What's the difference between hiphop, rock, hip hop, blue and jazz?

* * If you want to talk about all music styles, there are of course many besides what you said. Different types of music are roughly divided according to different regions, such as Indian music, African music and so on.

But according to what you said, I think what you want to know is probably black music in North America.

* * First, learn about black music in North America (such as blues, jazz, soul rock, rap, etc. ) * *

In the history of world music development, a large number of African blacks were forced to immigrate to the United States as slaves, which is undoubtedly a first-class and important event. Most of these blacks are from West Africa, but some are from other regions. They brought their own music and other cultural elements, and came into contact with a large number of different European music cultures. Their reaction formed a musical subculture, which had a far-reaching influence on all kinds of music in the west and other regions.

Black music in the New World is not only complex and lively, but also has an impact on white folk songs and plays an important role in the development of some American music forms. Black people dominated the development of ragtime music and jazz music, and also played an important role in some urban music, such as rock music and blues, and even had a lot of influence on classical music.

What are the characteristics of music brought to America by Africans? Let us immediately think of their emphasis on rhythm, the use of percussion instruments such as drums, syncopation and complex rhythm, which are all manifestations of African-American music culture. Strict control of rhythm can be said to be the symbol of drum music in West Africa. Secondly, the singing method of summoning response is extremely important in Africa, which is particularly obvious in the rotation of jazz lead. Besides African instruments, European instruments, such as guitars and harmonicas, were quickly integrated into their music, and the most important features of African music-improvisation and polyphony-can also be found in the music of many African-Americans.

Compared with other parts of the United States, the development of black music in North America is different. After being brought to the United States, slaves lived closely with white Christian masters, and their original culture, especially language and sacrifices, was almost lost. But they quickly absorbed the white people's music, including labor songs and soul songs, and sang in a unique style of black people, forming a unique musical form of black people in the United States. These forms are neither Europe nor Africa.

1. Soul songs, worship songs

Black soul songs are religious songs of slaves, which are closely related to the religious songs of white people in the mountains of Cheshire, Apara, in the southern United States. The lyrics or tunes of many soul songs can also be found in the singing of white people. Now, most of these soul songs have been transformed into worship songs, and we have discovered the characteristics of black church music, such as calling and responding, gliding, improvisation and so on.

2. Labor songs

The so-called labor songs refer to songs sung by laborers to relieve monotonous and tiring physical activities during labor. When teamwork is needed, work songs make the rhythm of work more unified. /kloc-In the 9th century, labor songs were very common among slaves in North America. With the liberation of slaves and the improvement of black social status, work has become more difficult to hear. Like soul songs, black labor songs should be influenced by English labor songs. According to Frederick Douglass's records, in the past, slaves always sang while working. White masters don't like quiet slaves. When a group of slaves are quiet, they are often asked to "make noise", which may be one of the reasons why slaves in southern States always sing at work. Sometimes, the lyrics of labor songs also show the feelings of slaves. The following example, Leonard's "Baby Fight" is a typical example. It falls three times and seven times, and the lyrics have negative resistance and escape, which is a spiritual victory like Ah Q.

The famous "Michael, row the boat ashore,"; Thirty or forty years ago, someone sang it again. In fact, it was a black labor song of19th century. The lead singer can constantly change the lyrics, and the rest of the workers respond "Hallelujah!" , the standard call and response form.

What is the purpose of the song? What is a good singer? The following example is the famous race music scientist Alan Lomax；; 1947, in Mississppi State Prison, he recorded a recording and interviewed the lead singer's cellmate. Regarding the philosophy of work songs, work songs are not to increase work efficiency or laziness, but to make people forget time and make the whole work much easier. Whether the lead singer's voice is pleasing to the ear is the second, and the most important thing is whether he can sing the rhythm of the work.

3.blues music

Blues are music for black people to express their feelings. At first, it may just be called singing in the field, and finally it becomes the so-called urban blues. It became popular in the early 20th century, and it has a more general definition. Several cities in the southern and midwest of the United States have their own development. Its basic structure is very simple. The lyrics of three sentences are generally 12. The first two sentences are basically similar or repeated, and the third sentence is compared. Form an aab structure, but in fact, the whole song and three sentences are often based on a short motivation, which should be similar to the characteristics of African music. Its chorus structure is roughly as follows: the first sentence is the main theme, the second sentence is turned back to the main theme, and the third sentence is turned back to the main theme. The following example is lazy bill lucas. The traditional blues musicians in "Poor Boys Blues" have no formal music training, and most of the songs are better listened to and imitated. Guitar is the most important accompaniment instrument, with 4/4 beats. Sometimes each beat is slightly divided into two parts, the former is about twice as strong as the latter, creating a forward rhythm as a whole, the so-called "swing" rhythm. When we hear this rhythm, our bodies will shake unconsciously. (Bessie Smith's St. Louis Blues) Originally, blues lyrics had their own characteristics of improvisation, but this characteristic gradually declined with the release of a large number of commercial records. Today, most blues singers sing by memorizing the lyrics in advance, but a few singers still improvise. The following example is a string of Sam's "I Need a Happy Dollar" (14-25,3' 07), which uses a very special Dan Xian guitar and a simple instrument, but its sound can be said to be very blues, and the blues music tends to be slightly lower in the third and seventh notes. The so-called "blues" should be related to African scales. Field Si Tong's Sweet Home Chicago points out two important areas where Bruce developed: Chicago and the Mississippi River Delta. The accompaniment of guitar is characterized by the so-called bass. Now the blues lyrics are related to Otawa's love. We regard the blues as black music, but under the influence of the popularity of many important blues music, it has become a party of popular music today, and it is no longer pure African-American music. In university towns, or in southern places, such as Texas, Mississippi, Arkansas, etc. It's still easy to hear the blues singer perform on the guitar. In fact, sometimes it is not difficult to hear whimsical blues at student gatherings. Now, Bruce has joined more musical instruments. For example, Otis Rush's Never Satisfied Blues has an important connection with jazz. /kloc-The trend of rock music in the 1950s originated from the use of black rhythm and blues by whites, but since the 1960s, blacks have also joined the rock world.

4. Jazz and others

In addition to the black music mentioned above, the recent popular jazz music, soul rock music and rap music are all mainly black music forms, but these music belong to the category of pop music, especially jazz music, and its scope can be discussed as a separate course, which is not within the scope of world music, but as the theme of the final report, it is definitely worth studying and discussing by students themselves. Next week, we will discuss the music of indigenous people who also live in North America, which is what we usually call Indians.

* * Specific introduction * *

I. Hip-Hop

Hip hop is very popular. In fact, the so-called hip-hop refers to an American street black culture, including music, dance, graffiti, tattoos and clothes. In big cities, we will also come into contact with this culture from TV advertisements and music videos.

It is estimated that HIP-HOP originated in BRONX, a black community in new york, USA. They developed the entertainment in their lives into various hip-hop cultures today, giving play to the unique characteristics of blacks, such as rhythm and singing, so as to relieve their emotions and amuse themselves. Because of its optimistic and cheerful characteristics, it gradually spread in the United States and then spread to the whole world;

Hit's Hip Hop dance is fashionable and enjoyable. No wonder young people can't put it down and join the dance craze. However, it should be noted that this kind of dance is difficult and not suitable for everyone. But if you want to have a deeper understanding of hip-hop culture, or want to join the dance ranks; Pay attention to the detailed introduction:

Hip-Hop originated in 1980s, and the beat of B.P.M is about 90- 1 10, which is translated into hip-hop in Chinese. Life before Hip-Hop was rap and a little r&; B, plus the sound effects of various grinding films, belongs to the music that young people love to play since the 1980 s, and Hip-Hop dance literally means Hip；; Hop is a hop and Hip-Hop is a Hip-washing, so you can see its origin. Hip-Hop contains Rap and r &；; B The complicated rhythm and sound effects of the record player, as well as graffiti on the wall, are also extensions of hip-hop culture. With the help of hip-hop music, it is easy to make friends at a casual and healthy (not sleepy) party.

Hip-hop can be divided into five elements: music, dance, graffiti, tattoos and clothing.

2. Rock and roll

1: What is rock and roll?

What is rock and roll? Rock music, rock spirit, rock character ... are collectively called rock culture, so-called rock, which is not only a certain culture or art. In the long history of rock in different times, rock is not only a musical form or spiritual consciousness, but also exists as an art category with personality. There seems to be no suitable word to describe it in the Chinese field. In our dictionary, this is called rock culture.

The scope of rock and roll seems to be too broad, and it seems difficult for any single art form to fully carry it. The unique limitations of art also resist the spread of rock and roll ideas. And the real rock, that is, "ROCKandROLL", seems to have entered the quagmire. Under the unscrupulous misunderstanding of people, it is twisted and broken under the simple and exaggerated cerebral cortex. Undeniably, for most of us, rock music is not a spiritual opium-like desire. I may not be looking for fashionable clothes, advanced ideas, beautiful girlfriends ... or even just like to wear a tattered T-shirt with Lennon's portrait on the roadside and sprinkle it on the streets in midsummer. Compared with the attitude of rock and roll, rebellion retains a sense of innocence. This is all my understanding of rock culture.

Rock and roll is not only a musical form, but also a cultural phenomenon.

Where does rock and roll start?

1, origin

Looking back at the American history in the first half of the 20th century, from the late 1920s to the mid-1930s, there was an economic crisis in Europe and America, and the Great Depression appeared. In the late 1930s, World War II broke out. 194 1 year, Japan attacked pearl harbor, and the United States entered the anti-fascist war, which did not end until 1945. After 1950s, the United States was a relatively stable and prosperous period, and it was often regarded as a prosperous time for Americans. The 1960s was one of the most turbulent years in American history. Because the people opposed sending troops to participate in the Vietnam War, the whole country was in a state of extreme social and political turmoil.

In the 1950s, especially after 1952 Eisenhower came to power, the American economy began to stabilize and the whole society was in a state of living and working in peace. As a result, the middle class gradually increased, they raised children and there was a baby boom. The number of teenagers has increased unprecedentedly, and suddenly the world has become a world of young people. At that time, children's after-school life was usually to stay with their families. Television programs are also relatively healthy, and there is not much difference in music taste. The music enjoyed by young people and old people is basically the same. They were all played by "big bands" in the 1940s and 1950s, and Ding Bangxiang's songs lasted for decades. Lyrics often express pure love, music is not threatening, and tries to give people a comfortable and peaceful feeling.

By the mid-1950s, because of their superior living conditions, these teenagers did not go through the war and suffering like their parents, but they were also loved by their families. So they began to understand their parents' thoughts and lifestyles, and were unwilling to follow the path arranged by their parents. They have their own pursuits and hobbies, and because there are many people, they have formed a powerful force. They no longer follow their parents to enjoy those sentimental pop songs. At this time, they just found their own voice in rock music. Rock music is simple, powerful and straightforward, especially with a strong sense of rhythm, which conforms to the characteristics of energetic and positive youth; The unrestrained performance situation of rock music adapts to their rebellious psychology; The theme of rock music singing is closely related to their concerns.

Early rock and roll

From the mid-1950s to the early 1960s, rock music grew rapidly from a toddler. During this period, the rock and roll stage showed a prosperous scene. First of all, two pioneers-bill haley (1925 ~ 198 1) and Elvis Presley (1935 ~ 1977) made a more complete definition of the concept of rock music, and then

Bill haley, the first rock idol worshipped by teenagers, is often called "the father of rock music". His music style involves country music, rhythm and blues and pop music, which just shows the three sources of rock music in the mid-1950s.

Bill haley was born in Michigan on 1925. His father is a textile worker and can play banjo. His mother is a piano teacher. Bill haley studied guitar and sang country songs since childhood, and he was also fond of and familiar with rhythm and blues. 1950, he founded Saddlemen. When bill haley sang country songs, he occasionally found that it was acceptable for white listeners to sing rhythm and blues songs in country music style. 1953, he renamed the band "Comet" and consciously combined country music with the strong rhythm of R&B. 1954, bill haley recorded rock and roll day and night. At first, the effect was average, but when it was combined with the film Blackboard Jungle in 1955, it caused a great sensation.

In 1970s, bill haley suffered from paranoia and alcoholism, and died of heart disease in 198 1. As one of the pioneers of rock music, bill haley played an indelible role in the creation of rock music.

Three. Blues music

What is the blues? Quite simply, we can literally understand that English is Blues, which means blue, and blue is the representative color of melancholy, so the music mode that naturally expresses melancholy becomes blues. Moreover, from the perspective of music development, it is closely related to all kinds of music development, especially in Europe and America, and is inextricably linked with all kinds of music.

Blues music is a musical style created by black people living in America in their hard life. In the process of social development at that time, blacks were regarded as the working people at the bottom. This great music form was bred in their tragic history, which was in sharp contrast with their social status at that time. It originated in the Mississippi River Delta, originated in the early 20th century, and served as a labor horn for people in the early days. At first, Bruce was mainly a vocal narrative, improvising all the pains and joys in life. Later, musical instruments were added in the process of evolution and development, usually acoustic guitars and harmonicas. Its appearance made great contributions to jazz, rock music, country music and western music. It can be said that it is an important part of western music.

In the 1920s, Bruce rose gradually with his unique lyrics, harmonious rhythm and melancholy melody. Blues music contains a lot of poetic language, repeated over and over again, and then ends with a decisive line. From the perspective of music major, its melody is based on chords, with I, IV and V as the main chords and 12 as the mode. In the melody, the third, fifth and seventh tones in the main melody are reduced by one and a half tones, which makes people feel bittersweet and sentimental, and has more humanistic response and ideological depth than pop music.

Although the lead singer is the key in blues music, the improvisation of musical instruments is also very wonderful. Musicians can transcend the boundaries of chords and play freely. In addition to the melancholy melody, it also includes the scraping sound of the knife and the use of the slider, as well as the humming sound imitating the lead singer.

Like other music, blues has gradually been divided into different types in its development. Some of these necessary divisions are based on regionality and some are based on music itself. The earliest blues is called country or delta blues, which was put forward by rural people in the south in the19th century. Especially after the liberation of American independence, the then touring singers, guitarists and harmonicas began to develop this kind of music consciously, and incorporated the sadness of love, freedom, sex and life into blues music. Early important musicians included Charlie Barton, Sen House (who invented the slider) and robert johnson, who was also the pioneer of country blues at that time.

When black Americans moved to cities like Memphis and New Orleans to work, Bruce was heard and accepted by more people. This kind of music, which originated from ordinary people, has more listeners and gradually turned into a more urbanized phenomenon. The blues that enter the city are usually sung by male and female singers accompanied by piano or jazz bands. The popularity of the blues is growing, and it has also won a certain degree of business opportunities. Soon, some record producers began to publish works for the blues singers, such as 19 14 by W.C.Handy and14 by Mamie Smith. With the development of blues music, jazz and pop music began to learn its melody and have a large audience. To some extent, many jazz singers and pop musicians at that time hitchhiked with Bruce. At this stage, the classical blues is naturally derived.

After World War II, the center of the blues moved to a big city like Chicago, where many famous musicians gathered. At that time, famous blues musicians B.B. King and Buddy Guy tried to enhance the sound effects with electric guitars and magnetic drums with loudspeakers. In 1950s, this style was recognized by many white musicians. More than ten years later, guitarist eric clapton continued to carry forward blues music. At the same time, R & ampB gradually appeared and was accepted by white musicians, such as Elvis Presley and bill haley, who brought R&B into rock music. The famous British bands Rolling Stones and led zeppelin also started from blues music, and then gradually entered heavy metal rock music. If rock music is a person's body structure, then there is no doubt that Bruce is the soul of this body. The era of electronic blues has arrived!

Nowadays, blues music has been gradually integrated into mainstream music, and many of its elements have been more applied to rock music and pop music. However, traditional blues music still has great power. Musicians in this field include john lee hooker, Etta Baker, junior Wells and Buddy Guy.

Four. . Jumping car

What is jumping?

Perhaps "Trip-Hop" is the best explanation or answer to whether there is contradiction, anxiety, fear or decadence in the deepest part of people's subconscious.

In the development stage of Trip-Hop in the early 1990s, Trip-Hop was underground and non-mainstream. However, more and more artists from mainstream or different fields are coming into contact with Trip-Hop, such as Mad[Frozen], Sheryl Crow [This is hardcore], or Beyond and Karen Mok in China. What is the attraction of Trip-Hop, which makes people swallow themselves like drugs? !

Literally, the interpretation of "Trip" is "travel" and "hallucination state after drug abuse", which clearly shows the sensory world of Trip-Hop, and the word "Hop" represents the process of its origin from Hip-Hop; So "Trip-Hop" is called "fugue" (different from China's translation of trance dance music into "trance"). In the skipping world, you can walk in a horrible skipping, you can walk in a non-horrible skipping, and you can walk in a bright heaven.

Trip-Hop originated in Bristol, England in 1990s. When Europe is constantly facing the impact of the invasion of American Hip-Hop, British DJ began to develop Hip-Hop into its own style. They slowed down the speed of Hip-Hop (compared with down tempo), emphasized the heavy and slow drums and bass, and pulled out the Rap in Hip-Hop. And some old records of Sample, so the so-called Bristol hip-hop (the predecessor of Trip-Hop, the word trip-hop did not exist at that time) was formed; The Massive Attack, which released the first album "Blue Line" in 9 1 year, led this wave of Bristol hip-hop (Bristol sounds new, and the style of Bristol hip-hop is not so deliberately creating a dark and treacherous atmosphere). As for the critical period of the real Trip-Hop, the second record "Protection" was released by 1994-95, and there were excavations by Portishead and Tricky. From the decadent and lazy singing voice of Portishead female singer Beith Gibbson, plus the samples of old records in the 1960s and 1970s (even the noise of records), to Tricky's cynical low voice, the voice of Bristol has created a psychedelic, abstract and dark new environment. So some magazines call their music style "Trip-Hop" (people call this period "the second arrival of the sound of Bristol") P.S. In fact, the Massive AttackPortisheadTricky has a subtle relationship with each other. Three members of Massive Attack and Tricky were originally members of "The Wild Bunch" (a group led by Nelle Hooper in 1982), so Tricky often participated in the songs of Massive Attack. Jeff Boluo, a member of Potis Hurd, participated in the production of the large-scale attack Blue Line.

Jump after a trip

In the early wave of Trip-Hop, the style of Trip-Hop we heard was nothing more than the fusion of Soul, Funk, Jazz, Blues, Dub or reggae; However, with the progress of electronic music and the delay in the release of the new albums of the three elders, MassAttack, Porttihead and Tricky, many new generation groups emerged after 94-95 (Morcheeba, Alfa, Mono, Aloof, Cibo Matto ...). Later, it was called "post-trip jump". They compared the trip jump with the environment, R&; B, Brit-Hop, Breakbeat, drum N' Bass, acid jazz, new era, even symphony, etc. And human voice can become fresh, pleasant and intoxicating, so Trip-Hop is more diversified, which no longer makes people feel deep and dark, and sweeps away the dark stereotype of Trip-Hop.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) jazz jazz

Jazz is jazz, and jazz originated from African black music. Early jazz adopted a passionate light music style, which was created by black composers and reflected the unique character of black people. Its form of expression is the so-called ragtime songs. Later, by using a sad song played and sung by a wandering black singer, the so-called blues tune was formed. So jazz is the predecessor of blues music.

Simply put, jazz is a form of musical expression in which African blacks are sold to the United States and developed far from their natural environment. Usually, jazz musicians improvise a melody according to a specified harmony skeleton and rhythm. In jazz, a performer or singer is a composer. Therefore, performers or singers often use themes to express their intentions and imagination, rather than expressing the theme of songs. In this sense, jazz is an extremely free music.

Overview of jazz

In less than a century, this kind of music with obvious American characteristics, called jazz, has developed from unknown folk music to the most important art type produced in the United States. Today, it can be heard and played in almost every corner of the world. Jazz presents a prosperous scene in various forms, from Genbruce and ragtime, from New Orleans jazz to Dixieland jazz, swing music, mainstream jazz, Bibop, modern jazz to free jazz and electronic jazz. What is surprising is not that jazz appears in so many forms, but that each of its forms is very important and has always maintained its own characteristics and unique charm. If you want to appreciate all kinds of jazz and experience all kinds of fun, you must have an open attitude, tolerance and listening.

Trace the source

Jazz is developed from folk songs, and it comes from many sources, so it is not easy to study it carefully. But its roots must have been brought from Africa by slaves. They broke away from the ancient cultural tradition, told stories with songs and developed folk songs into a new form of communication. African-American music retains many African characteristics, obvious rhythm characteristics and collective improvisation characteristics. A large part of this traditional and new residential music is combined with vocal music, and the result is not only a new sound, but a brand-new musical expression.

The most famous African American music is religious music. These beautiful and moving songs are also listened to by white people, but they are more fashionable than those sung in rural black churches. The gospel music known today more accurately reflects the emotional strength and sense of melody of early African-Americans, rather than the religious inheritance of Fisk Jubilee singer's music in the first decade of this century.

Other early musical forms, including labor songs, nursery rhymes and dance music dating back to slavery, have become important musical heritages, especially considering that musical activities were severely restricted under the system at that time.

Enter the jazz age

Ragtime music, especially the popular style of downplaying jazz, is aimed at the middle class and is not liked by orthodox musicians. /kloc-in the last decade of the 0/9th century, jazz music gradually took shape, but it was not called "jazz" at that time. It was originally called Jass, and it first appeared in the black workers' residential areas in southern American cities. Like ragtime music, jazz first appeared as dance music. The first city to become synonymous with early jazz was New Orleans, which was somewhat true, but also somewhat exaggerated.

* * Distinguish * *

In fact, I can't tell the difference after reading some introductions. Listen to more music and see the ready-made styles marked by others. You should be able to see the difference when you accumulate more. But I think it's hard to say that we are not musicians anyway, so it's good to get a general understanding.