Methods and skills of doing junior high school history questions

Junior high school history learning methods and problem-solving skills

First, history learning: seemingly easy but actually difficult.

1, the difficulty lies in memory-there are so many contents that it is difficult to organize, remember and forget.

Specific countermeasures: rote memorization is better than rote memorization. Stick to it every day and don't make a surprise attack before the exam.

[Example]: ① Odd number dating.

19 1 1 Xinhai Revolution, 19 13 Second Revolution, 19 15 Anti-Yuan Struggle and New Culture Movement,19/kloc-0.

② Comparison of Chinese and foreign history

1939- 1945 World War II (World Anti-Fascist War) War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China

③ Causal deduction method

Market (Fundamentals)-Opium Smuggling-Tobacco Selling (Direct Marketing)-Opium War

④ concentration and transformation method

The Reform Movement of 1898-"Change" (politics: constitutional monarchy; Economy: developing capitalism)

2, the answer is difficult-the question can be understood, the answer is difficult to do, and it is easy to lose points.

Specific countermeasures: "look", see the score clearly, grasp the score point, know fairly well;

"Second check", according to the meaning of the question, return to the textbook to find relevant knowledge points;

"Three Norms" and the standardization of answer language are the most easily overlooked issues.

[Example]: Analysis of three questions in the history part of the comprehensive literature volume of Taiyuan senior high school entrance examination in 2007.

(1) List: Three Things in Zhou Enlai during the New Democratic Revolution (3 points).

A: 1927: leading the Nanchang uprising;

1935: attended Zunyi meeting and supported Mao Zedong's correct proposition;

1936: Peaceful settlement of Xi 'an incident.

(The narrative should be simple and accurate)

② Read the following materials and answer the questions:

After the TV series The Rise of Great Powers was broadcast on CCTV, the rise of great powers became a hot topic of social discussion. In the modern history of the world, Britain, France, the United States, Germany, Russia, Japan and other countries are powerful mainly because of the progress of ideology and culture, economic prosperity and institutional innovation, and they have found a road suitable for their own national development. Broaden one's horizons and learn from developed countries is the beginning of developing China and becoming stronger. Since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), China has made great achievements in the fields of economy, diplomacy, national defense, science and technology, culture and art, and sports. In recent years, Taiyuan has entered a period of sustained and rapid economic development in history. In 2003, Taiyuan held a grand celebration of the 2500th anniversary of its capital. In 2006, Taiyuan Iron and Steel Group Company became the largest stainless steel producer in the world. In September 2007, the first China International Coal and Energy New Industry Expo was held in Taiyuan. In 2008, BXM World Cycling Championship and Olympic preliminaries will be held in Taiyuan ... (1) Explain the reasons for the rise of great powers according to the materials. (2 points)

A: Find a road suitable for the development of your country; Learn from developed countries, etc.

(Summarize the sentences in the material into two aspects: internal reform (choosing the development path according to the national conditions) and learning from the experience of other countries. Do not extract them directly. )

Read the following materials and participate in the discussion.

In the first half of the 20th century, two successive world wars caused unprecedented catastrophe to mankind. But the development of science and technology in the whole 20th century was great and brilliant. Especially in the last 30 years, various high-tech industries have risen and prospered. Great changes have taken place in the economic situation of all countries in the world. Entering the 2 1 century, striving for world peace and promoting economic development remain the mainstream of the world.

Question Inquiry (2) Explain the characteristics of human social development in the last 30 years of the 20th century. (4 points)

A: From the hegemony of the United States and the Soviet Union to the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the Cold War ended; After the end of the cold war, the world political structure developed towards multipolarization; Regional conflicts, ethnic conflicts and religious disputes constantly threaten world peace and security; The trend of economic globalization is strengthening; The third scientific and technological revolution promoted the unprecedented development of social productive forces and the rise and prosperity of high-tech industries; Mankind is moving towards the era of knowledge economy (or information age); Countries around the world promote cooperation and seek common development through dialogue; Peace and development are the mainstream in today's world.

It should include politics (the general trend-peace and development, the characteristics of international relations-the hegemony of the United States and the Soviet Union towards multipolarization), economy (knowledge economy, globalization, integration and regional collectivization), science and technology (high-tech, the third scientific and technological revolution) and ideology and culture (pluralism)

3, the difficulty lies in reviewing-a few books, the title is vast, it is difficult to start, and the efficiency is not high.

Specific countermeasures: the history of civilization, a new perspective of historical review;

Thematic, the general trend of history examination;

Highlight the foundation and reflect the basic ability requirements;

Pay attention to reality and combine hot topics appropriately.

Second, solving historical problems: formulaic mode+divergent thinking

① Cause = root cause (root cause)+specific cause+direct cause (the most direct fuse)

Internal reasons (self)+external reasons (others and environment)

Primary cause+secondary cause

Subjective reasons+objective reasons

Economic reasons+political reasons+ideological reasons+military reasons.

For example, the reasons for the outbreak of the Opium War:

A: There are two reasons. The domestic reason is that on the eve of the Opium War, the Qing Dynasty had fallen from the peak of development, the national situation declined, and the whole feudal system was dying. Since Jiaqing, this feudal dynasty has embarked on the decline of political corruption, waste of armaments and financial constraints. Foreign reasons At this time, major countries in Europe and America have entered a period of rapid development of capitalism. The weak and backward feudal China became an important target of capitalist countries' aggression. The British bourgeoisie first launched the war of aggression against China, which was the inevitable result of their constant plundering of overseas colonies.

The reason for War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory:

A: Internal reasons ① Just war against aggression: This is a progressive and just war, which has the dual nature of China's national revolution and the world anti-fascist war, so it has been greatly helped and has a broad social foundation. ② National War of Resistance: War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression is a national war of resistance based on national cooperation, which embodies the awakening and national cohesion of the Chinese nation. From the battlefield behind enemy lines to the frontal battlefield, from the Kuomintang-controlled area to the theoretical depression. From domestic social strata to overseas Chinese, from Han nationality to ethnic minorities, it fully embodies the characteristics of the national war of resistance. (3) The mainstay role of * * * *: from the advocacy and establishment of the anti-Japanese national United front to the formulation of the all-round anti-Japanese war line; From the establishment of base areas behind enemy lines and the development of guerrilla warfare against Japan to Mao Zedong's On Protracted War, the future of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression is pointed out. From persisting in struggle, seeking unity and consolidating the United front, to seizing the favorable opportunity at home and abroad and winning the counterattack in time, China's key role in the victory of the Anti-Japanese War was highlighted. (4) The interdependence and cooperation between the two battlefields until the victory of the Anti-Japanese War has become a remarkable feature of China and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. External reasons ⑤ Mutual cooperation in the world anti-fascist war; The formation of the world anti-fascist United front and the coordination of operations are the fundamental reasons for the victory of World War II, while the Soviet Union and the United States fought against Japan, which was the powerful coordination for China to win War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.

② Background = reason (why)+condition (what)

For example, the background of opening up a new route:

A: The development of the commodity economy and the emergence of the seeds of capitalism have led to an increase in the demand for money, and the demand for gold for minting money is increasing day by day. (economic root) the fanatical pursuit of gold by all social strata in western Europe (businessmen, emerging bourgeoisie and upper class); The description of the richness of the East in Marco Polo's Travels makes western Europeans yearn for the East. Ottoman Turkey controlled the traditional trade route between the East and the West, which triggered a commercial crisis and made western European countries pursue a new oriental route. Portugal and Spain are keen to spread Catholicism and convert Muslims and other pagans to Catholicism. (social roots) conditions people began to believe in the theory of the earth circle; The progress of map drawing technology: With the development of shipbuilding technology, there are sea-going ships suitable for ocean navigation; Compass needles are widely used in seagoing ships; The ship was loaded with cannons. These objective conditions make it possible to open up new air routes. (objective conditions)/kloc-in the late 5th century, both Portugal and Spain completed the process of political unification and centralization, and the country had the strength to support and supply the equipment needed for voyage. Both countries are located on the Atlantic coast, which is convenient for maritime exploration. Both of these countries are commercial and trade transit points between Italy and the Netherlands. They have not only mastered rich navigation knowledge, but also concentrated many experienced sailors. The royal families of both countries are keen on the sea exploration activities opened up by new routes. (subjective conditions)

③ Meaning = domestic meaning+international meaning

Such as: the significance of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory;

A: War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory in the domestic sense ended the history of China's repeated wars and defeats by foreign enemies in modern times, and cleared the national humiliation for nearly a hundred years. This is the first completely victorious national liberation war in 100 years. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory in the international sense fundamentally changed the world political structure before the war and greatly improved China's international status. At the same time, the people of China have also made important contributions to the victory of the world anti-fascist war.

The significance of the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC);

A: Domestic Significance After more than 100 years of heroic struggle, the people of China finally overthrew the rule of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucratic capitalism and won the new-democratic revolution. Since then, the people of China have stood up and become the masters of the country. The history of China has entered a new era. The establishment of the new China marks that China has embarked on the road of independence, democracy and unity since then, and started a new period of transition to socialism.

A big country with international significance, accounting for nearly one third of the world's population, has broken through the imperialist eastern defense line, strengthened the forces of world peace, democracy and socialism, and inspired the liberation struggle of the oppressed nations and people in the world.

Positive influence+negative influence

Qin Shihuang's influence of burning books and burying Confucianism;

A: The positive influence strengthens ideological control and is conducive to consolidating national unity and unifying thoughts. It is the foundation of national unification, the establishment of legal system and the creation of "great unification" pattern in China. The negative influence is the great destruction of culture, intellectuals, the imprisonment of people's thoughts and the great retrogression of knowledge.

Influence on oneself+influence on others

Methods of evaluating people and things: we should see both achievements and problems;

We must see both progress and limitations.

Attachment: A complete set of detailed historical formulas:

I. Historical background, reasons and purposes

1, historical background = (domestic+international) (economy+politics+culture+...)

(1) economic background = productivity+relations of production+economic structure+economic pattern+ ...

(2) Political background = political situation+system+system+policy+class+nationality+diplomacy+military+ ...

(3) Cultural background = ideology, religion+science and technology+education+ ...

Such as: the background of the Opium War;

(1) Domestic: 1. Economy: natural economy+budding capitalism+land concentration. 2. Politics: ① Corruption: officialdom+army+finance ② Class contradiction. 3. Thought: Ignorance and arrogance.

(2) International: 1, economy: industrial revolution → market raw materials. 2. Politics: capitalist expansion.

2. Historical conditions: basically the same as background analysis, with more emphasis on favorable factors.

Such as: the historical conditions of the October Revolution;

(1) domestic: ① economy: capitalism has developed into monopoly, relatively backward and living in poverty; ② Politics: Tsarist autocracy, proletarian growth, revolutionary party maturity, power contrast change, etc. ③ Thought: the guidance of Leninism.

(2) International: Imperialism is busy with World War I, etc.

3. Cause breadth: Cause = subjective (internal cause)+objective (external cause)

⑴ Subjective reasons: the initiation of the event, economic, political and ideological factors within the participants.

⑵ Objective reasons: natural, social environment, external economic, political and ideological factors.

The breadth of reasons is basically the same as that of background analysis, with the background focusing on static analysis and the reasons focusing on dynamic analysis.

For example, the analysis of the causes of the American War of Independence;

(1) internal causes: ① economy: capitalist economic development, unified market, etc. ② Politics: the formation of American nation, bourgeoisie and plantation class. ③ Culture: unified culture, awakening of national consciousness, etc.

(2) External causes: ① British economic plunder and political oppression; (2) the influence of enlightenment.

4. Depth of cause: cause: → direct → main → fundamental.

(1) Direct cause: the most direct accidental factor (fuse, excuse, etc. ) causes the event to happen.

⑵ Main reasons: including subjective and objective factors that triggered the incident.

(3) Roots: historical trends (development of productive forces, requirements of the times)+subjective needs, etc.

There are both hierarchical differences and contact infiltration between them.

For example, the direct cause of the May 4th Movement was China's diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference. The main reasons involved various contradictions at home and abroad at that time, including imperialist aggression, the dark rule of Beiyang warlords, the development of national capitalism, the growth of the proletariat, the influence of the October Revolution, the spread of Marxism and other factors. The root cause is the deepest factor among the main causes.

5. Contradiction analysis: contradiction between productive forces and relations of production, contradiction between economic base and superstructure, class contradiction, intra-class contradiction, ethnic contradiction, religious contradiction and contradiction between different interest groups. ...

6. Purpose and motivation: → Direct → Main → Fundamental

(1) Direct motivation: to solve various crises or problems currently facing.

(2) Main purpose: to achieve a certain purpose and achieve stability and development.

⑶ Fundamental purpose: to establish or consolidate the rule and safeguard the interests of the ruling class (fundamental interests).

Purpose and motivation are subjective reasons and the subjective will of the initiator of the incident.

Such as: Wang Anshi's political reform;

Direct motivation: solving social crisis; Main purposes: increasing fiscal revenue, easing class contradictions and realizing Qiang Bing's prosperity; The fundamental purpose: to consolidate feudal rule.

Second, the historical content = economy+politics+culture+ ...

Historical content is an objective history and an objective record of major historical activities of mankind. The main body of the activity includes important historical figures, groups, organizations and institutions. Activities include economic and political events, situations, systems, policies, programs, routes, plans and treaties; Cultural theory, technology, cultural relics, engineering buildings, books and documents, etc. The general historical content can be analyzed from the aspects of economy, politics and culture.

1, economic content: productivity+relations of production+economic structure and layout+ ...

(1) Ancient economy = economic system+economic policy+(agriculture+handicrafts+commerce)+economic structure and layout+ ...

(1) economic policy = general policy+land+tax+individual+tax. ...

② Agricultural economy = population+land+tools+water conservancy+crops+layout+ ...

(3) handicraft economy = (textile+mining+ceramics+) ...) (technology+layout+...)

(4) Commodity economy = city+transportation+commodity+market+currency+border trade+foreign trade+ ...

⑤ Economic structure and layout = the change of the proportion of economic components+the change of economic center of gravity+the expansion of economic mode+ ...