Questions about Judaism and Israel

Let me show you a history, hoping it will be useful to the landlord.

A brief history of expelling Jews and the founding of Israel

According to the Bible, Moses led some Israelites out of Egypt and conquered the tribal city-states of Canaan under the leadership of Joshua. Then, around 1000 BC, David Wang occupied Jerusalem and established the kingdom of Israel in most parts of Canaan, including Transjordan. After the death of David's son Solomon, the kingdom was divided into two parts, Judea in the south and Israel in the north. Until 133, Jerusalem was the political and religious center of the Jews.

In 722 BC, Assyrians occupied Israel, and in 586 BC, Babylonians occupied Judah. They burned the temple of Solomon in Jerusalem and expelled a large number of Jews. Since then, Jerusalem has changed hands many times and been destroyed and rebuilt countless times. Since then, Jews have been displaced and scattered everywhere. About 6 1 year BC, the Roman Pompeii army captured Judah and occupied Jerusalem. Jesus was born in Bethlehem, the ruling area of Rome. Roman rulers put out the fire of Jewish uprisings twice in 70 and 132, and expelled all Jews from Jerusalem in 135. Since then, Jerusalem has been renamed Palestine by the Romans.

During the Byzantine period (4th century AD), a large number of Christians flooded into Palestine. At that time, the population of Palestine was composed of Christians, Jews and pagan Christians, as well as Romans and indigenous people. Around the 7th century AD, the armies of Muslim Arabs moved northward and occupied most of the Middle East, including Palestine. Since then, Muslim control over Palestine has continued until the beginning of the 20th century. During this long period of Muslim rule, the Ottoman Empire of Turkey incorporated Palestine into its territory in 15 17. During this period, the Sultan of Turkey also invited diaspora Jews to settle in Palestinian cities. /kloc-At the end of 0/8, Napoleon invaded, and Palestinian Arabs took the opportunity to resist the rule of Egypt and Turkey, which led to the further opening of the border of the Turkish Empire, the simultaneous increase of the Jewish and Arab populations, and the enhancement of the national consciousness of the two peoples. By 1880, the Palestinian population had reached 400,000, including about 24,000 Jews. At this time, the Ottoman government began to take severe measures to limit Jewish immigration, but Jews took various means to move into Palestine.

At this time, in Europe in the19th century, the tide of anti-Semitism coexisted with the Jewish liberation movement in Europe, and the idea of modern nation-state was intertwined with the yearning for the traditional Jewish homeland, which ignited the fire of Zionism in the hearts of Jews scattered in Europe. In particular, the anti-Semitic and anti-Semitic policies of eastern European countries have accelerated the migration of European Jews to Palestine. It was also at this time that European Jews began to systematize Zionism. Rabbi yehuda Alcalay, a Jewish priest, published many Hebrew articles about Zionism in the 1940s. In addition, in 1896, Hecl, a Hungarian-born Jewish lawyer, published The Jewish State, which fully explained Zionism. In August of the following year, the Zionists held the "First World Zionist Conference" in Basel, Switzerland. The General Assembly hopes to establish a Jewish state in Palestine according to Hecl's idea. Zionists attending the meeting predicted that millions of European Jews would emigrate to Palestine, forming an absolute majority of the population. As for the local Arabs, it is not within their consideration. By 19 14, the Palestinian population is about 700,000, including 6 10000 Arabs and less than 654,380+000 Jews.

After the outbreak of World War I, the Ottoman Empire, the ruler of Palestine, formed an alliance with Germany. At this time, cholera and typhoid fever broke out in Palestine, and Turkish military leaders decided to expel all foreigners, and a large number of Jews were expelled from Palestine again. During this period, only Russian Jews were able to avoid being deported. These Jews who stayed behind became British partners and later helped the British army fight against Turkey. At the same time, Britain also needs Arab help. The British government made an oath to the Arabs that they would be independent after the war as long as they supported the allied forces against the Turks. 19 16 years, under the leadership of T.E. Lawrence, Arabs really rebelled against the rule of the Turks. But after the war, Britain denied its commitment to Arabs, and Palestine became Britain's "mandated land". About 70% of the post-war Palestinian population are Arabs and 30% are Jews and Christians.

At this time, in Britain, a group of zionists lobbied the British Parliament, which eventually led to the signing of the famous Balfour Declaration in June19171year, promising to build a Jewish homeland and ensure that the rights and beliefs of non-Jewish communities would not be violated. The reason why Britain did this was mainly because if Germany made a similar commitment to Jews, it would pull international Jews to the German side. The British move was strongly opposed by Palestinian Arabs, who insisted that Palestine was Arab land and put pressure on the British authorities through riots and strikes. At the same time, the Arabs also instigated the United States to intervene in this matter to influence Britain's Middle East policy. Alef Pasha Dajani, an Arab leader, once said to the representatives sent by the United States: History has proved that it is impossible to live with Jews, and Jews are not welcome in all countries because they have consumed all their blood. In this case, Jews also realized that they could not avoid conflicts with Palestinian Arabs, and later became the Prime Minister of the State of Israel. David Ben Gurion once said in a speech at 19 19: No one can find any solution. We want this land to become our own country, and Arabs should do the same.

At this time, Britain did an incredible thing. In order to thank Abdul, the son of Hussein, the chief executive of Mecca, for fighting bravely for Britain, Winston, then British colonial minister? 192 1 year's "Sunday afternoon", Churchill had a whim and handed over the management of the area east of the Jordan River to Abdul, which is three quarters of the total area of Palestine under British jurisdiction. Abdul immediately renamed the area the Kingdom of Hacim, Jordan, and won the title of king in 1946. Although the area of Palestine is shrinking sharply, Zionists in the United States and Britain are still encouraging Jews to move to Palestine, where only a quarter of the original territory remains. By 1929, the Palestinian population is becoming more and more dense, which leads to intensified competition and economic depression. Rich and well-educated Jews are very competitive. They bought a lot of land, which led to the displacement of Arab farmers and poured into cities. Arabs began to expect that the influx of Jews from Europe and America would gradually crowd out Arabs who lacked commercial competitiveness. Moreover, immigrants show off their different lifestyles from most Arabs, which also arouse the envy of local people. In 1929, 1930 and 193 1 year, Jewish settlements were attacked by Arabs and threatened by terrorists.

At this time, the Nazis came to power in Germany and began the atrocities of persecuting Jews. When the suffering of Jews began to be known, the British government had to relax the quota of Jews moving to Palestine. Between 1933 and 1935, more than130,000 Jews were allowed to move in, and there were tens of thousands of illegal immigrants. Since then, Palestine has become an active volcano full of violence and terror. Terrorism is all over the region, and the British authorities can't maintain basic order at all. 1942, American zionists gathered in new york and adopted the Biltmore Plan, demanding the establishment of a Jewish state and a Jewish army in Palestine. Soon, Arabs and Jews entered into full-scale preparations, and both sides fought and killed, and Palestine became a battlefield of burning, killing and looting.

After World War II, a large number of Jewish refugees were liberated from concentration camps all over Europe. Western countries are unwilling to accept these refugees, so the British government's immigration control over Palestine has been under great pressure from all sides. The United States keeps demanding to increase the quota of Jewish immigrants, while Arabs and Jews are putting pressure on the British authorities through violent means. Albania demands control of immigration, while the Jewish side demands relaxation of immigration. Arabs carried out terrorist attacks on Jewish settlements, while Jews blew up roads and bridges and assassinated British officials to prevent the British authorities from pursuing illegal Jewish immigrants. In the end, the British government decided to get rid of the hot potato of Palestine. 1947 In April, the British government submitted the Palestinian issue to the United Nations for settlement, announced the end of the mandated rule, and withdrew all its troops one year later. 1947165438+1On 29 October, the second session of the General Assembly adopted resolution 18 1, which stipulated that two States, an Arab State and a Jewish State, should be established on Palestinian land, and the city of Jerusalem should be under the special administration of the United Nations. However, the Arab side refused to accept the United Nations resolution, because Arabs accounted for more than two-thirds of the Palestinian population, but only got 43% of the barren land. The population of the Jewish state only accounts for 1/3, but it has acquired 57% of the fertile coastal land. 1948, 15 in may, the Jewish interim government unilaterally announced the establishment of the state of Israel (instead of adopting the "Jewish state" as the country name). In February of the following year, the Constituent Assembly convened and adopted an interim constitution, declaring the country a democratic republic. Ben. Gurion became the first Prime Minister of Israel.

On the second day after Israel announced its founding, Arab League countries Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and Jordan (later renamed Jordan) refused to recognize Israel and declared war on it, and the first Middle East war broke out.

Second, the First Middle East War (1948- 1949)

1948 Since May, the armies of the Arab League countries have successively entered Palestine and launched a formal war against the newly born State of Israel. At first, Egypt occupied part of southern Palestine, and then Jordan occupied the old city of Jerusalem. However, due to mutual suspicion and internal discord among Arab countries, the attack soon stopped. In June, a four-week ceasefire was successfully achieved under the mediation of the United Nations. But with Israel's massive counterattack in July, the ceasefire was broken. Sporadic fighting continued until the end of 1948. Israel's fierce offensive in June 5438+the following year1October isolated the Egyptian army and forced the Afghan army to accept a ceasefire (1949 65438+1October 7).

1949 In July, Afghanistan and Israel signed an armistice agreement, but peace was not achieved. About 400,000 Palestinian Arab refugees fled Israel and stayed in refugee camps on the Israeli border, which became an important reason for the Arab-Israeli conflict in the future. In the first Middle East War, the United States and Britain supported the Arab League behind the scenes for long-term interests, and the Soviet Union supported Israel, which was very different from the pattern of later wars. After the war, Arab countries were disappointed and humiliated by military defeat. Political turmoil and power alternation in Syria, Jordan, Egypt and other countries have brought a brand-new pattern to geopolitics in Arab countries.

Second, the Second Middle East War (1956)

From 1949 to 1956, the United Nations supervised the implementation of the Arab-Israeli ceasefire and delayed the conflict. During this period, big countries have adjusted their Middle East policies. The United States, Britain and France supported Israel, and the Soviet Union turned to support Arab countries. 1956 In July, Egyptian leader Abdul Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal and expropriated the property of its owners (mainly British and French). Britain and France instigated Israel to attack Egypt for revenge.

1956, 10 year129 October, Israel assembled its air force and army and invaded Egypt's Sinai Peninsula. At the same time, Britain and France were directly involved in the war, which made world public opinion stunned and unanimously condemned Israel's invasion and British and French intervention. This incident almost led to a crisis that threatened the world. 165438+1On October 6, with the support of the United States and the Soviet Union, the United Nations brokered a ceasefire between the two sides. At this time, the Israelis have occupied the Gaza Strip and the estuary leading to the Gulf of Aqaba. But in 1957, Israel had to hand over Gaza to the United Nations.

III. The Third Middle East War: The Six-Day War (1967)

Throughout the 1960 s, Arab-Israeli border conflicts continued. Syria trained Palestinian guerrillas to carry out terrorist attacks on Israel, and Egyptian leader Nasser allied himself with Jordan and Syria, saying that Israel must disappear from the map. 1967 In May, Nasser demanded that all United Nations troops be withdrawn from Egypt and closed the only Israeli seaport to the Red Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba. Israel responded by launching a lightning attack on Egypt and its Arab League.

1On June 5th, 967, Israel launched a large-scale air raid, which destroyed the air force of the Arab League in one fell swoop. Relying on air superiority, Israeli infantry occupied the Sinai Peninsula in three days, and the soldiers went straight to the Jordanian border. 10 In June, the Israeli army captured the old city of Jerusalem (which was later permanently incorporated into the territory of Israel), occupied the strategic Golan Heights and occupied the Syrian border in just six days. The history of this war is called "Six-Day War".

The armies of Egypt and Syria suffered heavy losses in six days, and Syria immediately accepted a ceasefire and allowed Israel to occupy the territories of Gaza, the Syrian Peninsula and the West Bank. The Suez Canal in Egypt was closed because of the war. Israel also announced that it would not give up Jerusalem and other occupied territories. Nasser's policy ended in disaster and he died three years later. Israel won a total victory and national sentiment was high. This war sowed bitter fruit for the endless Arab-Israeli conflict in the future. Today, the core content of the Palestinian-Israeli negotiations is still the key areas that Israel has won in these six days. The Palestinian side demands that Israel return these strategic locations, but is Israel willing to let go easily? The consequences of this war cast a shadow over the future of Palestinian-Israeli relations.

The Fourth Middle East War: Yom Kippur War (1973- 1974)

1973 10, Arab countries thought that their condemnation of Israel was ignored by the international community, and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat decided to use 10 to launch a surprise attack on Israel on June 6, the Jewish Yom Kippur. Egypt and Syria attacked Israel in Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights respectively, and Iraq joined in. Israel was unprepared and caught off guard, and it took several days to complete the war mobilization. But soon, Israel drove Syria and Egypt out, and at the last moment of the war, it successfully broke into the enemy's original defense line on the west bank of the Suez Canal, but the Israeli army paid a heavy price.

17 days of fierce fighting ended under the joint pressure of the United States and the Soviet Union. The Arab side has achieved little, but it shows that Israel's absolute military superiority has begun to decline. Egypt and Israel reached an agreement by stages in 1974 and 1975. The agreement stipulated that the two sides would not fight in the Suez Canal area, Israel would return the Sinai oil field to Egypt, and Egypt would open the Suez Canal to Israel. 1977165438+10. In October, Sadat visited Israel and the relations between Egypt and Israel eased. At the same time, Egypt and Syria resumed diplomatic relations with the United States, and the situation in the Middle East has undergone profound changes.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) The Fifth Middle East War (1982)

From 1978, Palestinian guerrillas carried out terrorist sabotage against Israel based in Lebanon. At the same time, the Palestine Liberation Organization gradually developed, and Jasel? Arafat's shrewdness later made him an omnipotent figure in the world. The hardline Israeli government decided to punish Palestine in June 1982. Sharon, Beijing's defense minister, announced the goal of establishing a 40-kilometer buffer zone to protect Israel's northern border, while secretly planning to destroy the PLO. Armed Israeli troops invaded Lebanon, and after a melee, this small country was divided into two. Syria intervened in the war to protect its water rights. Israel led the war to Beirut and slaughtered hundreds of Muslim civilians in two concentration camps. In the end, Sharon successfully drove the PLO out of Lebanon.

From the long process of Israel's founding to five tragic Middle East wars, Arabs and Jews have experienced very complicated historical entanglements around Palestine. Both sides believe that their existence has greater legitimacy and try to defend their living space through violence. Historians from both sides also justified their existence through historical narration. When telling this history, Jewish historians often emphasize biblical records, the British Balfour Declaration and United Nations resolution 18 1 in an attempt to prove that Jews have legal rights to Palestine. Arab historians, on the other hand, tend to emphasize how many Arabs were driven away by Jewish immigrants, and it is difficult for both sides to reach an understanding. It is worth noting that big countries such as Britain, France, the United States and the Soviet Union always play the image of just judging the country. But in fact, in different historical periods, they always used their contradictions to achieve their goals according to their own interests at that time. Although former Egyptian President Sadat and PLO Executive Committee Chairman Arafat have successively acknowledged the reality of Israel's existence, the core of the Arab-Israeli dispute is still the Arab demand for the return of the land lost in the third Middle East war, which is impossible for Israel. The post-Arafat era is not optimistic, and the future road of Palestinian-Israeli relations is still long and bumpy.