/kloc-the changes of China's immigration to the United States from 0/9th century to 2 1 century.

During the period of 1848- 1855 California Gold Rush and 1865- 1876 the first transcontinental railway, a large number of Chinese workers came to the United States to escape the civil war and seek gold rush dreams.

17- 19 th century, the East India Company of the British Empire came to East Asia to look for Asian commodities such as pepper, tea and silk. In China, foreign trade export has always been controlled by the governments of Tang Dynasty, Yuan Dynasty and even Qing Dynasty. In order to break the dependence on the Qing government and balance the trade deficit, Britain established the opium market in the southeast of China in 1776. 1839- 1842, the opium war broke out, and foreign invaders opened the door to China. 1850- 1864, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, 1856- 1860, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China. China's social economy fell into a quagmire, and the Qing Empire gradually declined.

When China experienced years of war, social unrest and people's poverty, the news of the discovery of gold in California spread to the southeast of China, and many Chinese workers crossed the ocean to join the gold rush in the United States for their families and livelihoods. They are mainly men, mostly middle and lower classes, diligent, hard-working, lack of English ability, and don't care about lower salaries. At this time, the number of immigrants from China grew slowly. By 1850, only 500 of the 60,000 miners were from China. Other China people settled in towns and became cooks, laundrymen, gardeners and waiters, who made up for the labor force badly needed by early California society. It is not hard to imagine that China people were popular at that time.

When the railway was completed, the agents of the Central Pacific Railway Company came to China to recruit more workers from China with a monthly salary of $35. In the United States, Chinese workers gave full play to their hard-working spirit and solved the problem of building tunnels and bridges in mountainous areas at that time with traditional fire fighting experience and unique intelligence and perseverance. When the East-West Railway met in Utah, 85% of Pacific Railway workers were from China. 1849, there were only 54 Chinese in California. By 1876, the total number of Chinese Americans has reached 150000, of which 1 16000 is in California.

However, by 1855, the output of gold decreased and the wage level decreased. Many people who came to California in search of golden dreams began to face unemployment and material shortage. A large number of China laborers are hardworking, simple and docile, although their salaries are very low. Instead, it led other ethnic groups to impose the causes of social unrest and economic decline on Chinese, and Chinese became scapegoats for California's social and economic problems at that time. The anti-Chinese trend of thought and movement has gradually bred in California, and Chinese workers and employers have become the object of boycott by the California labor organization. Various "anti-coolie" movements and unreasonable federal bills began to restrict Chinese immigration and employment. In order to avoid racial conflicts and persecution, China people gradually gathered in Chinatown, where they sought the protection and help of their relatives and friends. They run laundries, barbershops, Chinese medicine shops, China restaurants and other small businesses that rarely threaten and compete with white people.

From 65438 to 0877, during the Great Depression, the California Workers' Anti-China Party was founded in San Francisco. This is a California labor organization led by Dennis Kearney. The aim is to boycott China's migrant workers and the Central Pacific Railway Company, which employs them. The reason is that capitalists monopolize wealth and assets, lower workers' standards by political means, and hire cheap China workers to make them rich. Strongly demanding the expulsion of Chinese and attacking Chinese workers with violence is a strong racism. Although the state government introduced laws to restrict violent demonstrations and arrested anti-China leaders at that time, their words and deeds were also supported by a large number of white-collar workers, small business owners and working-class people. San Francisco, Oakland, Los Angeles and other California cities and towns have been experiencing anti-China movements, which have undermined the life, work and urban life of China people. By 1878, the anti-China Workers' Party was growing and running for parliament and local government officials. During the period of 1878- 1879, he occupied one third of the seats in the California legislature. Then increase anti-China efforts through political means. 1882, the American Chinese Exclusion Act was passed in Congress.

1882, 1882 The American Chinese Exclusion Act suspended immigration to China for ten years. In addition to teachers, scholars, government officials and immediate family members of American citizens, all can obtain entry permits. 1888, Congress amended to prohibit China workers from returning to China to visit relatives and friends and re-entering the United States. 1892, the bill was extended again 10 year.

19 10, the federal government of the United States set up an immigration station on Angel Island in San Francisco, California, to examine new immigrants arriving in the United States. Due to the outbreak of World War I and the promulgation of the international immigration law, a large number of immigrants from Europe were kept out. Thirty years later, about 97% of the new immigrants who arrived in Angel Island for review were from China. They were imprisoned in Angel Island for several months to several years, and about 30% of them were eventually repatriated to China.