhenghe, Guanghe, Le Kang, Lintao, Weiyuan, Dingxi, Huining, Tongwei, Jingning, Zhuanglang, Qin 'an,

Sol Zhang, Qingshui and Tianshui. Influenced by border strength for a long time in history, it has different characteristics from Guanzhong dialect.

Southern Xinjiang dialects include Korla, Aksu, Suzhou, Kashgar, Hotan, Turpan and Yili in Qizil.

Southwest Mandarin includes eleven dialects: 19 counties and cities in Sichuan, Chongqing, western Hubei, northwestern Hunan and southern Shaanxi.

Liuba-Foping-Ningshan-Zhenping-Gao Lan-Ziyang-Shiquan-Zhenba-Ningqiang in Bikou Town, Wenxian County, Gansu Province; The name of a river

City-Yibin-Leshan-Xichang, Tongzi-Renhuai-Yanhe-Yinjiang, Yunnan Daguan-Suijiang-

Neijiang Shuifu-Zigong-Renshou-Fushun, Ya 'an-Shimian, Xiaguan-Jianchuan in northwest Yunnan-

Binchuan-Eryuan-Yunlong-Lijiang City; Dali-Baoshan-Luxi in western Yunnan; Kunming-Zhaotong is located in the east and middle of Yunnan Province.

-Qujing-Yuxi-Chuxiong-Gejiu-Kaiyuan, Guiyang-Anshun, ningnan county, Sichuan; Northern Guizhou Province

Twenty-seven counties and cities centered on Zunyi-Liupanshui-Bijie, Weixin-Yiliang-Zhenxiong in Yunnan and Xiushan County in Chongqing,

Zhijiang-Huaihua-Fenghuang-Xinhuang-Jishou, Hunan Province; Zhenyuan-Cengong-Liping-Jinping-Taijiang in southeastern Guizhou,

Jingzhou, Hunan-the passage; Kaili-Duyun-Guiding County in southern Guizhou Province; Xiangfan-Shiyan-Danjiangkou in northern Hubei Province

-Laohekou-Suizhou; Wuhan, Linxiang County, Hunan Province; Yongzhou and Chenzhou in southern Hunan; Liuzhou, Guangxi-Guilin-

Fifty-six counties and cities centered on Baise-Hechi; Changjiang County, Hainan Province-Dongfang City-Danzhou City-Sanya City

The military words spoken. The dividing line between Southwest Mandarin and Jianghuai Mandarin lies in Guangshui County-Anlu County-Yingcheng County-Huangpi-Huanggang City-

Ezhou-Qichun County, south of the first line.

During the Shang, Zhou, Qin and Han dynasties, Dongting Lake also belonged to the Chu language formed by the fusion of primitive Chinese, Tibetan-Burmese and Miao-Yao languages.

60,000 Qin and Liu Yong people (Gansu, Shaanxi and some Shaanxi) moved to Hubei, and the initial prototype of Southwest Mandarin appeared.

. After the Anshi Rebellion, ten times as many northern immigrants moved into the north of Dongting Lake, impacting, assimilating and eventually replacing the local Chu State.

Language, laid the foundation of southwest mandarin.

Jianghuai Mandarin is distributed between Huaihe River and North-South Cultural Line, and Chengguan in Nanping, Fujian and Yangyu Village in Changle County belong to Jianghuai Mandarin Island.

. The dividing line between Jianghuai Mandarin and Zhongyuan Mandarin dialect is: Lin Hong Estuary in Lianyungang-Punan Town in Donghai County-Huang Chuan in Donghai-East.

Haibaitabu-Donghai Pingming-Donghai Fangshan-Donghai Anfeng-Xinyi Heibu-Shuyang Yin Ping (Toarey Yang)-Shuyang Yanji Town

Fang Wei Village-Shuyang Yuelai-Suqian Guanmiao-Suqian Dingzui-Siyang Cangji-Siyang Tuyuan-Sihong Caomiao-Sihong Jinsuo-

Chonggang in Sihong-Shangtang in Sihong-Shannan in Sihong Peak-South of Huaihe River-Fengyang County-Southwest of Bengbu City-Huaihe River-East of Huoqiu County-Gold

Zhai county south.