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Joule (J.P.Joule,1818.12-1889.10), the son of a winemaking family in Manchester, England, is an amateur scientist. Committed to the accurate determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat for 40 years, he proved that there is a definite relationship between "work" and "heat" through experiments, which laid a solid experimental foundation for the establishment of the first law of thermodynamics.

Andre-Marie Ampere (1775- 1836) is a French physicist and the founder of electrodynamics. When I was a teenager, I mainly followed my father to learn skills and had no formal and systematic education. Ampere was very clever from an early age and had a keen observation of things. He has a wide range of interests and loves all kinds of scientific knowledge. 1799, Ampere began to study mathematics systematically; /kloc-settled in Paris in 0/805 and became a professor of physics at the French Academy; 18 14 years to join the French science society; 18 18 became the president of Paris university; And was elected as a member of the Royal Society on 1827. He is also an academician of the Berlin Academy of Sciences and the Stockholm Academy of Sciences.

Ampere is an outstanding scientist in the history of modern physics. In particular, his contribution to electromagnetism is particularly outstanding. Since 18 14 joined the Science Society, he discovered a series of important laws and theorems in the next twenty years, which promoted the rapid development of electromagnetism. 1827, he first deduced the basic formula of electrodynamics, established the basic theory of electrodynamics, and became the founder of electrodynamics.

Ampere is good at in-depth study of various laws he has discovered, and is good at quantitative analysis by applying mathematics. 1822, in the Science Society, he officially announced the discovery of Ampere's loop theorem. This is one of the important basic laws in electrodynamics. The research work of Ampere put an end to the viewpoint that magnetism is a special substance and put electromagnetism on the road of all-round development. To commemorate his contribution, the unit of current was named after him.

Faraday (michael faraday 179 1- 1867)

Faraday is a British physicist, chemist and a famous self-taught scientist. 1791September 22nd, a poor blacksmith family in Newtown, Surrey. Because his family was poor, he only attended primary school for a few years, and 13 was an apprentice in a bookstore. The work in the bookstore gave him the opportunity to read many science books. After delivering the newspaper for binding, I taught myself chemistry and electricity, and did a simple experiment to verify the contents of the book. In his spare time, he participated in the learning activities of the Municipal Philosophy Society and listened to lectures on natural philosophy, so he accepted the basic education of natural science. Because of his love and dedication to scientific research, he was appreciated by British chemist David. 18 13 In March, David recommended him to be a laboratory assistant at the Royal Institute. This was a turning point in Faraday's life, and he embarked on the road of devoting himself to scientific research. In June 65438+in the same year 10, David went to the European continent for scientific investigation and lectures, and Faraday went with him as his secretary and assistant. A year and a half later, I passed through France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands and other countries, and met famous scholars such as Ampere and Guy Lussac. Along the way, Faraday assisted David to do many chemical experiments, which greatly enriched his scientific knowledge and increased his experimental ability, laying the foundation for his independent scientific research. 1865438+In May 2005, he returned to the Royal Institute to conduct chemical research under the guidance of David. 1824 1 was elected as a member of the royal society, 1825 was appointed as the laboratory director of the royal society in February, and 1833- 1862 was appointed as the chemistry professor of the royal society. 1846 was awarded the Renford Medal and the Royal Medal. 1867 died on August 25th.

Faraday is mainly engaged in the research of electricity, magnetism, magneto-optic and electrochemistry, and has made a series of important discoveries in these fields. After Oster discovered the magnetic effect of current in 1820, Faraday put forward the bold idea of "generating electricity by magnetism" in 182 1 and began a hard exploration. 182 1 September, he found that the electrified wire can rotate around the magnet, and the magnet moves around the current-carrying conductor, which realized the transformation from electromagnetic motion to mechanical motion for the first time, thus establishing the laboratory model of the motor. Then, after numerous experiments failed, the law of electromagnetic induction was finally discovered at 183 1. This epoch-making great discovery has enabled mankind to master the methods of mutual transformation of electromagnetic motion and mutual transformation of mechanical energy and electrical energy, and has become the basis of modern generator, motor and transformer technology.

Faraday can persist in exploring electromagnetic induction in 10, and one of the important reasons is closely related to his thoughts on the unity and transformation of various natural forces. He always thinks that there are infinite connections between various phenomena in nature. It is also under the guidance of this idea that he continued to study the electrical characteristics of known photovoltaic cells at that time, such as electricity, triboelectricity, thermoelectric, galvani electricity and electromagnetic induction electricity. 1832, he published the article "the identity of electricity from different sources", which proved the conclusion that "no matter what the source of electricity is, its nature is the same" with a large number of experiments, thus sweeping away people's understanding of the nature of electricity.

In order to explain the nature of electricity, Faraday conducted a series of experiments on the current passing through the solution of acid, alkali and salt, which led to the continuous discovery of the first law and the second law of electrolysis in 1833- 1834, laying the foundation for modern electrochemical industry. The second law also points out that there is an elementary charge and the charge has the smallest unit, which becomes an important conclusion supporting the discreteness of electricity. In order to describe the experimental facts correctly, Faraday formulated many concepts and terms such as mobility, cathode, anode, anion, cation, electrolysis, electrolyte and so on.

After the unity of electricity and magnetism was confirmed, Faraday was determined to find the connection between light and electromagnetic phenomena. 1845, he found that heavy glass without optical rotation produced optical rotation under the action of strong magnetic field, which made the polarization plane of polarized light deflect. This is the magneto-optical effect, and it is the first time that human beings realize the relationship between electromagnetic phenomena and light phenomena. 1846 published the article "Reflections on Light Vibration", and put forward the viewpoint of electromagnetic essence of light for the first time. He has designed and done many experiments without fear of difficulties, trying to find the relationship between gravity and electricity, the influence of magnetic field on spectral lines emitted by light sources, and the effect of electricity on light. Due to the limitation of experimental conditions at that time, although he didn't succeed, his thoughts and viewpoints were completely correct, which was verified by later experiments.

Faraday is the founder of electromagnetic field theory. He put forward the concepts of magnetic lines and electric lines for the first time, further deepened and developed the idea of electric lines in the research of electromagnetic induction, electrochemistry and electrostatic induction, put forward the idea of field for the first time, established the concepts of electric field and magnetic field, and denied the viewpoint of action at a distance. Einstein once pointed out that the idea of field is Faraday's most creative thought and the most important discovery since Newton. Maxwell inherited and developed Faraday's field thought, found a perfect mathematical expression for it and established the electromagnetic field theory.

Faraday's indomitable spirit of scientific exploration, simple and selfless dedication to the progress of human civilization and his outstanding scientific contribution will always be admired by future generations.

Galileo (1564— 1642)

A famous Italian mathematician, astronomer, physicist and philosopher, he was the first scientific giant to integrate mathematics, astronomy and physics on the basis of scientific experiments. Galileo was a pioneer of the scientific revolution. Throughout his life, he proved and widely publicized the new world outlook initiated by Copernicus and Kepler, and under the persecution of the church, he used his own sacrifice to arouse people's recognition of Heliocentrism. He made epoch-making contributions in the process of human ideological emancipation and the development of civilization.

More than 300 years later, in June 65438 +0979 65438+10/October 65438 +00, the Pope publicly acknowledged Galileo's unfair trial, and in June 65438 +0980 65438 +00, the World Bishops' Congress once again announced that it would avenge Galileo's injustice.

Galileo 1564 was born in a big family of declining aristocrats in Pisa, Italy. He has been very clever since he was a child. /kloc-When he was 0/7 years old, his father sent him to the University of Pisa to study medicine, but he was not interested in medicine. Inspired by a mathematics lecture, I began to be keen on the research of mathematics and physics. 1585 drop out of school and go home. Since then, he has taught in Pisa University and Padua University, during which he has made many achievements in scientific research. Because of his opposition to Aristotle's world outlook and physics, which ruled the intellectual world at that time, and because he actively advocated Copernicus' sun-centered theory, which violated Catholic teachings, he was constantly excluded by professors and fiercely opposed by priests and popes. Finally, in 1633, he was forced to write a "repentance book" by the Roman Inquisition on the heresy of "I regret my mistake and publicize the earth movement" and was sentenced to imprisonment (later changed to imprisonment at home). This greatly damaged his body and spirit. But he still devoted himself to the study of mechanics. 1637 is blind. 1642 He died of a fever and a cold in loneliness at the age of 78. (After a lapse of 347 years, the Pope redundantly declared in 1980 that it was wrong to suppress Galileo and "rehabilitated" him. )

Galileo's main representative works are two books. One is "Dialogue between Two World Systems" published by 1632, the main purpose of which is to publicize Copernicus' sun-centered theory. The other book is "Talk and Mathematical Proof on Two New Sciences of Mechanics and Local Motion" published by 1638, which is referred to as "Two New Sciences" for short, and mainly states his research achievements in mechanics. Galileo's contribution to science mainly includes the following aspects:

Galileo's homemade telescope

(1) demonstrates and popularizes Copernicus' theory, and convincingly explains the revolution and rotation of the earth and the movement of planets around the sun. He also carefully observed the movements of Jupiter's four satellites with a self-made telescope, and showed a model of the solar system in front of people, which strongly supported Copernicus' theory.

(2) The inertial motion is demonstrated, and it is pointed out that no external force is needed to maintain the motion. This negates Aristotle's dogma that "movement must be promoted". However, Galileo's understanding of inertial motion did not completely get rid of Aristotle's influence. He also believed that the inertial motion of "maintaining the perfect order of the universe" could not be a linear motion, but only a circular motion. This misunderstanding was corrected by his contemporaries Descartes and Newton.

(3) It is proved that all objects fall at the same acceleration. This conclusion directly denies Aristotle's statement that heavy objects fall faster than light objects. More than 200 years later, Einstein's general theory of relativity sprouted from this conclusion.

(4) The uniform motion is studied experimentally. He verified his formula by letting the ball roll down on the inclined plane: the distance from the stationary motion of uniform acceleration is proportional to the square of time, and he also extended this result to the free-falling motion, that is, the motion on the inclined plane with an inclination of 90.

(5) The concept of motion synthesis is put forward, and it is clearly pointed out that the flat throwing motion is the synthesis of horizontal uniform motion and vertical uniform acceleration motion, which are independent of each other, and the trajectory of the synthetic motion is proved to be parabola by mathematics. According to this concept, he also calculated that the amplitude of oblique throwing action is the largest when the elevation angle is 45, and the amplitude is equal when it is greater than or less than 45.

(6) Put forward the idea of relativity principle. He vividly described some mechanical phenomena on the big ship, and pointed out that when the ship moves at any speed, these phenomena are the same, so it is impossible to judge whether the ship is moving according to them. This idea was later developed by Einstein into the principle of relativity and became one of the basic assumptions of special relativity.

(7) It is found that the simple pendulum is isochronous, which proves that the vibration period of the simple pendulum is proportional to the square root of the pendulum length. He also explained the phenomenon of * * * vibration and * * * ringing.

In addition, Galileo also studied the strength of solid matter, the weight of air, tidal phenomena, sunspots, bumps and depressions on the surface of the moon and so on.

In addition to specific research results, Galileo paved the way for the development of modern physics in research methods. He introduced experiments into physics for the first time, gave it an important position, and got rid of the bad habit of drawing conclusions only by speculation. At the same time, he also attached great importance to strict reasoning and the application of mathematics. For example, he explained inertial motion by eliminating the limit of friction, and concluded that the speed at which big stones and small stones should fall together would put Aristotle in a contradictory dilemma, thus denying the conclusion that heavy objects fall faster than light ones. This kind of reasoning can eliminate intuitive errors, so as to understand the essence of the phenomenon more deeply. In the book Evolution of Physics, Einstein and Infield once commented: "Galileo's discovery and his scientific reasoning method are one of the greatest achievements in the history of human thought, marking the real beginning of physics."

Galileo struggled with traditional misconceptions all his life, and his attitude towards authority is also worth learning. He said: "To tell the truth, I agree with Aristotle's works and study them carefully. I only blame those who make themselves completely slaves to him, blindly agree with everything he says, and regard his words as an imperial edict that can never be disobeyed, without delving into any other basis. "

Coulomb (Charles Augustine de Coulomb 1736 ~ 1806)

French engineer and physicist. 1June 736 14 was born in Gulaim. 1806 died in Paris on August 23rd.

I studied in an engineering school in my early years. After leaving school, I joined the Royal Military Engineering Corps and became an engineer. During the French Revolution, Coulomb resigned from all his posts and went to Blay to devote himself to scientific research. During the reign of the French emperor, he returned to Paris and became a member of the newly-built research institute.

1773 published a paper on the strength of materials, and the method of calculating the stress and strain distribution on objects is still in use today, which is the theoretical basis of structural engineering. 1777 began to study static electricity and magnetism. At that time, the French Academy of Sciences offered a reward for improving the magnetic needle in the navigation compass. Coulomb thinks that the magnetic needle supported on the shaft will inevitably bring friction, and puts forward to hang the magnetic needle with fine hair or silk thread. In the study, it was found that the torsion of the wire was proportional to the angle of the needle, so that the electrostatic force and magnetic force could be measured by this device, which prompted him to invent the torsion balance. 1779 analyzes the friction force and puts forward the scientific theory about lubricant. The underwater operation mode is also designed, which is similar to modern caisson. From 1785 to 1789, the electrostatic and magnetic forces were measured with a torsion balance, and the famous Coulomb's law was derived.

Newton (isaac newton, 1643- 1727)

Great British physicist, mathematician and astronomer. Engels said: "Newton founded astronomy because he discovered the law of universal gravitation, scientific optics because he decomposed light, scientific mathematics because he founded binomial theorem and infinite theory, and scientific mechanics because he knew the essence of mechanics." Indeed, Newton made a fundamental contribution in the field of natural science and can be called a master of science.

Newton was born in a peasant family in Lincolnshire, northern England. 16 1 was admitted to trinity college, Cambridge university, and graduated from 1665. At this time, he was catching up with the plague. Newton went home to avoid the plague for two years, during which he considered almost all aspects of his life research, especially several important contributions in his life: the law of gravity, classical mechanics, calculus and optics.

Newton discovered the law of universal gravitation and established classical mechanics. He used a formula to unify the motion of the largest celestial body and the motion of the smallest particle in the universe. The universe has become so clear: no movement happens for no reason, but a state, a link in a long chain of cause and effect, which can be accurately described. People broke the idea that God will rule the world for thousands of years and began to believe that there is nothing that wisdom cannot be determined. Compared with his theory, Newton's greatest contribution is to make people believe in science from now on.

Newton was a scientific giant far beyond the wisdom of all people in that era. He was so obsessed with exploring the truth that his theoretical achievements were made public at the urging of others. For Newton, creation itself is the greatest pleasure.

Marie Curie (1867- 1934), a French and Polish scientist, studied radioactive phenomena and found two radioactive elements, radium and polonium, and won the Nobel Prize twice in her life.

Madame Curie and the Discovery of Radium

Maria? Skoro Doskaya, the famous Madame Curie, is known as the "mother of radium". She was born on10.7 in Warsaw, the capital of Poland, under the rule of Russian czar invaders. Her father is a physics professor at Warsaw University, which made her interested in scientific experiments since she was a child.

189 1 year, she went to Paris for further study and obtained two master's degrees. After finishing her studies, she intends to return to her motherland to serve the enslaved Polish people, but she works with Pierre, a young French physicist. Curie's acquaintance changed her plan. 1895, she married Pierre. 1897, she gave birth to a daughter, a future Nobel Prize winner.

Madame Curie noticed the research work of French physicist becquerel. Since Roentgen discovered X-ray, becquerel discovered another kind of "uranium ray" when he was checking a rare mineral "uranium salt", which his friends called Becquerel ray.

The ray discovered by Bekkerel aroused great interest of Madame Curie. Where does the energy of radiation come from? Madame Curie saw that no one in all laboratories in Europe had studied uranium rays in depth at that time, so she decided to enter this field.

At Pierre's repeated requests, the headmaster of the physics and chemistry school allowed Madame Curie to use a damp hut for physics and chemistry experiments. At the room temperature of 6 degrees Celsius, she devoted herself to the study of uranium salts.

Madame Curie received a strict advanced chemistry education. When studying uranium salt ore, she thinks there is no reason to prove that uranium is the only chemical element that can emit radiation. She determined the elements one by one according to Mendeleev's periodic law of elements. As a result, she soon discovered that another thorium compound can automatically emit rays, which are similar to uranium rays and have similar intensity. Madame Curie realized that this phenomenon is not just the characteristics of uranium, and it must be given a new name. Madame Curie called it "radioactivity", and uranium, thorium and other substances with this special "radioactivity" function were called "radioactive elements".

One day, Madame Curie thought, are minerals radioactive? With Pierre's help, she identified all the minerals that could be collected in a few days. She found that pitchblende was much more radioactive than expected.

After careful study, Madame Curie had to admit that the contents of uranium and thorium in these pitchblende can never explain the radioactivity she observed.

Where did this unusually high radioactivity come from? There is only one explanation: these bituminous minerals contain a small amount of new elements that are more radioactive than uranium and thorium. Madame Curie has checked all the known elements in her previous experiments. Madame Curie concluded that this is a new element that humans have not yet known, and she wants to find it!

Madame Curie's discovery caught Pierre's attention, and the Curies marched into the unknown elements together. In the damp studio, through the joint efforts of the Curie couple, in July 1898, they announced the discovery of this new element, which is 400 times more radioactive than pure uranium. To commemorate Madame Curie's motherland-Poland, the new element was named polonium (meaning Poland).

1898 to 65438+February, the Curies announced the discovery of a second radioactive element, which is more radioactive than polonium. They named this new element "Radium". However, at that time, no one could confirm their discovery, because according to the tradition of chemistry, when a scientist announces the discovery of a new element, he must get the physical object and accurately determine its atomic weight. However, in Madame Curie's report, there are no atomic weights of needles and radium, and there are no samples of radium at hand.

The Curies decided to prove it with real objects. At that time, pitchblende containing polonium and radium was a very expensive mineral, mainly produced in the San Joachimstahl mine in Bohemia. People refine this mineral and extract uranium salts to make colored glass. For the poor Curie couple, how can they afford the necessary expenses for this job? Their wisdom constitutes financial resources. They predict that after uranium is extracted, new radioactive elements contained in minerals will definitely still exist, so they can be found in mineral residues after uranium salt extraction. After many twists and turns, the Austrian government decided to give the Curie couple a ton of slag, and promised that if they needed a lot of slag in the future, they could supply it on the most favorable terms.

The laboratory conditions of the Curies are extremely poor. In summer, because the ceiling is glass, it is sunburned like an oven. In winter, people are freezing with cold. The Curies overcame unimaginable difficulties and tried to extract radium. Madame Curie immediately threw herself into the extraction experiment. She melted more than 20 kilograms of waste residue in a smelting pot, stirred the boiling substance with a thick iron bar for several hours, and then extracted only one millionth of trace substances from it.

They work from 1898 to 1902. After tens of thousands of times of refining, they treated dozens of tons of ore residue and finally got 0.l gram of radium salt, whose atomic weight was determined to be 225.

Radium was born!

The Curie couple confirmed the existence of radium, which made the whole world pay attention to the radioactive phenomenon. The discovery of radium triggered a real revolution in the scientific community.

Madame Curie finished her doctoral thesis entitled (Research on Radioactive Substances). 1903, Madame Curie received a doctorate in physics from the University of Paris. In the same year, the Curies and becquerel won the Nobel Prize in Physics.

After the discovery of radium, other new radioactive elements, such as actinium, have been discovered one after another. Exploring the law of radioactive phenomena and the nature of radioactivity has become the primary research topic in the scientific community.

Famous scientist Qian Xuesen. One of the founders of modern mechanics in China. He has made many pioneering contributions in the fields of aerodynamics, aviation engineering, jet propulsion, engineering cybernetics, physical mechanics and other technical sciences. He has made outstanding contributions to the establishment and development of China's rocket, missile and space undertakings, and is an advocate of China's system engineering theory and application research.

Qian Xuesen's story before returning to China

When the first five-star red flag was slowly raised in Tiananmen Square in 1949, Qian Xuesen, then director of the supersonic laboratory of California Institute of Technology and head of the Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center, was deeply happy for the rebirth of the motherland. He intends to return to China and use his professional knowledge to serve the new China. However, it was not easy for China scientists in the United States to return to China at that time, and Qian Xuesen's expertise was directly related to national defense, so he finally returned to the embrace of the motherland after going through hardships. His tortuous struggle process showed Qian Xuesen's love for the motherland at that time, which was very touching.

1in mid-September, 950, Qian Xuesen resigned as the director of the supersonic laboratory of California Institute of Technology and the head of the Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center, and went through the formalities of returning to China. He bought a plane ticket from Canada to Hong Kong and gave his luggage to the handling company for consignment.

However, just two days before he planned to leave Los Angeles, he suddenly received a notice from the US Immigration and Naturalization Service that he was not allowed to return to China! The Immigration Bureau threatened to leave the country without authorization and be fined or even jailed if caught!

A few days later, Qian Xuesen was arrested in the detention center of the US Immigration and Naturalization Service. The "crime" is "participating in a political party that advocates overthrowing the US government by force".

The luggage handed over by Qian Xuesen to the handling company was inspected by the US Customs and the Federal Bureau of Investigation. It is said that telegraph codes, weapons drawings and the like are all "found" from it. The Immigration and Naturalization Bureau wants to "interrogate" Qian Xuesen, saying that Qian Xuesen is "party member made in the United States". Later, it was said that among several American classmates that Qian Xuesen knew when he was studying in the United States, several of them worked in party member. The Bureau of Immigration and Naturalization threatened Qian Xuesen to "violate American immigration laws" and "expel Qian Xuesen". It didn't take long for him to change his mind. Because Qian Xuesen is going to be "deported", which is exactly what Qian Xuesen wants! In the detention center, Qian Xuesen was imprisoned like a criminal. Qian Xuesen once recalled: "15 days of confinement, I lost 30 pounds." In the detention center, every night, spies will come in every hour to wake you up, so that you can't rest and are in an extremely nervous state. "

The persecution of Qian Xuesen by the Immigration and Naturalization Service aroused public indignation in the American scientific community. Many American friendly people came forward to rescue Qian Xuesen and find a defense lawyer for him. They raised $ 15000 as a deposit to bail Qian Xuesen out of the detention center.

1June, 955, Qian Xuesen wrote to Comrade Chen Shutong, then vice chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), asking the party and government to help him return to the embrace of the motherland at an early date. Premier Zhou attached great importance to this matter and instructed relevant personnel to deal with it at an appropriate time. After hard work, in June 195565438+ 10/8, Qian Xuesen's family finally returned to the motherland after 20 years' absence. Soon, he was appointed as the director of the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.