Immigrants outside Mongolia

Outer Mongolia, including present Mongolia and Tuva of Russian Federation, has a total area of about 654.38+800,000 square kilometers. Historically, it was once the territory of China. So, who lost Outer Mongolia?

1635, the ministries of Saibei belonged to Houjin, hence the name Inner Mongolia. At this time, outer Mongolia was ruled by Gurkha, with a vast territory and a sparse population. 1660, a branch of the desert west Mongolia split by the Wala tribe was established by the descendants of the Turkic people, and under the leadership of galdan, it launched an attack on foreign Mongolia. The three tribes in Kerkha were completely defeated, and there were only two roads in front of them. One is to surrender to Russia, and the other is to join China. In the end, the living Buddha of Cullen made a decision that influenced later generations for hundreds of years-to join China.

Therefore, the Qing court contributed money and sent elites to help outer Mongolia resist foreign enemies. 1696, the Qing army divided into three roads and launched an encirclement and suppression campaign against Galdin. Gordan was defeated, and the following year, Gordan committed suicide. Since then, Outer Mongolia has been formally incorporated into Chinese territory.

19 1 1 year, at the instigation of the Russian consul in Cullen, the living Buddha VIII of outer Mongolia established the "Great Mongolian Government", calling himself the Emperor of the Sun, with the year number * * * Dai. Then, the Russian-Mongolian Coalition forces surrounded the yamen of the Minister of Mongolian Affairs, disarmed the Qing army, escorted the Minister of Mongolian Affairs and his entourage to the situation and invaded Inner Mongolia. However, the Qing government and the Republic of China government did not recognize the independence of Outer Mongolia this time. At the strong demand of the people of the whole country, Yuan Shikai sent troops, and it took three years to recover Inner Mongolia, but outer Mongolia did not recover.

19 13, the Russian authorities forced the Beiyang government to sign the Sino-Russian statement. The statement stipulates that outer Mongolia recognizes the suzerainty of China and is a part of China's territory; Russia and China recognize the autonomy of outer Mongolia; China cannot send officials and troops to outer Mongolia, nor can it emigrate. 1965438+In June 2005, Outer Mongolia announced the abolition of "Independent Great Mongolia" and the implementation of autonomy.

19 17 years, the October Revolution broke out in Russia. Although Russia twice announced the abolition of the unequal treaties signed between Russia and China, it still supported the independence of Outer Mongolia. 1919165438+10. On 7 October, Xu Shichang and Duan decided to send troops to Mongolia, totally denying the Sino-Russian statement. Ten days later, Outer Mongolia formally wrote to Xu Shichang, demanding the abolition of all treaties between Russia and Mongolia. On the 22nd, the government of the Republic of China ordered the cancellation of the autonomy of outer Mongolia and all unequal treaties, and remained abroad in Mongolia. However, Xu Shichang's iron fist policy has aroused the dissatisfaction of many princes and lamas.

In the same year, Sukhe Bator and Joe Balsam, who were born as herders, sought help from the countries producing * * * *, hoping to establish an independent Mongolia. 1920, with the support and help of Lenin, they established the Mongolian People's Party. After Duan stepped down, only a part of the outer Mongolia troops were left, while Belarus and the Japanese Kwantung Army were already eyeing up, so the outer Mongolia entered a state of chaos. Outer Mongolia has repeatedly turned to the direct line and the warlord Feng Zhi for help, but they were all rejected, and the two forces shirked each other.

1921March 18, the Mongolian People's Party army, with the support of the Soviet Red Army, drove out the China garrison, captured the Tong Mall and declared its secession from the Republic of China. At that time, domestic warlords scuffled and had no time to take care of outer Mongolia. In this way, outer Mongolia succeeded in independence with the help of the Soviet Union. 1 1 In July, a pro-Soviet "constitutional monarchy" was established in outer Mongolia.

1922, Outer Mongolia and the Soviet Union signed the Soviet-Mongolian Reconciliation Treaty, and the Soviet Union took the lead in recognizing the independence of Outer Mongolia. News of Outer Mongolia's independence spread to China, and all walks of life strongly opposed this move by Outer Mongolia. Domestic warlords shirked each other, which made Beiyang government unable to send troops to recover outer Mongolia. Only issued a stern statement, not recognizing the independence of outer Mongolia.

At the end of 1924, the outer Mongolian government abolished the constitutional monarchy and established the Mongolian People's Republic, which was independent of 19 1 1. The government of China doesn't recognize it as an independent country, but it doesn't change anything. 1944, most of the Tangnu Wulianghai area under the jurisdiction of outer Mongolia was merged into the Soviet Union. From 65438 to 0946, the government of the Republic of China was forced to recognize the independence of Outer Mongolia. In this way, outer Mongolia was carved up in the hands of the Beiyang government.