Why don't the six countries fight against Qin and Han?

After the reunification of the whole country in the Han Dynasty, there was a fierce rebellion by the adherents of the six countries. For example, Zhao Renman and Qiu Chen helped Zhao Li become the king of Zhao. South Korean King Han Xin (grandson of Han Xiangwang) fought several wars with the Han army. Later, Han Xin, King Zhao Li of South Korea, joined forces with Xiongnu and surrounded Liu Bang in Deng Bai for seven days. The story of Tian Heng 500 scholars is also very famous. Later, Wang Mang, who usurped the Han Dynasty, was a descendant of Tian Jian, the last king of Qi. The descendants of the prince never appeared again. The descendants of the kings of Chu and Qin were all killed by Xiang Yu. After the Wei brothers were killed by Liu Bang in the Chu-Han dispute, their niece was taken as a concubine by Liu Bangna, and later Emperor Gaozu was born.

After Liu Bang ascended the throne, he took many important measures, such as reducing rent, paying 15% tax, and "sharing interest with the people". All people who sell themselves as slaves because of hunger are exempt from being Shu Ren, and soldiers are demobilized and go home without taking corvee. He continued to implement the system of dividing fields and houses according to military service in the Qin Dynasty, stipulating that businessmen were not allowed to travel by car and increasing taxes. In order to restore the broken social economy and stabilize the feudal ruling order. He also cut down governors with different surnames to strengthen a unified centralized country. He thought that Qin failed to enfeoffment his children, which led to loneliness, so he divided the land and enfeoffment nine princes with the same surname. He also accepted Lou Jing's strong and weak suggestions, and moved 65438+ Wan Qiang heroes from the six Kanto countries to settle in Guanzhong. ?

In November of the ninth year of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang said: "Qian Qi, Chu Zhao, Qu, Jing, Huai and Tian are Guanzhong and Li Tianzhai." According to Records of Historian Liu Liezhuan, when he came back from Xiongnu, he said, "The two tribes of Xiongnu in Henan, Baiyang and Loufan, are only 700 miles away from Chang 'an, and the light cavalry can reach Guanzhong area in one day and one night. Guanzhong area was still very depressed just after the war, with few people and rich land, and it can be rich and expensive.

At the beginning, the local governors' attacks could not have flourished without the participation of the Tian clan of Qi State and the Zhao, Qu and Jing clans of Chu State. Now that your majesty has established its capital in Guanzhong, it is actually under-populated. It is adjacent to the enemy of Xiongnu in the north and the old nobles of six countries in the east. Clan power is very powerful. Once there is any change, your majesty can't sit back and relax. I hope your majesty will move all the Tian ethnic groups in Qi, the descendants of Zhao, Qu and Jing in Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han and Wei, and the rich and famous people to live in Guanzhong. National security can guard against the Huns; If the governors have any changes, they can also lead them to the east. This is a master plan to strengthen the central power and weaken the local power. "The emperor said," Very good. " So he sent Liu Jing to move 10 million people to Guanzhong according to his own opinions.

Haozu landlords mainly include descendants of the nobles of the former six countries and local surnames. The descendants of the nobles of the six countries lost their aristocratic status after the national subjugation, but they still maintained great influence in the local area and became aristocratic families. The most popular name in the local area is also a power to control the local area by virtue of its traditional advantages. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the landlords of aristocratic families were a very influential social force, and sometimes even posed a great threat to feudal autocratic rulers. The feudal dynasty in Qin and Han dynasties took many measures to suppress the landlords of aristocratic families, mainly migration and repression.

In view of the powerful influence of the old aristocratic clans in the six countries, Qin took measures to migrate the strong Kanto clan in order to fundamentally disintegrate and eliminate the threat of the strong Kanto clan to the Guanzhong regime. In the early Qin Dynasty, in order to break the old forces of the six countries, Qin demolished the Great Wall and barriers in the old places of the six countries, collected weapons, and built a straight road, thus "migrating to 120,000 households in Xianyang" (historical records? Biography of Qin Shihuang).

Liu Bang, the emperor gaozu of the Han Dynasty, personally participated in and led the peasant war to destroy Qin, and he was very aware of the powerful local forces shown by the descendants of the old nobles in the six countries in the process of Qin's demise. For example, during the Chu-Han War, Li Shiqi once said to Liu Bang, "Today, the sky is vast and there will be 200,000 people in the fields. The army will descend, the field will be strong, and the sea will be blocked by the river. The south is close to Chu, and people are fickle and treacherous. Although hundreds of thousands of divisions were issued in one step, it was not broken in years. " ("Historical Records? Li Sheng's Biography of Liu Jia) At this time, Liu Bang's counselor Qi Renlou () also proposed that "You, Qu Jing, Yan, Zhao, Han, Hao Youming lived in Guanzhong.

Nothing, you can get ready; With the change of governors, the rate of eastward cutting is also sufficient. This is the art of being strong and weak. "("historical records? Liu Jingchuan) This plan is in line with Liu Bang's mind. Therefore, in the ninth year of Emperor Gaozu, the five surnames of Zhao, Qu, Jing, Wyeth and Tian were Guanzhong Hefu (Hanshu? High first "). It is said that after this migration, "there is no surplus house in the city, and there is no merger of wild ze", which was quite successful in the Han Dynasty. During the 200 years from Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, from Emperor Wudi of Han Dynasty and Xuan Di to Emperor Cheng of Han Dynasty, the powerful Kanto heroes moved to Guanzhong on a large scale six times before and after the Western Han Dynasty. By the end of the Western Han Dynasty, the descendants of Guanzhong immigrants had reached more than one million.

The continuous large-scale migration movement in the Han Dynasty made the heroes of the descendants of the Kanto Qiang people move to the Guanzhong area where Chang 'an, the capital of the political center of the Han Dynasty, was located, and the descendants of the old nobles of the former six countries began to survive and develop in the new environment. Although these people who moved to Guanzhong lost their original social foundation, they firmly inherited the wisdom and talents of the original nobles. In the new environment, after a period of adaptation, they quickly appeared on the political and economic stage of the Western Han Dynasty and played an important role.

For example, in politics, during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, there were two descendants of Shi Tian, Tian Gong and Che Qianqiu, both of whom were prime ministers. Economically, they monopolized and controlled the industry and commerce in Guanzhong. During the Western Han Dynasty, these noble descendants showed a certain degree of political and economic performance, indicating that their adaptability was very strong and rapid, and the acquisition of this ability was inseparable from their original political, economic and cultural influence in Kanto.

Ban Gu described in "Xidu Fu": "If you look at its suburbs and float near the county, you will see Du and Ba in the south and the five tombs in the north. The names are all in the same strain as Guo and Yi. Beautiful territory, crown of prosperity. The crown is like a cloud, with seven phases and five males. Huo Zhi, the hero of Wudu. Three choices and seven moves, filling the mausoleum. Covered with strong and weak branches, look at all countries in the world. " It is particularly noteworthy that Ban Gufu said that "the strong and weak branches are the building, and the world is viewed in a prosperous time".

In the history of China, the ruling clique's immigration activities on such a large scale actually have deeper political, military and economic considerations behind many high-sounding reasons. Judging from the immigration policy in Qin and Han dynasties, how to deal with and prevent internal troubles and foreign invasion from time to time is a priority problem that rulers must face. Immigration is one of the most important measures. Internally, it can effectively disintegrate local giants. "History of Han Geography" contains: "Han Xing, the capital of Chang 'an, moved to Zhutian, and Zhao Chu, Qujing and other heroes lived in Changling. In the afterlife, Zhu Ling has 2000 stone immigrants, senior rich people, nobles and unruly families. Gai is also strong and weak, not just a mountain garden. " This last sentence is really the finishing touch.

Externally, large-scale immigration is also to enrich local strength in case of accidents. Volume 12 of Hanshu Zitongzhijian records that when Chu and Han fought, Xiongnu became stronger and stronger. In particular, seven years of high-impedance Pingcheng made Liu Bang deeply worried. So I followed Liu Jing's advice. I brought a foreign daughter this year and lied that princess royal was married and Khan. I took Liu Jing's advice and moved the descendants of the Six Kingdoms and heroes to live in Guanzhong. This is a very important move.

According to Liu Jing's analysis, "Baiyang and Loufan, two tribes of Xiongnu in Henan, are only 700 miles away from Chang 'an, and the light cavalry can reach Guanzhong area in one day and one night. Guanzhong area is still very depressed after the war, with few people and fat land, and it can be rich and expensive. National security after "large-scale immigration" can guard against Huns; If the governors have any changes, they can also lead them to the east. This is a master plan to strengthen the central power and weaken the local power. "Facts have proved that this strategy is very wise, and Chang 'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, has never been occupied by Xiongnu. Both the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty were brought down by insiders.

Liu Bang's immigration policy is very favorable, even for the old nobles in Kanto, he adopted the policy of "benefiting Tian Jia". Objectively speaking, the law of "moving luxury" did hit the old forces of the six countries to a certain extent, but the law of "moving luxury" could not arrest all the old nobles of the six countries. They can always escape migration through various means such as escape and bribery, thus lurking. " By the Eastern Han Dynasty, the power of the Haozu was obviously great. "The Story of Liang Guan in the Later Han Dynasty" said: "Han inherited Yu Lie from the Warring States and is a rich and cunning nation. The person who merged with him is in the state and city, and the outstanding person is in the state. "

It refers to these two kinds of people. Emperor Guangwu's attempt to "cross the field" violated the interests of the landlords of aristocratic families, resulting in the rebellion of the chief surname and captain of the county. In order to reach a compromise with them, we had to stop crossing the field. Haozu landlords developed rapidly and became a very powerful class in the landlord class, and even the Eastern Han court could not help them. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, during the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the long-term separatist regime in the Central Plains was not unrelated to the development of the landlord forces of the Hao nationality.

Liu Bang's immigration policy is very favorable, even for the old nobles in Kanto, he adopted the policy of "benefiting Tian Jia". Objectively speaking, the law of "moving luxury" did hit the old forces of the six countries to a certain extent, but the law of "moving luxury" could not arrest all the old nobles of the six countries. They can always escape migration through various means such as escape and bribery, thus lurking. "

By the Eastern Han Dynasty, the power of the Haozu was obviously great. "The Story of Liang Guan in the Later Han Dynasty" said: "Han inherited Yu Lie from the Warring States and is a rich and cunning nation. The person who merged with him is in the state and city, and the outstanding person is in the state. " It refers to these two kinds of people. Emperor Guangwu's attempt to "cross the field" violated the interests of aristocratic landlords, resulting in the chaos of the county and the country. In order to reach a compromise with them, we had to stop crossing the field. Haozu landlords developed rapidly and became a very powerful class in the landlord class, and even the Eastern Han court could not help them. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, during the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the long-term separatist regime in the Central Plains was not unrelated to the development of the landlord forces of the Hao nationality.