The History and Economic Development of Yellow River Culture

The Yellow River is an aboveground river, which recorded15,000 or 600 migrations, of which 26 were diverted. It once took the Huaihe River to the south and flowed from Jinghai to the east. In the fifth year of Xianfeng (A.D. 1855), the Yellow River burst in the copper tile compartment of Lankao, and this road was formed in 1875. Therefore, geographically speaking, the "Yellow River Delta" should refer to a large fan-shaped area starting from Zhengzhou in the west, reaching the mouth of Huaihe River in the southeast and Jinghai in Tianjin in the northeast. Because the history of the Yellow River entering the sea from the south to the east of Taiyi Mountain is not too long, and the concept of "river delta development" was only put forward at the end of last century, the "delta" is often defined based on the current situation of rivers. In this sense, the Yellow River Delta is a narrow "delta". From a cultural point of view, the Yellow River Delta mainly refers to the traditional culture which is bred from Binzhou, Dongying and their surrounding areas with basically similar topography and similar ecological environment, and has basically the same shape with production and life types, social structure models, customs and habits, and cultural psychology as the consideration parameters. The development of this regional culture has gone through gestation period, exchange and integration period and development and prosperity period. 1. Looking at the gestation and formation period of Yellow River Delta culture from Zouping Sun Jia site. At the latest, in the pre-historical post-Li Wenhua era 8,500 years ago, the footprints of human life appeared in the Yellow River Delta. In the Dawenkou cultural era, Zhixia businessmen and the hometown of the Yellow River Delta gradually formed more people's settlements. From the point of view of literature, among the ancestors of "birds were officials" recorded in the Seventeen Years of Zuo Gong, there was a sheep herding family-Shuangshi who lived in the north of Qi State. "Twenty Years of Zuo Gong" contains: "Qi Hou went, Yan Zi waited on Taiwan. ..... the public said,' What's the fun of not dying in ancient times?' Yan Zi said to him,' If there was no death in ancient times, there would be happiness in ancient times. How can I become a gentleman? In the past, the cool pigeon family began to live here, and the season was due to it, because of Boling, Pugu family, and then Taigong. The ancients didn't die, and you can't be happy if you want. ""You Tai, according to the Records of Linzi Cultural Relics, is located in the northwest of Qidu Town, Linzi District, Zibo City. What Yan Zi said should be the vast area around Linzi today. Dai Shuang's Jius, Feng Boling all live in the capital of Pugu family in this area. Shi Taigong's family is called "Bo Gu" and was once the capital of the government. "Notes on Water Saving in Shuijing" says: "Water saving leads to the north of Bo Gu." "History of the Later Han Dynasty County" says: Bochang County has a thin ancient city. The geography book says: Lu Shang was sealed in Boyi, Qixian County. The old city of Bo Gu is 50 miles northwest of Linzi County, near Jishui. In addition, Zhang Shoujie's Justice in Historical Records quoted Guo Zhi as saying that "Bo ancient city is six miles northeast of Bochang County in Qingzhou". Bochang, originally an ancient town in Qi State, is 20 miles south of Boxing County today. After several migrations, the Tang Dynasty also ruled the former site. Then, the capitals of the ancient Ku Dove family, Ji Zhou, Feng Boling and Gu Shipu family should be in Boxing area today; But its sphere of influence should be much larger than this, probably including the middle and lower reaches of Xiaoqing River today. Du Zhuyun said in the article "Twenty Years of Zuo Gong": "The Shuang family is a coward of the Shao family. Ji Zhou, a vassal of Yu Xia. Feng Boling, Yin warlord, surnamed Jiang. Gu Shipu's family was a public servant during the Yin and Zhou Dynasties. " It basically outlines the development vein of this regional culture before the turn of Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Therefore, it can be said that before the turn of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the culture of the Yellow River Delta had been bred and formed. Archaeological excavations in recent decades have also proved that there are a large number of prehistoric cultural remains in the middle and lower reaches of Xiaoqing River and the north and south of Xiaoqing River. Such as Zouping Sun Jia site, Zhangqiu Xihe site, Xiaojingshan site, Zhangdian Fushanyi site, Zhangqiu Dongdong site, Guangrao Fu Jia site, wucun site, Zouping Dinggong site, Yangxin Xiaohan site, Huantai Zhao Zhi site, Qijia site, etc. That is to say, before the Qi people occupied this place, Zouping, Boxing, Guangrao, Yangxin and other places in the middle and lower reaches of Xiaoqing River in the central area of the Yellow River Delta formed large-scale human settlements. According to the archaeological achievements of the Yellow River Delta in recent decades, the cultural development of the Yellow River Delta before the turn of Shang and Zhou Dynasties can be roughly outlined: there are Zouping Sun Jia culture and Zhangqiu Xihe culture corresponding to post-Li Wenhua; Corresponding to the northern new culture are the Fushanyi culture in Zhangdian and Dongdong culture in Zhangqiu. Corresponding to Dawenkou culture are Guangrao's Fu Jia and wucun cultures and Zouping's Dinggong culture. Corresponding to Longshan culture are Zouping Jiabao culture and Boxing Licheng culture. The unearthed sites corresponding to Yueshi culture show more early cultural settlements in the Yellow River Delta. From the archaeological achievements and the mutual invention of the above-mentioned documents, it can be seen that the early culture of the Yellow River Delta before the turn of Shang and Zhou Dynasties was mainly produced in the north and south of the middle and lower reaches of Xiaoqing River: Shuangjiu culture in prehistoric legend era, Jizhou culture in Yu Xia era, Fengboling culture in Shang Dynasty and Pugu culture in Yin and Zhou Dynasties; Then the Qi culture of the Zhou Dynasty. This is the gestation and formation period of the Yellow River Delta culture. On the whole, the characteristics of the cultural incubation period in the Yellow River Delta can be summarized as follows: (1) The manufacturing level of social production tools did not lag behind the Central Plains region in the same period, and the number of pottery was greater than that of stone tools; (2) Its residential center shifted from west to east, from Zhangqiu and Zouping to Guangrao, Yangxin, Huimin and Zhanhua, which was related to the development of prehistoric ancestors' retreat to Haiti; (3) There is an atmosphere of respecting the old and loving the young and advocating exterior decoration, which shows that the living standard here is relatively high and has certain material foundation support. Second, the period of cultural exchange and integration in the Yellow River Delta is from Qin Zhou to Song and Yuan Dynasties, which can be roughly divided into the following three stages. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, Jiang Taigong was sealed in Yingqiu, and the hometown of the Yellow River Delta was brought into Jiang Qi's sphere of influence. The early culture of the Yellow River Delta has more opportunities to communicate with the mainstream culture in this area-Qi culture. Because Jiang Taigong was the first to be sealed in Qi, it implemented the policy of "simplifying because of its customs" and adopted the progressive factors of local culture. Therefore, the Yellow River Delta culture based on the combination of the two not only maintained a high level of material production and development, but also absorbed the spirit of innovation. The openness and tolerance of Qi culture promoted the development of local social material production and attracted many surrounding residents to gather. "Warring States Policy" Volume 29, Yance I, and Prince Yankuang were all established. The King of Qi once asked Zhang Zi to send soldiers from five capitals to defeat Yan because of northerners. If we say "people in the north", it means that there is a relatively dense population in the old place of the Yellow River Delta north of Linzi, otherwise we will not organize "people in the north" to attack Yan with "soldiers from five capitals". Dense population makes the per capita cultivated land area decrease day by day, which will inevitably open up wasteland for food on the regressive land; In addition, people in the surrounding areas constantly migrated to this fertile land for survival and development for various reasons, which gradually triggered the main theme of material and cultural production in the middle and late period of the Yellow River Delta. After the integration with Qi culture, the culture of the Yellow River Delta has gained more opportunities to communicate with mainstream cultures in other regions. Benevolence, courtesy, wisdom and faith in Lu Lile culture, the spirit of seeking truth from facts and seeking change in Qi open culture, the corporal thought of courtesy in Yan Shangxian culture, and the generous spirit in Zhao Chivalrous culture all had multiple influences on the culture of the Yellow River Delta in this period and created many cultural celebrities. For example, Sun Wu, a representative of the pre-Qin military strategists who became famous for Sun Tzu's Art of War and later helped the king of Wu dominate, Tian Zhong, the founder of Yuling School who lived in seclusion in Yuling (now Changbai Mountain in Zouping) and Qi and Chu never hired a prime minister, and Lu Zhonglian, a righteous man who called for "righteousness is not for the emperor Qin" and persuaded Liaocheng Yan to live in seclusion in the sea (now Huagou in Huantai). In their thoughts and theories, they reflect the imprint of the integration of various regional cultures. This stage is the integration of the cultures of the Yellow River Delta and surrounding areas, mainly the Qi culture. Qin merged with the six countries, with cars on the same track and books on the same language, and implemented a unified policy in material culture and institutional culture; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty only respected Confucianism, and Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty promoted Confucianism to the people. As a result, a unified situation has gradually emerged at the ideological and cultural level, thus forming a powerful Han nationality and a Chinese culture with Confucianism as the core, which is what we call Chinese culture today. The culture of the Yellow River Delta is also integrated into the traditional culture of China. Not only did it have more exchanges with the Central Plains in material production, but it also gradually merged with the Central Plains culture in ideology and culture. Like other regions, there have been many famous scholars who have studied classics and applied them. For example, Fu Sheng, a native of Jinan, Zhang Sheng, a native of the same county, Ouyang Hebo, a native of Gancheng (now Guangrao), and Ni Kuan, the son and great grandson of Ouyang Hebo, formed the school of "Ouyang Xue" in Shangshu, which had a great influence on the academic and political development of the Western Han Dynasty. Another example is Yuan Gu of Qi people (there is a tomb of Yuan Gu in Yuangu Village, Tianzhuang Town, Huantai County). He argued with Dou Taihou about the merits of Confucianism and Taoism, and wrote The Biography of Qi Poetry, which was handed down from generation to generation in three volumes, and was the representative of the study of Qi poetry in modern Confucian classics (see Biography of Han Scholars, etc.). ); Another example is Sun Yan, a native of Le 'an in the Three Kingdoms, a disciple of Zheng Kangcheng, a master of Confucian classics in the Eastern Han Dynasty. He was called "Oriental Confucian Scholar" and once refuted the irony of Zheng Xuan's Confucian Classics in Wang Su's theory of holy testimony. The appearance of these famous figures shows that the culture of the Yellow River Delta at this time is more similar to the central dynasty. This stage is the integration of the Yellow River Delta culture and the central culture, that is, Chinese culture. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the drought in the north caused the nomadic people in the north to move southward continuously, and there was an unprecedented national integration movement in the history of China. At this time, the Yellow River Delta region not only experienced an unprecedented war, but also suffered the impact of nomadic culture. In particular, the overwhelming Buddhist culture has adapted to the needs of people seeking spiritual sustenance in troubled times, achieved great development in the Yellow River Delta and left a rich cultural heritage. According to incomplete statistics, there were nearly 20 temples in the Yellow River Delta during the Northern Dynasties. Up to now, there are more than 20 bronze Buddha statues found in the Yellow River Delta, such as the sitting statue of Sakyaduo Aquarius made by Wang in the second year of Taihe in the Northern Wei Dynasty (478), and the 15 stone Buddha statue made in the third year of Xiaochang in the Northern Wei Dynasty (527). This stage is the integration of the Yellow River Delta culture with foreign nomadic culture and Buddhist culture. After these three stages of cultural integration, the culture of the Yellow River Delta has been integrated into the torrent of Han culture development. On the basis of absorbing the Central Plains culture, mainly Confucian classics, foreign nomadic culture and Buddhist culture, the culture of the Yellow River Delta presents colorful and colorful colors. Third, the development and prosperity period of the Yellow River Delta culture was reduced from the Ming and Qing Dynasties to the development and prosperity period of the Yellow River Delta culture. Since the Song Dynasty, the cultural center of China has moved to the south, and the political turmoil and wars in the north have continued. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, the tug-of-war between the Yuan Army and the Red Scarf Army in northern Shandong, especially the four-year "Jingnan" war between Rebecca and Judy, caused untold sufferings in the Yellow River Delta, greatly damaged social productive forces and seriously damaged culture. In order to change the situation of barren land and few people farming, during the years of Hongwu and Yongle, the Ming government immigrated to the Yellow River Delta on a large scale from Hongdong in Shanxi and Zaoqiang in Hebei. According to the place names of Shandong province and the information provided by historical records, genealogy and inscriptions of various counties and cities, most villages in the delta were established in the early Ming Dynasty. Large-scale migration in the early Ming Dynasty enriched the population of this area and made the agricultural economy of the Yellow River Delta prosperous gradually. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, the Yellow River Delta experienced the second immigration climax. Flood and drought victims in Cao Zhou, Jiaxiang, Juye and Wenshang counties in southwestern Shandong moved to the coastal areas of Kenli, Lijin and Zhanhua to farm and fish in the sea. After the founding of New China, in order to develop and construct, the Shandong provincial government organized and planned to emigrate to the northeast of the Yellow River Delta, and there were six large-scale immigrants, mainly in Kenli County. The influx of new immigrants has brought about two new features in the culture of the Yellow River Delta: in terms of material culture, reclamation and farming have become the main theme of social production; In terms of spiritual culture, folk learning has become a common practice, and more cultural families have emerged. Due to the diligent reclamation of immigrants in the past dynasties, the economy of the Yellow River Delta has gradually recovered, culture and education have developed and prospered, and schools have been established in all counties. Since the middle of the Ming Dynasty, there have been many county schools and government-run academies in the Yellow River Delta, as well as many private schools, private schools, village schools and voluntary schools. Take zouping county as an example. Only in the Qing Dynasty, eight academies, including Fu Sheng Academy, Gong Fan Academy and Changbai Academy, were resumed, and the Yellow River Delta was once full of talents. In the Qing Dynasty, there were 68 people in zouping county alone, and 252 people were promoted. This cultural atmosphere has created a large number of cultural celebrities who enjoyed a good reputation in counties and even the whole country during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Many of them passed on their studies from generation to generation, forming a big cultural family. For example, Wang Shizhen, a new city (now Huantai) that once led the poetry circle in the Qing Dynasty, Dujia in Bincheng, the "Twelve Scholars" in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and so on. The emergence of these cultural families is the main symbol of the spiritual and cultural prosperity of the Yellow River Delta after the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.