Fellow citizens of Sichuan, I heard that our hometown is not Sichuan. Is it true?/You don't say.

Some people will. There is a saying that "Huguang fills Sichuan".

The following is the explanation.

In today's Han area in Sichuan, if you visit some old people and ask them where their ancestral home is, nine times out of ten you will get the same answer: "My ancestors moved to Sichuan from Huguang. If you continue to ask, "Do you know why your ancestors had the action of filling Sichuan with Huguang?" "It is often the same answer:" Eight Kings suppressed Sichuan! " Therefore, most Sichuanese believe that the ancestors of the Han nationality in China were not native to Sichuan, but moved in from Huguang. The reason for moving in was that Zhang (known as the Eight Kings shortly after Zhang Uprising) suppressed Sichuan during the peasant war in the late Ming Dynasty. This statement has a wide and profound impact.

The so-called "Huguang" means that Huguang is a province. At the beginning of Yuan Dynasty, it belonged to Hubei, Hunan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan and some parts of Sichuan. At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, it governed Hunan, Guizhou, Guangxi and Hainan provinces and parts of Hubei, Sichuan and Guangdong. In the Ming Dynasty, it ruled Hubei and Hunan provinces.

Bashu area in Tang Dynasty was at the forefront of national economic and cultural development. In the Song Dynasty, its economic and cultural development was still in the advanced ranks in the whole country, especially in the Southern Song Dynasty. The population of Bashu area accounts for 23.2% of the whole Southern Song Dynasty, but the fiscal revenue accounts for 1/3 of the whole Southern Song Dynasty, and the supply of military food also accounts for 1/3. It was the main economic basis for the Southern Song Dynasty to persist in the war of resistance against Japan, and there was even a sigh of "before Shu perished in the Song Dynasty".

Sichuan has experienced seven great migrations in history. For the first time, after Qin destroyed Shu and Pakistan, thousands of Qin immigrants entered Shu, about 40,000 to 50,000. The second time, from the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, the population of northern China moved southward. During this period, a large number of immigrants from Shaanxi, Gansu and other places adjacent to Sichuan entered Sichuan from Qinling. The third time, in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, northerners moved south all over the country. At this time, Shaanxi and Gansu immigrants entered Sichuan; The fourth time was at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, southern immigrants mainly from Hubei entered Sichuan. The fifth time, Yu Sheng immigrated to Sichuan in early Qing Dynasty. The largest number of immigrants this time were Hubei and Hunan (at that time, the administrative region was called "Huguang Province", and part of Guangxi was also under its jurisdiction), and the immigrant population reached more than 6.5438+0 million. Now the folklore "Huguang fills Sichuan" is a great migration when the blood and tears of Laochuan people are about to run out, which is a specific historical concept. The sixth time, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression was liberated to the whole country in advance, and many people fled or "Nangan" settled in Sichuan; The seventh time was the Three Gorges immigrants from the end of 20th century to the beginning of 2nd/kloc-0th century, and many people settled in Sichuan.

Then, why is there "Huguang filling Sichuan"?

(1) Long-term large-scale war

Bashu soldiers and civilians tried their best to persist in the long-term resistance to gold, and finally won the great victory of preventing the gold soldiers from entering the Sichuan basin, and then persisted in the war of resistance against Mongolia for half a century. The war was basically fought inside the basin. Mongolian troops entered Chengdu three times, and Mongolian Khan Mongo was also wounded and died in the fishing city. The long-term tug-of-war has caused great losses to people's lives and property. From the whole Sichuan area, there is even a record that "Shu people suffered many disasters, countless deaths and injuries, and there was nothing in a thousand miles" ("Yu Ji: Epitaph of Lady Shi Shicheng", see Volume 20 of Daoyuan Xuegu). There are inevitably some exaggerated elements in these words, but there is no doubt that the economy is extremely broken and the population has dropped sharply. Because in the tug-of-war of nearly 50 years, in addition to the destruction of war, agricultural production has withered due to long-term war, and food is in serious shortage. "Woye thousands of miles, inaccessible, no fixed abode. If you don't plow, you can't harvest in autumn and plant in spring "(see Wu Changyi's introduction above), which was an inevitable reality at that time. In addition, in the Song Dynasty, many government troops took advantage of the fire to rob, or "plundered the people's wealth" or "burned in the official clan", so that "troubled times are not as bad as the disaster of the Japanese, ... so there is a rumor that there are more enemies in the field than foreign enemies, and this disaster cannot last for one day" ("Wu Changyi: On Four Things to Save Shu"). These records were written by Shu people at that time and should be credible. Due to the above reasons, the population of Bashu area in Yuan Dynasty dropped sharply to less than one tenth of that in Southern Song Dynasty. See the previous chapter "Nationalities and Population" for specific figures.

In the face of such a serious broken situation in Bashu area between Song and Yuan Dynasties, the rulers of Yuan Dynasty did not take measures to organize immigration by the government except reclaiming land to ensure the basic needs of military food. Without labor, production cannot be resumed. Therefore, in the Yuan Dynasty, the economy of Bashu didn't get obvious recovery in recent 100 years. According to the book Statistics of Household Registration, Fields and Land Taxes in China in Past Dynasties written by Liang, the tax paid by Sichuan provinces to the central government in Yuan Dynasty was the third lowest among the non-ethnic minority provinces in China, accounting for only 0.96% of the national fiscal revenue. In addition, according to Yuan Shi? According to the food, among the provinces and regions in Sichuan, wine tax accounts for the third lowest, vinegar tax accounts for the first lowest, and business tax accounts for the third lowest. Compared with the Southern Song Dynasty, which accounts for about one third of the total income of the Southern Song Dynasty, this situation can hardly be reduced.

At the end of the yuan dynasty, the fire of the peasant uprising of the Red Scarf Army burned everywhere. Ming Yu Zhen, a subordinate of Xu Shouhui, led the army into Bashu, and later claimed to be the king of Gansu in Chongqing, and later changed his name to proclaimed himself emperor. Ming Yuzhen was a native of Suizhou, Huguang (now Suixian, Hubei), and his troops were basically farmers in Hubei. Ming Yuzhen not only brought hundreds of thousands of troops, but also brought a large number of farmers with less land and more people into Bashu area with less population and less land to cultivate agriculture. This should be the beginning of the famous "Huguang fills Sichuan". For example, in the Preface to Liu's Genealogy, it is said: "During the chaos of the Yuan Dynasty, Hunan people often came to Shu together" (see Volume 4 of Yi Weng's Family Collection). Yu Zhen's "Daxia" regime in the Ming Dynasty only existed for two generations and nine years, and was unified by the Ming Dynasty established by Zhu Yuanzhang. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Huguang immigrants continued to flow into Sichuan. In the 14th year of Hongwu in Ming Taizu (138 1), the population of Sichuan increased to1460,000, and foreign immigrants, especially Huguang immigrants, accounted for the main part of the population increase in this period. As Wang Weixian's Memories of the Nine Immortals, published in Volume V of Guangxu's Tongchuan Prefecture, said: "Yuan Fa, where the army and horses come, only those who do something will be slaughtered. Shu people such as Yu Jie and Yang Li can't hold on, so Sichuan suffers alone. " At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, there were seven or eight indigenous families in Zhongjiang County, and the rest were from other provinces. "These immigrants will soon become Sichuanese.

In the seventh year of Kangxi (1668), Dedi Zhang, the governor of Sichuan, recorded a review of the elders in Sichuan in an essay: "Chachuan Province is a relic, and most of its ancestral homes are Huguang people." I went to the countryside to visit the old people. They all said that every time Sichuan was robbed, there was no land. I had no choice but to move to other provinces to fill in the place. (Letters from Home, 10th Edition of Historical Materials of Ming and Qing Dynasties, 20071month16th) So-called "Huguang filling Sichuan", a large-scale immigration movement began in this way, and reached its first climax in the late Yuan and early Ming Dynasties.

This is a long-term immigration movement that lasted until the end of Yuan Dynasty, the beginning of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty. Compared with historical truth, folklore has obvious expansion and rendering, and there are also some deviations. The historical event of "Zhang suppressed Sichuan" also happened. Compared with historical facts, folklore is somewhat wrong and distorted. See Yuan Tingdong: Biography of Zhang, Sichuan People's Publishing House, 198 1 edition. If these deviations or mistakes are excluded, we can see that the so-called "Huguang filling Sichuan" has been a great integration of population and culture for many years, which has a great influence on the development of Bashu history.

Nine times out of ten Sichuanese are not from Laochuan, and most of them are descendants of Huguang immigrants. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Sichuan had a population of nearly 10 million. By 1234, when the Mongols invaded the Song Dynasty, the population consumption was reduced by more than half. 1282, there were only 600,000 people left in Sichuan. 1362, Suizhou Ming Yu Zhen established Xia State in Chongqing, and many Chu people entered Sichuan. 137 1 year, the Ming army destroyed Xia Hou and continued to emigrate in large numbers. It didn't come to an end until 140 1 There were about 4 million people in Sichuan in the late Ming Dynasty.

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, Sichuan suffered a catastrophe. This area has been in a state of large-scale war for a long time: peasant leader Zhang Yu 1639 launched an uprising in Sichuan at the end of the Ming Dynasty, and 1644 established the Daxi regime after entering Sichuan for the second time. The landlord armed forces, the Qing army and the Nanming army attacked the rebel army together. In November of the following year, Zhang was killed in Xichong, killing more than half of the people in Sichuan. 1647 to 650 years ago, the Ming army fought for power and profit, and the war continued; From 1650 to 1659, the rest Zhang entered Sichuan and fought fiercely with the Qing army in northern Sichuan. From 1660 to 1664, the Qing army suppressed the insurgents and searched for the remnants of the Ming army; 1673 to 1680, Wu Sangui, king of the Qing army, rebelled and invaded Sichuan. The "San Francisco Rebellion" between the rebel army and the Qing army lasted for seven years. These wars lasted for more than 30 years. The landlord killed the peasant uprising, the peasant killed the reactionary landlord, the Manchu killed the Han people, and the Han people killed the Manchu people, "leaving no chickens and dogs."

(2) Plague and disaster followed one after another.

In the large-scale war, people are constantly being killed, bodies are everywhere, and the plague follows the war. Many people died of diseases such as "big head plague", "horse eye plague" and "horseshoe plague", "the dead rotted in bed and no one was buried" and "people scattered for hundreds of miles without smoke". In the early years of Shunzhi, drought, famine and plague swept through Sichuan. "Food is the most important thing for the people, and one in ten thousand survivors" and "countless people starve to death every day". Not only that, in the event of a tiger disaster, "after several years, no one lived, tigers and leopards flourished, and they traveled in groups day and night ...", "Twelve or three people died in southern Sichuan ..."; "... eleven people died in northern Sichuan, and two ...".

(3) the population has dropped sharply.

In the early years of Kangxi, Dedi Zhang, the governor who entered Sichuan from Guangyuan, wrote, "Look all the way, look up at Jingzhen, one or two relics, quail clothes, dishes", "There are dozens of people in the mirror of Sichuan Province, and there are only a few people who are poor and red", while in Shunqing (now Nanchong) and Chongqing, I saw that "the boat has been missing for days, and only the mountains are far away. According to relevant historical records, after the "San Francisco Rebellion", there were 90,000 tax households in Sichuan government alone. According to Yingshan County Records, there were only 143 households with 8 19 people in the sixty-first year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1722). Sichuan is really "vast and sparsely populated".

(4) The government encourages

After the Qing Dynasty gained national political power, in order to heal the war wounds and resume production, it adopted the idea of "helping the people, benefiting the people and helping the country to settle down", and carried out the ideas of "recruiting talents and bringing them back to work", "collecting people who have been scattered everywhere", "working forever" and "reclaiming farmland from floods and droughts, starting from three years and promoting it in five years"

Due to the vigorous advocacy of the central government, the efforts of local officials to recruit people to reclaim land and the war damage in southern provinces, the general climate and environment of immigrants have been formed, thus forming a "Shanghai-Guangzhou filling Sichuan" which has been divided into three stages and lasted for more than 100 years.

The initial stage is generally from sixteen years of Shunzhi to twenty-one years of Kangxi. In the 16th year of Shunzhi (1659), the Qing army conquered Chengdu and controlled the whole Sichuan. After the large-scale war, recruiting people to reclaim land was put on the agenda. The settlers who immigrated from Shaanxi to Sichuan encountered many difficulties, and the government policies were not matched. They met the "Wu Sangui Uprising", which lasted for seven years. Most of them died in the war, which caused great setbacks to the immigrants during this period. During the Kangxi period, most of them were ordered to go to Sichuan. Therefore, it is widely rumored that their ancestors were teams of people who tied their hands on their backs and went to Shu on the way. When they wanted to pee on the road, their officers easily let go. Therefore, Sichuanese call urinating "relieving oneself" and walk with one's hands behind his back (is it hereditary? )。

The second stage is from the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683) to the 60th year of Qianlong (1795).

The Qing government drew lessons from the past, formulated and improved policies on immigration, and took "protecting the people" as the starting point, which made waves of immigration last for more than a century. According to Yingshan County Records, in the sixth year of Yongzheng (1728), there were 3,897 households with a population of 22,533. During the Qianlong period, there were Chu people 17 households in the county, and Qianlong period was 60 years (1795), with a population of 3,965,438 households.

The third stage is from the first year of Jiaqing (1796) to Tongzhi.

During this period, the Qing government adopted a laissez-faire attitude towards immigrants. However, at this time, the An Baili Sect in Sichuan revolted and the war broke out again, so only a small number of immigrants entered Sichuan.