Where is the most serious AIDS epidemic in the world at present?

Sub-Saharan Africa is still the region with the most serious AIDS epidemic. The population of this area accounts for only 2% of the world's total population, while the number of people infected with AIDS and AIDS patients in this area accounts for about 30% of the world. Botswana, located in this region, is one of the countries with the most serious AIDS epidemic in the world, and its HIV carriers have reached almost 40% of its total population.

AIDS is a very harmful infectious disease, which is caused by HIV infection. HIV is a virus that can attack the human immune system. It takes CD4T lymphocytes, the most important cells in human immune system, as its main target, and destroys them in large quantities, making human body lose its immune function. Therefore, the human body is susceptible to various diseases, malignant tumors can occur, and the mortality rate is very high. The average incubation period of HIV in human body is 8 ~ 9 years. Before you get AIDS, you can live and work for many years without any symptoms.

Brief introduction of etiology

Studies show that AIDS originated in Africa and was brought to the United States by immigrants. On June 5th, 198 1, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention published five cases of AIDS in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly, which is the first official record of AIDS in the world. In 1982, this disease is named "AIDS". Soon after, AIDS quickly spread to all continents. 1985, a foreigner who traveled to China fell ill and died soon after being admitted to Peking Union Medical College Hospital, and was later confirmed to have died of AIDS. This is the first case of AIDS in China.

It takes several years, even 10 or even longer, for an HIV infected person to develop into an AIDS patient. Because the body's resistance is extremely reduced, there will be many infections, such as herpes zoster, oral mold infection, tuberculosis, enteritis, pneumonia, encephalitis caused by special pathogenic microorganisms, candida, pneumocystis and other pathogens. Malignant tumors often occur in the later stage, and long-term consumption will occur, leading to systemic failure and death.

Although many medical researchers around the world have made great efforts, so far, no specific drugs have been developed to eradicate AIDS, and there is no effective preventive vaccine. AIDS has been listed as a Class B legal infectious disease in China, and it is one of the infectious diseases monitored by frontier health.

clinical picture

Most of them are young and middle-aged, and 80% of them are in 18 ~ 45, which is the age when sexual life is more active. After being infected with AIDS, they often suffer from some rare diseases, such as pneumocystis pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, atypical mycobacteria and fungal infections.

After HIV infection, there may be no clinical manifestations in the first few years to more than 10 years. Once AIDS occurs, patients may have various clinical manifestations. Generally, the initial symptoms are like the common cold and flu, including general weakness, loss of appetite, fever and so on. With the aggravation of the disease, the symptoms are getting worse, such as candida albicans infection in skin and mucosa, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, purple spots, blood blisters, ecchymosis, etc. In the future, it will gradually invade the internal organs, and there will be persistent fever for unknown reasons, which can last for 3 ~ 4 months; Cough, shortness of breath, dyspnea, persistent diarrhea, bloody stool, hepatosplenomegaly and malignant tumor may also occur. Clinical symptoms are complex and changeable, but not every patient has the above symptoms. Dyspnea, chest pain, cough, etc. Often occurs when the lung is invaded; Invasion of gastrointestinal tract can cause persistent diarrhea, abdominal pain, emaciation and weakness. It can also invade the nervous system and cardiovascular system.

1. General symptoms

Persistent fever, weakness, night sweats and persistent systemic lymphadenopathy. Especially in the neck, armpit and groin, the lymphadenopathy is more obvious. The diameter of lymph nodes is larger than 1 cm, and the texture is solid, movable and painless. The weight loss can reach more than 10% within 3 months, and can be reduced by up to 40%, especially suitable for emaciation patients.

2. Respiratory symptoms

Long-term cough, chest pain, dyspnea, and blood in sputum in severe cases.

3. Symptoms of digestive tract

Loss of appetite, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and bloody stool in severe cases. Drugs commonly used to treat digestive tract infections are ineffective against this kind of diarrhea.

4. Symptoms of nervous system

Dizziness, headache, unresponsiveness, mental retardation, mental abnormality, convulsion, hemiplegia, dementia, etc.

5. Skin and mucous membrane damage

Herpes simplex, herpes zoster, inflammation and ulcer of oral and pharyngeal mucosa.

6. Tumor

A variety of malignant tumors may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma located on the body surface can be seen with red or purplish red spots, papules and infiltrating masses.

test method

1. Immune function test

Mainly moderate or above cellular immune defects include: CD4+T lymphocyte depletion, peripheral blood lymphocytes decreased significantly, CD4.

2. Pathogen examination of various pathogenic infections

For example, PCR is used to detect related pathogens and histopathological examination of malignant tumors.

3.HIV antibody detection

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), gelatin particle agglutination test, immunofluorescence test, protein blot test and radioimmunoassay were used, among which the first three items were commonly used in screening test and the last two items were used in confirmation test.

4.PCR technology to detect HIV.

preventive

At present, there is no effective vaccine to prevent AIDS, so the most important thing is to take preventive measures. The method is as follows:

1. Adhere to integrity, do not go whoring, and avoid premarital and extramarital sex.

2. Do not take drugs and do not share syringes with others.

Do not transfuse blood and use blood products without authorization, but use them under the guidance of a doctor.

4. Don't borrow or * * use personal items such as toothbrushes, razors and razors.

Using condoms is one of the most effective measures to prevent sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS in sexual life.

6. Avoid direct contact with blood, semen, milk and urine of AIDS patients, and cut off its transmission route.