What is the historical migration route of Sophora japonica in Hong Tong?

Immigrants from Sophora japonica: the largest number of immigrants in the world

In the history of human migration, the migration under the pagoda tree in Hongdong is undoubtedly the most extensive, largest and most tragic. This kind of immigration has its historical background and historical reasons.

The Yuan Dynasty ruled in China for only 89 years. Although in its heyday, it only knew how to shoot an eagle with a bow. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, due to the cruel exploitation and oppression of farmers by Mongolian nobles and feudal landlords, class contradictions and ethnic contradictions intensified day by day, leading to years of war. Now, because Zhu Guangqing and Banghu, the leaders of the peasant uprising, were Han Chinese, the Prime Minister of the Yuan Dynasty asked the court to kill all the five surnames of Zhang, Wang, Liu, Li and Zhao (the five surnames with the largest number among Han Chinese at that time). This bloody terror policy finally aroused the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty.

Besides war, floods and plagues have been going on all the time. The Yellow River, Daqing River and Xiaoqing River burst many times, leaving no fields and houses in the Central Plains, countless people died and many villages and cities became wasteland. "All roads lead to Rome, and the people are in poverty" is a true portrayal of the Central Plains at that time.

Apart from floods, locusts are the most harmful. From the first year of Zheng Zheng to 25 years, there were locusts 18 times, and from the third year of yuan to the last year of Zheng Zheng, there were famines 15 times in the Central Plains. /kloc-in 0/9, the tragedy of "people eat locusts and people eat people" appeared in Shandong.

In addition, the "Battle of Jingnan" during the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty also had a great influence on Shandong. The four-year war aggravated the desolate situation of Qilu, resulting in a tragic situation of "no cock crowing in a thousand miles" and "no one".

Li's Genealogy was written by Guangxu in Zhai Village, Linqing City, Shandong Province for forty years. It records that the Prince of Yan launched a war against the Nanjing regime in order to compete for the throne, which lasted for four years and caused countless casualties. Think of that time, or kill, or cut, or flee, or even "road block, grass, village withered, ghost crazy", "six or seven hundred miles from east to west, nearly a thousand miles from north to south, several hills."

Shanxi was a different scene when there was famine and chaos in the original area at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty. The Central Plains Rebellion and various disasters and epidemics rarely spread to Shanxi, with Taifan in the east and Lvliang as the shelter in the west. There are no major floods, droughts and insect disasters in most parts of Shanxi, and the weather is favorable every year, and the harvest is in sight. Compared with neighboring provinces, Shanxi has a stable society, a prosperous economy and a rich population.

In order to maintain the feudal rule of the Ming Dynasty, the decision of the war route was decided. Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of Ming Dynasty, and his son Judy successively implemented the Great Immigration Policy. When the population balance in China is seriously out of balance, Zhu Yuanzhang and his successor Judy, who are famous for their outstanding talents, are bound to look to Shanxi and invest in the south of Shanxi, where there will be great immigration. A large number of people have been forcibly moved from areas where Shanxi has not suffered from war, population prosperity and economic prosperity to sparsely populated provinces such as Henan, Hebei and Shandong 18. "One family of four, two families of six and three families of eight", from the first year of Hongwu (1368) to the fourteenth year of Judy Yongle (14 16), there were 18 such large-scale immigrants in the past 50 years! It involves more than 800 surnames such as Han, Mongolian and Hui, and tens of thousands of families.

Thus, the tree next to Guangji Temple and beside the Fen River has entered the storm of history, the vicissitudes of time and the memory of a nation with unparalleled posture.

Ancient legends remember the sufferings of immigrants.

There are many legends about the large-scale immigration organized by the Ming government. Although there is no textual research, it bears in mind people's unspeakable pain for the great immigrants.

"The great pagoda tree in Hongtong moved people not only by Hongtong people. Sophora japonica in Hongdong is a gathering place for Shanxi immigrants. The residents who moved out were mainly Taiyuan, Pingyang (now Linfen) and five countries, namely Ze, Lu, Liao, Qin and Fen. Roughly estimated, there are at least several million. " Liu Zhongping told reporters, "At that time, there were records of immigrants, which specifically recorded where all immigrants came from and where they moved, but unfortunately they were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution."

"The story of Hu Dahai's revenge was the most widely circulated among the people in Henan and Shandong in the early Ming Dynasty." Liu Zhongping said.

It is said that at the end of Yuan Dynasty, there was a beggar wandering in Henan. He is five big and three thick, ugly, wearing a shawl and unkempt. He is as strong as an ox, but he is idle, which is despised by the villagers. People avoid him like evil spirits, even if there are leftovers, they don't give alms. As soon as he appeared, every family closed. One day, he suddenly broke into a rich man's house and stretched out a hairy black hand to beg for it. In order to humiliate him, the old woman wiped a big oil cake for her grandson and threw it to the dog to swallow, so that the dog bit out of the door. This beggar is Hu Dahai. Hu Dahai deeply felt that the people in the Central Plains were too bad, so he secretly vowed that one day, when he made a fortune, he would come here for revenge. Later, Hu Dahai gave up and went to Zhu Yuanzhang. Hu brawn is a killer. On the battlefield, a beggar became the founding father of the Zhu Ming Dynasty because of his outstanding exploits.

Zhu Hongwu was king in Nanking and rewarded the hero. Hu Dahai refused to accept revenge from the slaves of the Treasure Farm and the dynasty. Knowing that Hu is a demon killer, he hesitated and only allowed Hu to "kill within an arrow." When Hu led his troops to Henan, a wild goose flew in the sky. Hu exulted, bent his bow and took an arrow, and the arrow hit the goose's tail. The geese fly south, fly over Henan and turn around and fly to Shandong. Hu followed the geese and killed the two provinces of Henan and Shandong, so he had to emigrate.

Another way of saying it is that Zhu Yuanzhang was angry with Shanxi people because he could not beat Shanxi many times, and vowed to win the world in the future and move Shanxi people to other places.

"In fact, these legends can't be verified, but they are talked about by the people." Liu Zhongping said.

Zhang Qing, director of the archives office of Hongtong County, believes that "the great immigrants of the Ming Dynasty are a tragic history full of blood and tears. When they left their hometown and bid farewell to their homeland, how could their ancestors not be so concerned? So the big pagoda tree became the root of the descendants of the ancient pagoda tree. But we can't deny the positive role of immigration policy. A large number of immigrants cultivated fields, gradually restored agricultural production in the Central Plains, prospered handicrafts and commerce, and the population grew rapidly, which greatly promoted the survival and development of the Chinese nation at that time and rationally laid out the living space of the population. "

"Most ancestors of Shandong people can be traced back to Shanxi Sophora japonica"

There are only two official records of migration to Shandong in the Ming Dynasty. According to Ming Taizu's records, he immigrated to Shandong for the first time in the 21st year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (AD 1388) and "moved to Linqing". The second time was in the twenty-second year of Ming Hongwu, "moving to Dongchang (now Liaocheng)". Then, why did the descendants of immigrants spread all over Shandong?

According to the official history and notes, such as Ming History, Shi Minglu, Rizhilu, etc. The migration of Sophora japonica in Hong Tong is distributed in 30 provinces and cities with 22 17 counties and cities. At that time, the most immigrants to Shandong were Dongchangfu (now Liaocheng), Jinan, Yanzhou, Laizhou and Qingzhou, distributed in more than 100 counties and cities today.

However, there are only two official records of immigration to Shandong. According to Ming Taizu's records, he immigrated to Shandong for the first time in the 21st year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (AD 1388) and "moved to Linqing". The second time was in the twenty-second year of Ming Hongwu, "moving to Dongchang (now Liaocheng)". Then, why did the descendants of immigrants spread all over Shandong?

"Most of the ancestors of Shandong people can be traced back to the big locust tree in Shanxi! This is because, in addition to direct immigration, there are many indirect immigrants. " Liu Zhongping said, "In addition, the immigrants who initially moved to Shandong were mainly distributed in the areas of western Shandong, northwestern Shandong and southwestern Shandong, and these places were mostly flooded by the Yellow River, with poor soil and poor land, suffering from floods, which became the internal reason for the spontaneous relocation of immigrants. The exclusion of the local aborigines in Shandong from the foreign population has also become a factor for immigrants to migrate again. In the early Ming Dynasty, when people moved, the imperial court stipulated that' the same surname and the same clan were not allowed to move', which caused many families with the same surname and the same clan to live in different places, laying the groundwork for finding relatives and returning to their ancestors in the future. At the same time, the Ming government also organized many immigrants in the province according to the actual situation. For example, in the 25th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1392), 5,635 landless residents in Dengzhou and Laizhou moved to Dongchangfu; In the 28th year of Hongwu, 4,666 households with105/kloc-0 and more than five landless households were moved to sparsely populated areas. "

The Geographical Names Office of Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province found that 70% of the natural villages in this county were established for Shanxi immigrants during Hongwu and Yongle years.

Tengzhou Geographical Names Office also found that there are more than 1200 natural villages in this county, of which 687 were established in Ming Dynasty. Among the 425 existing genealogies and inscriptions, 225 tribes clearly recorded that Hongwu and Yongle moved from Hongtong County.

Of the nearly 3,000 villages in guanxian, nearly 1700 were established in the Ming Dynasty. Among the more than 300 villages in Yuncheng County/KLOC-0, 535 were established in the Ming Dynasty. Of the more than 0/000 villages in Dingtao County/KLOC-,386 have ancestors from Hongtong County.

Folk genealogy records the origin of ancestors.

The origin of ancestors is recorded in folk genealogy and genealogy in many areas of Shandong. Some immigrants agreed with their families to mark something as physical evidence for future generations to find relatives, but more people use locust trees to commemorate immigrants.

The preface to the genealogy of the Wangs records the story of "one gun king" in Cao County, Shandong Province. Wang's ancestors moved from Hongdong in the 25th year of Hongwu. Because Wang Liang always carried a spear along the way, he named Zhuangzi "One Gun King". After breeding for more than 20 generations, they are still dressed for glory, and the clan is strong, from "one gun king" to "a thousand kings".

According to Zhang's genealogy records of "Wanzizhang" village in Dingtao County, Shandong Province, the ancestor Zhang Sanlao originally lived in Yangcheng County, Zezhou, Shanxi Province, and moved to Dingtao County during the Hongwu period. At that time, my family got a farm tool from the government and came from the southeast, running all the way. Finally came to the place about 1 km north of Shashan Temple. At that time, it was completely wasteland, so we had to build a shed with mats, dig a pit as a stove and barely build a home. There are weeds around the shack, only a few foxes and rabbits occasionally haunt the grass. On the first night, the family looked at the stars in the sky and recalled their hometown thousands of miles away, feeling very uncomfortable. Unexpectedly, during the fifth watch, I suddenly heard a cock crow from the southeast. Zhang Sanlao thought, "Where there are chickens, there are people." At dawn, I went to the place where the rooster crowed. Sure enough, someone, Li Qing, the ancestor of Li, is Zhang Sanlao's cousin. Therefore, "when a fellow villager sees a fellow villager, his eyes are full of tears." The cousins wept bitterly and moved to another place to live.

Liu Zhuang's Liu Wei Score in Cao Xian County, Shandong Province

The preface also records that a native of Hongdong County, Pingyang Prefecture, Shanxi Province, moved to the people's court in the second year of Ming Hongwu (1369). The terms are feasible and the legal schedule is strict. No one with the same surname is allowed to live in a village. The two brothers, the ancestors, could not bear to leave the brotherhood for a while and changed their surnames to two, which was remembered by the bronze Buddha. It has been passed down for more than 500 years and still exists. According to later generations, the ancestor brothers were named Guangzu and Liangzu, while the bronze Buddha may be two similar Buddha statues. But more people use locust trees to commemorate this migration. So far, planting Sophora japonica in areas where many immigrants live is the best example.

Why does it all start with the big locust tree in Hongdong?

"At that time, the Ming government chose Hongdong County as a gathering place for large immigrants, considering many factors such as population density, geographical location and traffic conditions." Liu Zhongping told reporters.

Linfen has a long history, with Taihang Mountain in the east and Lvliang in the west. Emperor Yao once moved his capital here, and later called Linfen "Du Yao". Now, at the entrance to the southeast and northwest of Linfen, you can see a magnificent archway: the first capital in the world. Because of its "Qin Shu in Nantong, there is a river in the north, Taiyue in the east and Fenhe in the west", because of its important geographical location, it has been an important town in Hanoi since ancient times, and Hongdong is 30 kilometers north of it. The starting point of the famous Ming immigrants at home and abroad is here.

At that time, there were ancient post roads in Hongdong, connecting Youyan in the north, Qilu in the east, Qin Shu in the south, and Longhe in the west. The courtyard of Guangji Temple was widely distributed, and there were large-scale post stations next to the temple, which was convenient for the government to set up a bureau to send personnel, gather immigrants and distribute photos of Sichuan capital. As a result, the post station next to Han and Huai became the dispatching station and starting point of large immigrants.

According to historical records, people who moved from Shanxi in the early Ming Dynasty, no matter where they lived, should first concentrate in Hongtong County. There is an ancient temple named Guangji Temple in the north of Hongtong County, which was built in the second year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty. The temple is magnificent and there is a big pagoda tree next to it. "There are several acres of shade around this tree." At that time, the only official road in Shanxi Province passed through the temple. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the official set up a post office here to handle the business of the Quartet.

"At that time, the Ming government chose Hongdong County as a gathering place for large immigrants and considered many factors." Liu Zhongping told reporters.

"The first is the particularity of geographical location-Hongtong County is located in Linfen Basin in the south of Shanxi Province, which was the center of the country at that time and the best location for immigrants to various regions, with relatively low cost; Secondly, at that time, Hongdong County was densely populated, with an average household population exceeding 10, which had an innate population advantage. The third is the traffic advantage. At that time, the only official road in Shanxi Province passed through Guangji Temple in Hongtong County. In addition, it is also the administrative center of Jinnan, with a large-scale post station and an organizational basis for organizing large-scale immigration. "

At that time, the immigration methods adopted by the Ming court were mainly military camps (transferring troops to local people after moving to a certain place), commercial camps, and civilian-run enterprises. A series of preferential policies have also been formulated, such as distributing clothes, travel expenses, farm tools and promising to exempt from three years of hard labor, but more are forced recruitment.

Miss Zhang, the tour guide of the locust tree roots-seeking ancestral court, also introduced a legend to the reporter. "Because people don't want to leave their homes, the government spread rumors that' residents in other areas must move out within a time limit except Guangji Temple in Hongtong County'." As a result, people rushed to Guangji Temple in Hongtong County to get married and have children in 1995. As a result, when thousands of people gathered under the big pagoda tree, the government mobilized a large number of officers and men to surround them and register them, and everyone was forced to move. "Although this cannot be verified, it is widely circulated among the people.

It is said that the popular saying of "relieving oneself" and the habit of "carrying one's hand behind one's back" also originated from this great immigration. "In order to prevent immigrants from escaping, officers and men tied people's hands with ropes and connected them one by one. Because of the long distance and long walking time, people are used to walking with their hands behind their backs. During the escort, when someone needed to urinate, they begged the officers and men to untie their hands. If there are so many times, it will be simplified to' solving the hand'. " Miss Zhang, the tour guide, said.

There used to be a folk song in Shandong: "Whoever has two petals on his little toenail is a child under the big locust tree." There are two couplets in the ancestral hall of Dahuaishu Park. One is "look up where the stork nest is today and talk about the mulberry situation", and the other is "who is the ancient locust servant, and check the shape of the little toe". Couplets and folk songs can be divided into refined and popular, both of which are about two petals of little toe. Legend has it that after the officers and men surrounded the people, they were afraid that the people would escape, so they cut off everyone's little toe with a knife as a sign. Later, the descendants of immigrants' toenails became complicated.

"This legend is not credible, but it is full of people's hatred of forced immigration." Luo Hongling, deputy director of the Roots-seeking Zutinggen Culture Department of Hongtong Sophora japonica, said.

In the genealogy of a surnamed Liu in Cao County, Shandong Province, it was recorded that their ancestor was "Grandpa Yi Er". Grandpa with one ear was cut off by officers and men because he ran away many times during the migration.

locust tree

The ancient pagoda tree, also known as Hong Tong pagoda tree, is located in the pagoda tree park on the west side of Jia Cun, two kilometers northwest of Hongtong County. Although there are no magnificent buildings in Hongdong, there are endless tourists in both cold winter and hot summer. Some of them wrote poems to express their feelings of "thinking about drinking water and thinking about the source", while others looked up at the ancient pagoda and lingered for a long time, refusing to leave.

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, the Yuan government used troops year after year to carry out ethnic oppression at home. Coupled with the continuous floods, droughts and famines in the Huanghuai Valley, it finally aroused the Red Scarf Army uprising that lasted for more than ten years. The Yuan government brutally suppressed, and desperate wars for territory and land occurred from time to time. Nine times out of ten people in Huaibei, Shandong, Hebei and Henan were killed. The wounds of the war at the end of the Yuan Dynasty were not healed, and the "Battle of Jingnan" followed in the early Ming Dynasty. Hebei, Shandong, Henan, Anhui and other places have suffered greatly, and almost all of them are uninhabited. During the war at the end of Yuan Dynasty, Shanxi, which was ruled by the Mongolian landlord Chahan timur and his son, was a different scene. It is relatively stable, good weather and good harvest every year. Compared with neighboring provinces, Shanxi has a prosperous economy and a rich population. And a large number of refugees from other provinces also flowed into Shanxi, making Shanxi a densely populated area. After the Ming Dynasty destroyed the Yuan Dynasty, in order to consolidate the new regime and develop the economy, eight large-scale immigration activities were organized during the fifty years from the early years of Hongwu to the fifteenth year of Yongle.

Jinnan is a densely populated place in Shanxi, and Hongdong was the largest and most populous county in Jinnan at that time. According to records, there was a Guangji Temple on the west side of Jia Cun, two miles north of Hongdong in Ming Dynasty. This temple is magnificent, with many monks and pilgrims. There is a "tree surrounded by mu of shade" next to the temple, and the avenue of chariots and horses passes through the shade. The old harriers on Fenhe beach nest in the trees and are scattered all over the floor, which is very spectacular. The Ming government set up a bureau in Guangji Temple to concentrate immigrants, and the locust tree became a gathering place for immigrants.

In late autumn, the locust tree leaves, and the old crow's nest is very eye-catching. When the immigrants left, they stared at the tall ancient locust tree, and the old harrier who lived among the branches kept moaning, which made the immigrants who had left their hometown burst into tears and could not bear to leave. Finally, they can only see the old crane nest on the big locust tree. To this end, the big locust tree and the old crane nest have become symbols for immigrants to bid farewell to their hometown. "Ask me where my ancestors came from, Shanxi Hong Tong Sophora japonica. What is the name of the hometown of ancestral home, the old man's nest under the big locust tree. " For hundreds of years, this folk song has been widely circulated in many areas of our country. According to the villagers in my hometown, it was at that time that our village moved out of the big locust tree to enrich the northern border defense, and the genealogy of the village was also remembered from that time. )

In the early Ming Dynasty, the immigrants from Hongdong and other places in Shanxi mainly distributed in Henan, Hebei, Shandong, Beijing, Anhui, Jiangsu and Hubei, and a few moved to Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia. Immigrants who moved from Shanxi to the above places later moved to Yunnan, Sichuan, Guizhou, Xinjiang and northeast provinces. It is rare to have organized large-scale migration for such a long time in the history of our country, and it is only a case that people on one side are scattered around. Although the Ming government carried out the policy of resettling wasteland to revitalize agriculture, its purpose was to consolidate the rule of feudal dynasty, but it objectively eased social contradictions, mobilized farmers' enthusiasm for production, gradually restored agricultural production, consolidated border defense and maintained social stability.

In the second year of the Republic of China, Jia Cun, who was on an official tour in Shandong, retired to his hometown in his later years to raise funds to build a pavilion and a teahouse. The pavilion was built under the old pagoda tree. Although the pavilion is not big, it is carved with beams and painted with buildings, cornices and arches, exquisite and exquisite. A blue stone tablet is erected in the pavilion, engraved with the five official words "Ancient Sophora japonica". On the back of the exhibition hall, there is an inscription that briefly describes the situation of immigrants. There are three tea rooms on the west side in front of the pavilion for root-seeking tourists to rest and have tea. The inscription on the lintel of the teahouse is "drinking water for the source". More than 20 meters south of the monument, there is a memorial archway, with "Yu Yan's Letter" engraved on the horizontal line and "Many Shadows" engraved on the other side. In the early 1980s, Hongtong county government rebuilt and expanded Dahuaishu Park.

There are also some stories about migration. After the Revolution of 1911, Yuan Shikai ordered Zhang Xiluan, the governor of Shanxi Province, to lead soldiers from three towns in Lu Yongxiang to attack the Shanxi Revolutionary Army, and plundered everywhere. After arriving in Hongdong, the soldiers came to the ancient pagoda tree, dismounted and bowed down, and told each other, "Go back to the hometown of pagoda tree." Not only don't rob, but also provide property under the big locust tree. Sophora japonica is known as "disaster prevention and resilience".

Legend has it that when immigrating, officers and men cut each little toenail with a knife. Up to now, the little toenails of the descendants of Sophora japonica immigrants are all complicated (two petals). "Who is the ancient locust who moved here? Take off your little toe and check the shape of your nails. " If you are interested, you may wish to check it yourself.

At that time, in order to prevent immigrants from escaping, officers and men tied them up behind their backs, then connected them with long ropes and escorted them to the road. People look back step by step, and the adults look at the big locust tree and tell the children, "This is our hometown, this is our hometown." Today, descendants of immigrants say that the ancient pagoda is their hometown, no matter where they live. Because the immigrant's arm was tied for a long time, his arm became numb and he soon got used to it. Later, most immigrants liked to walk with their hands behind their backs, and their descendants also followed this habit.

On the way to escort, because of the long distance, people often have to pee, so they have to report to the officers and men: "Sir, please help yourself, I have to pee." The more times, the more simplified the verbal request. As long as you say "Sir, I want to relieve myself", everyone will understand that you have to pee. Since then, "jieshou" has become synonymous with peeing.

The immigrants moved to a new place of residence, a wilderness, and they had to build houses and open up wasteland with their own hands. No matter what they do, they will think of the mountains and rivers in their hometown. In order to miss their hometown, most of them plant locust trees in the yard and at the gate of their new home to show their nostalgia for their hometown. Some immigrants named their villages after the places where they moved, such as Zhaochengying, Hong Tong, Zhou Pu and Changziying in the suburbs of Beijing, indicating that these residents migrated from Zhao Cheng and Hong Tong that year.

There is a table of surnames of descendants of Guhuai in the ancestral home. There are 450 surnames on the table, which enshrines their memorial tablets, far exceeding the surnames of hundreds of families. They all immigrated to all parts of the country 600 years ago. In order to find their roots, they were collected and made public and hung on the walls. In recent years, mainlanders have been fighting for genealogy, and overseas compatriots have sought roots to worship their ancestors, asking about their blood relationship with Sophora japonica.

More than 600 years have passed, and the ancient Sophora japonica in the Han Dynasty has ceased to exist and disappeared into the dust of history, while the third-generation Sophora japonica, which grew with the same root, is lush and full of vitality. Hu Aixiang's descendants are distributed in more than 20 provinces and 400 counties in China, and some are as far away as some countries and regions in South Asia.

Think about how many sad tears our ancestors shed when they left their hometown to help the elderly and bring up the young. May the pagoda tree take root forever and be heart-to-heart with compatriots at home and abroad.

Dahuaishu couplets

Xiangxiang Liu Xingjin, drink quickly;

The ancient shady road, leaning against the sunset.

Tea can be drunk, and milk is fragrant.

The pavilion can be traced back to the building, and the green locust tree knows homesickness.

When willows come to Huai, there should be a sense of leaving the country;

The water source is woody, and it is still moving home today.

Give a biography of Jiashu; Block the crowd.

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