Who pioneered the civilization of Lingnan?

the first monument to explore lingnan civilization

Sun Haohui

the development of lingnan civilization is a long way to go.

The historical turning point of this road occurred in the late Qin Dynasty and the early Han Dynasty.

The historical coordinate of civilization that stands at this turning point is a great imperial general-Zhao Tuo, the captain of the South China Sea.

As far as the geographical tradition of China in the classical period is concerned, the whole Lingnan area is vast. If the three counties of Lingnan designated by the Qin Empire were defined, Nanhai County, Guilin County and Xiangjun at that time generally included all of Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan today, as well as part of Fujian, part of Yunnan, part of Guizhou and part of Hunan. If it is defined by Jiaozhou (the secretariat of the site) set up in the Western Han Dynasty, the scope is even wider, including most of Vietnam. At that time, the traffic in Lingnan was blocked, the mountains and rivers were sinister, the climate was extremely hot, and the natural conditions were very bad. Simple fishing, hunting, picking and slash-and-burn cultivation, as well as the loose settlement of the castle ethnic group near the primitive customs, were the most basic way of life in Lingnan at that time. Because of the seclusion and backwardness, there was no historical record of great civilization information entering the Chinese ethnic group in Lingnan area throughout the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Of course, this cannot include the footprints of early Lingnan civilization as proved by contemporary archaeological excavations.

the integration of lingnan region into Chinese civilization began with Chu's involvement in lingnan during the warring States period.

However, Chu's involvement in Lingnan is only symbolic. In other words, the state of Chu, by means of semi-fighting and semi-negotiation, made many tribes in Lingnan "submit" and became "tributary" vassals of Chu. This remote form of tribute governance has no actual governance power, tax power, and military and military levy power, which is looser than the federal vassal system in the Western Zhou Dynasty. Because of this, Chu has a large population of land in Wan Li, Lingnan, but its axis strength is only in Huaibei, Huainan, and then a small part of Jiangdong in the south of the Yangtze River, and it can never really compete with the Warring States Period in the Central Plains, where the land population is much less. Until the end of the Warring States period, the Qin empire rolled up the historical storm of the unified war, and the situation in Lingnan did not change substantially.

Therefore, Chu's involvement in Lingnan is only a "warm-up" stage of history.

The turning point in Lingnan history began with the Qin army going south to destroy Chu.

At the beginning, the emperor was in charge, and Wang Jian and Meng Tian rebuilt the new army, and a large number of young generals emerged in unison. At that time, Zhen Dingren (now Hebei) Zhao Tuo was a Zhao native of Qin, that is, a descendant of the Zhao family who moved to Qin later, and was the youngest general in the army of Qin. Because there are so many famous soldiers, and because young people need to be tempered, Zhao Tuo didn't make a name for himself in the Six-Nation War and appeared in history books. When Wang Jian led the country's 6, troops south to destroy Chu, Zhao Tuo was still a young general. According to Zhao Tuo's later behavior, Zhao Tuo at this time must be a diligent, brave, steady and solid young general with political talent. Compared with the figures in the Warring States Period, Zhao Tuo's style is very similar to Zhao She's-he is both a general and a politician.

Zhao Tuo's appearance can be seen in history books. It began when Qin Jun crossed the Wuling Mountains and entered the southern border of Haitian.

after the first emperor unified China, there were two most important focuses: first, advancing northward to counter the Huns, and second, advancing southward to develop Lingnan. The main forces of the Qin Empire were all deployed in these two places: more than 3, troops from Jiuyuan and more than 2, troops from Lingnan. Therefore, it was based on the actual situation of Lingnan at that time that the main army had to move southward: the mountain was locked and sealed, and it was difficult to advance; There are many autonomous ethnic groups, fighting each other endlessly; The non-main army is not enough to cut through the thorns, and it is not enough to calm the chaos and stabilize the overall situation. For the implementation of this strategic policy, the Qin empire used the strength of the whole country and went all out to develop Lingnan with three major policies.

The first major policy is to build a new road in Yangyue on a large scale, and it is difficult to cross the Wuling Mountains directly to Lingnan.

The second major policy was to use military force to dig a large-scale Lingqu, connecting the Yangtze River water system with the Pearl River water system, so that the materiel could be transported to Lingnan at the minimum cost at that time;

The third major policy is to immigrate 3, people to Lingnan, including 15, or 3, unmarried women, thinking that the main force of the empire would provide support locally. Because of this great immigration, there is a saying that "the Lingnan army is 5 thousand". In fact, these 5, Central Plains people who entered Lingnan are a huge development force combining military and civilian, not a simple army. Zhao Tuo at this time is one of the backbones of this "5,-strong army".

Zhao Tuo stepped onto the historical stage, starting from being the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Lingnan Army.

after the main imperial army destroyed Chu, part of the army went north to Jiuyuan and was organized by General Meng Tian, ready to fight back against the Huns. Nearly 3, Chu troops were destroyed, and they continued southward in two ways: one was the Fujian-Vietnam army under the command of General Tu Ju, and marched into Fujian, Zhejiang; All the way is the South Navy under the command of General Ren Xiao, marching into Guangdong, Guangxi and other vast Lingnan areas. In terms of military power distribution, the South China Sea Army is stronger than the Fujian-Vietnam Army, which is around 2,. Shortly after entering Nantianhou, Wang Jian, commander-in-chief of the Southern Army, made a continuous trek in Gao Nian and died unfortunately. Later, Tu Ju, commander-in-chief of the Fujian-Vietnam Army, also died one after another. Since then, the Fujian-Vietnam army has been under the control of Ren Xiao, commander-in-chief of the South Navy.

At this time, Zhao Tuo had been the Longchuan commander of Nanhai County for nearly ten years.

Longchuan, a county in the southwest of Meizhou City, Guangdong Province today, was the first dangerous fortress after crossing Wuling at that time, and its geographical position was particularly important. In the case of the integration of military and political affairs in Lingnan, the county magistrate of an imperial county is a high-ranking minister who is equal to the chief of the county, and is the absolute leader of "getting on the horse to run the army and getting off the horse to run the people". A general who is not a generalist of military and political affairs cannot be appointed. Visible, at that time, Zhao Tuo, has been an outstanding general of the South Navy.

Qin Shihuang died suddenly when the Lingnan army was trying its best to clean up the place.

The pillars were destroyed and the Empire State Building collapsed, which is a historical tragedy.

Zhao Tuo, a civilization superstar, suddenly rose in Tianyu, southern Xinjiang, due to the instability of rivers and mountains and the national crisis.

Soon, when the 5, South Navy was stationed in Lingnan for the 13th year, Wu Guang, Chen Sheng revolted and great turmoil came. At that time, it coincided with Ren Tao, commander-in-chief of the South Navy, who was critically ill. At this point, the South China Sea Army has lost contact with the Central Committee of the Empire. On his deathbed, Ren Tao flatly handed over power to the calm and courageous Zhao Tuo. Ren Tao's last exhortation is three points: first, cut off Yang Yuexin's new road to prevent the "stealing soldiers" from the Central Plains from harming Lingnan; Second, with Panyu as the axis castle, relying on 5, soldiers and civilians in the Central Plains, we will build our own government in Lingnan and wait for changes in the Central Plains. (The original words of this point are: "Panyu has mountains and obstacles, and it is thousands of miles from north to south and east to west. It is quite complemented by China people. This is also the owner of a state and can establish a country." Third, military officials will assist, and no one can pay attention to such a strategic idea, only leave the affairs to you.

So, Zhao Tuo became the commander-in-chief of the Imperial Nanhai Army and the Fujian-Vietnam Army.

the central plains has been in turmoil for years, and 5, soldiers and civilians of the empire are alone in Lingnan. At this time, Zhao Tuo's strategic decision will, in fact, profoundly affect the historical fate of Lingnan civilization, and also inevitably determine the fate of the group of soldiers and civilians who entered the south. If Zhao Tuo is an ambitious politician with no civilized mind, he will make full use of the hatred of the soldiers and civilians in the south to the riot forces in the Central Plains, and gradually retreat to Jiuzhen County and Rinan County (later Vietnam) at the southernmost tip, and establish an independent kingdom completely divorced from the civilization of the Central Plains.

However, Zhao Tuo has not done so.

the basic reason is, of course, the Chinese feelings of the imperial army and civilians going south, not the social soil that breeds such ambitions.

However, the more direct reason is Zhao Tuo's China civilization.

Let's take a look at the historical footprint of Zhao Tuo with a civilized look.

In the year of Qin's death, Zhao Tuo led the army and people to build a government in the south, so he killed the officials of the old army who tried to make trouble by taking advantage of the chaos and re-established the county chiefs. He also defeated the Lingnan riot tribe who tried to drive away the imperial army and claimed to be the king of South Vietnam. This is the historical fact that "the long officials set by Qin Dynasty were punished and their party was taken as a false guard ... and Guilin and Xiangjun were attacked" as mentioned in Historical Records. Zhao Tuo's military and civilian actions have really settled the overall situation of Lingnan in the world turmoil.

After more than ten years, Zhao Tuo carried out reforms in Lingnan to imitate the Qin system, which greatly promoted Lingnan civilization to a historical level. Hanshu? Gao Zu's Biography contains: "Cantonese customs are easy to attack. Before, Qin moved to three counties in the south, the people of the Central Plains, and made it a mixed place with Guangdong. The world will rule over Qin, and the South China Sea commandant will live in the south, which is very liberal and artistic. The Central Plains people did not consume less, and the Cantonese people benefited from the custom of attacking each other, all relying on their strength. " That is to say, in the era of Zhao Tuo's self-reliance, the population of soldiers and civilians in the south of the Central Plains has not decreased, but has successfully curbed the mutual killing of Baiyue tribes. Undoubtedly, this is a great historical contribution to the development of Lingnan civilization.

in the 11th year of the western Han dynasty, Liu bang, the emperor gaozu of the Han dynasty, sent Lu Jia as his special envoy, officially recognized the title of king of Zhao Tuo, and designated his territory as Changsha in the north.

During the reign of Lv Hou after Liu Bang's death, the trade routes between the Central Plains and South Vietnam were blocked, and Zhao Tuo clans were killed, and the ancestral graves of Zhao were dug and burned. Zhao Tuo was furious and sent his troops to attack Changsha. He defeated the Han army twice and got through the Lingnan trade route. Angry at the actions of the Lv Hou regime, Zhao Tuo called him "the Emperor of South Vietnam", which was the same as the Han Dynasty.

In the first year of Emperor Wen of Han Dynasty, in order to solve the problem of South Guangdong, Lu Jia was appointed as the special envoy to repair it, and he was willing to recognize the Zhao Tuo Emperor to repair it. Special envoy Lu Jia arrived and received a grand reception from Zhao Tuo. Zhao Tuo humbly claimed to be "a barbarian and a long-term husband, Zhao Tuo", and frankly said: "Stealing the Emperor's number and chatting for self-entertainment, how dare you smell the heavenly king!" The behavior is: "I thank you at the beginning, and I hope to be a minister and serve as a tribute." Emperor Wen of Han was delighted to hear the newspaper.

when emperor Han Jing ascended the throne, Zhao Tuo sent an envoy to be a vassal, and congratulated him, posing as a vassal.

In other words, Zhao Tuo's attitude is very clear: As long as the central government of the Western Han Dynasty treats the adherents of this empire and the land of Lingnan well, Lingnan counties will unconditionally join the central control, otherwise, I will use my strength to teach you to wake up! History has proved that Zhao Tuo's strategy is the correct policy to urge the Western Han Dynasty to change chauvinism and promote the peaceful entry of Lingnan into China.

Zhao Tuo's reply to Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty is full of different flavors. Choose its core and record it as follows:

"... My old husband lives in a land of hundreds of cities, tens of millions of miles from east to west, north and south, with more than a million armor, but in the north, he is a minister and a servant of the Han Dynasty. Why? Dare not carry the memory of our ancestors. I have lived in Guangdong for forty-nine years, and I am holding my grandson today! However, those who stay awake at night, can't sleep well, can't eat well, don't look at the color of the dull man, and don't hear the sound of the bells and drums, so they can't serve the Han people ... The old man's bones don't rot, and he dare not be the emperor! "

How much blood and tears have been soaked in the phrase "I dare not remember my ancestors"?

Zhao Tuo's moving point is that he is the last famous Qin Jun soldier who fully embodies the civilized mind of the Qin Empire, and also the last leader of the old Qin people. Who is the "ancestor" of the general? The old Qin ethnic group also. What is the spirit of "ancestors"? In the maintenance of the integrity of Chinese civilization, in the interests of small groups and the overall situation of the world mind. For more than 6 years, Zhao Tuo, together with the soldiers and civilians in the south of the Central Plains, finally restored the three counties of Lingnan to the Chinese civilization system.

Historically speaking, Zhao Tuo military and civilians were the first real Hakkas to develop Lingnan civilization.

Zhao Tuo is a historical monument of Lingnan civilization.

This Zhao Tuo Pharaoh has been in office for 67 years. It is said that he is over 1 years old, and his life is surprisingly long!

a handful of land in Lingnan is the eternal soul of Qin people.

Today's Lingnan people must have the blood of ancient Qin people in their veins. They are flexible and strong, and they always seek change to survive and develop tenaciously at the turning point of the times. Especially in modern history, Lingnan people are even more brilliant, which makes people feel infinite. As China people, let's remember the name of Zhao Tuo, an old Qin man, the army that traveled to Lingnan Empire not far from Wan Li, the Central Plains immigrants who were the first Hakkas, and our civilization footprint.

The name Zhao Tuo is well-known in Lingnan.

But in Middle-earth, in the hometown of General Zhao Tuo, the name Zhao Tuo is little known.