Inferior immigrants in Europe

Author | Yi Gongzi

America is keen on opening up.

Hedy lamarr, a Jew born in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, fled from the European continent to Hollywood, USA, in order to escape the Nazi pursuit of Jews. This charming third-rate film actor has many good films, but besides undertaking programs, he also has a magical hobby-studying radio communication.

On a calm night, Miss Heidi learned from the principle of piano and invented "frequency hopping technology"-encrypting information by frequency hopping to expand communication capacity. After applying for a patent, she donated it to the American government for free, hoping that the latter would defeat the Nazis in World War II.

Beauty is kind, but she really suffered from generation after generation of engineers. From then on, she looked up, knelt down, licked the dish and bowed her head and angered the book.

AndrewViterbi Viterbi, an Italian Jewish immigrant and mathematician, developed the commercial technology of CDMA based on Miss Heidi's technology. Several professors are determined to provide higher quality communication and named the company Qualcomm.

It is difficult to find a foothold in the communication industry. Ericsson and Nokia are the leaders of rivers and lakes in the industry after a hundred years. Ericsson once sold the first batch of telephones in China to the Qing government. Up to now, photos full of historical significance frequently appear in enterprise introductions, and gestures are the glory of European nobles. Huawei, founded by several scholars or by frustrated middle-aged people two years later, is short-lived in the face of the giant's technology, capital and market.

The GSM communication standards introduced by Ericsson and Nokia have been verified in 1G (first generation communication). When human communication technology gradually enters the 2G (second generation communication) era, it is a good stage for its self-iteration.

As a challenger, Qualcomm frequently lobbied for the efficiency and prospect of CDMA solutions, and successfully won the American and Korean markets. The European tycoon frowned. Well, have fun.

After all, GSM has long been established as a communication industry standard. From equipment manufacturing to network construction, from terminal docking to market education, everything has been done, and it can be shaken overnight.

More importantly, the usage scenario of 1G is mobile phone+picking up girls to show off wealth; The usage scenario of 2G is mobile phone calling+texting+eating snakes. There is no such high requirement for communication speed in experience. CDMA is more efficient, but why do you need such a fast network speed? Comparatively speaking, the GSM standard has a history of more than ten years, and the infrastructure investment is sufficient, which not only meets the demand, but also has mature and reliable technology.

Only the motherland is good in the world, and some fans in the United States, Canada, Japan and South Korea have chosen CDMA in Qualcomm. However, GSM, based in Europe, is both an industry standard and the mainstream of the market. The former is limited everywhere.

Throughout the 1990s, Qualcomm suffered losses frequently. Continue to invest the funds raised by listing and stick to it. Will this CDMA persistence pay off?

With the transition from 2G to 3G, the communication transmission speed is gradually improved, and the technical advantages of CDMA solutions are further highlighted.

Ericsson and Nokia have gradually come up with new ideas. That day in the main tent in the middle of the army, leaders from all walks of life were discussing something. Suddenly, come to the newspaper. When GSM was very popular, Qualcomm secretly set up a bureau to apply for the patent of CDMA solution while everyone was not paying attention.

Let Yi Gongzi explain one more sentence. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) is an information processing method, so it is impossible to apply for a patent. However, the solution of "applying CDMA to mobile phones and other terminals as a means of communication" can be patented. For example, the method of "cutting rice cakes" cannot be patented, but the machine for cutting rice cakes can be patented.

Qualcomm's cunning lies in that he applied for patents not only for his own developed scheme, but also for all "all conceivable" CDMA application schemes. In this way, anyone who wants to use CDMA technology must pay the patent fee to Qualcomm. Qualcomm's success and criticism all come from this.

Of course, European aristocrats will not sit still. They immediately set up a 3GPP organization, carefully bypassed Qualcomm's CDMA patent to the greatest extent, and introduced the UMTS standard with WCDMA as the core technology. However, due to the precise layout of Qualcomm in advance, Ericsson can't completely bypass Qualcomm no matter how careful it is. The patent fee has been set, but it's just a matter of more or less. At the beginning of 3G, Qualcomm took the lead in attacking with the image of "I opened this road and planted this tree".

A scholar who has been despised for many years is willing to accept it at this time. Improve standards, call for complete obedience to their own 3GPP2 organizations, and advocate CDMA2000 standards. It runs counter to Chen Binghan and the veteran aristocratic WCDMA.

At this time, it coincides with the end of the 20th century and the approach of 2 1 century. WCDMA and CDMA are really a century war.

European powers have a solid foundation and move quickly. Due to high market expectations, 3G licenses are often sold at high prices. But then the IT bubble burst in 2000, and the leading WCDMA operators were suddenly overwhelmed. Vodafone, T-MOBILE's capital chain turned red frequently, and many people in France Telecom committed suicide due to performance pressure [1].

However, the CDMA2000 camp in Qualcomm was weak and slow, but fortunately IT escaped the bursting of the IT bubble and made a good start.

However, whether WCDMA or CDMA2000 is in full swing, the more it falls into a problem: the network is built, but there is no demand. At that time, the screen of mobile phone was small, and there was nothing interesting except phone calls, text messages and snakes. Obviously, a mature 2G network based on GSM is more than enough.

Qualcomm, which has grown up to be able to confront the European powers, tried to break through the tight encirclement, but found no way out. There is nowhere to vent one's lofty sentiments, and in the opponent's army, Lianfa draws a bow and arrow, and wears a hundred paces.

MediaTek named this GSM solution as turnkey solution. As the name implies, "turn-key" is like a house that you can take with you. With this chip-based system, any manufacturer can produce mobile phones as long as it is equipped with a screen and a battery. Meanwhile, the complexity of CDMA technology and Qualcomm's greedy patent fees. In contrast, turnkey solutions in MediaTek are efficient and reasonably priced.

MediaTek's turn-key arrow caught fire and ignited the China market in the Far East.

At the beginning of the century, China people's demand for mobile phones just woke up, extending from Shenzhen Huaqiang North to the whole country. Various small private factories snapped up the MediaTek turnkey mobile phone production line: eight speakers were installed and an NCKia mobile phone was used to hold a square dance in the evening; Equipped with a mobile phone case that glows like a bad toy, which is also the latest Samxing. This group of folk forces, known as "shanzhai machines", made gratifying profits in the blowout mobile phone market in China, but inadvertently killed the first extravagant hope of Qualcomm on the other side of the Pacific Ocean.

High-end Nokia, low-end cottage, and GSM standard occupy the largest and fastest-growing China market in the world.

The war is over. Reward according to merit.

For a time, the argument that 3G has failed is rampant. Qualcomm felt angry and embarrassed. However, before the celebration banquet of European aristocrats was over, the smoke in the distance lit up again.

In recent years, although Ericsson, Nokia, Qualcomm, etc. There has been a fierce battle, and the solution of human communication has always been a matter within the CT industry. However, CT princes finally attracted the envy of the IT industry. Wifi is a masterpiece of the IT industry.

Intel Intel, as the leader of the IT industry, thinks it's time to make its big brother stand out. At that time, Intel's chips and Microsoft's Windows operating system formed the Wintel combination, which was popular all over the world and invincible. China Ni Guangnan wants to break the monopoly and create a core for the nation.

The technology of the chip has been realized, but the patent of the chip can't be bypassed; After the Long March, I bypassed the patent and made a new RISC structure, and found that I had to make my own prototype. When making a prototype, even the products were made by ourselves, and finally it was found that no software was willing to build an ecosystem. China's national core plan ended in anger. Leave the challenger endless hurdles, and finally strangle you as easy as blowing off dust. The power of Intel+Microsoft is so terrible.

Interestingly, due to too few users, Tencent announced on 20 16 that it would stop updating WeChat and QQ software on windows phone system. Many years later, with the same logic and the same angle, Microsoft was left behind by the big ship in the mobile world. It's another story. Press the table.

At least at that time, IT upstarts also had the same scenery.

Wifi technology is stable and low cost, and it has long been ahead of the mobile network in speed, and it has also been popular for some time. In those years, Yi Gongzi greeted other people's homes like this: Your home is really beautiful. What is the wifi password? Facebook's Zuckerberg and Iron Man elon musk both threatened to build a global wifi system. IT bosses are full of confidence, and Intel has come up with a Wimax solution with wifi technology as the core. As a result, the original dispute between the two great powers became the romance of the Three Kingdoms.

Europe: GSM(2G), WCDMA/ UMTS(3G)

Qualcomm: CDMA(2G), CDMA2000(3G)

Intel: Wimax(3.5G)

Since the major standards can compete with each other, it is inevitable that each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Players in other communication industries, such as equipment manufacturers, choose similar bets on several major standards. Choose the right one, count the money and tremble; Wrong choice, lose everything.

When 3G construction is in full swing and money is burning like hemp. MediaTek launched a turnkey scheme, and the market suddenly woke up. The crazy investment of 3G can't earn money, and the speed of 2G is enough and the cost is low. Hurry back to GSM.

After more than ten years of business, Huawei has opened a huge gap with ZTE by virtue of its wolf culture, but then it frequently gambled wrong. On the other hand, ZTE is betting on the popular PHS business. The gap for many years was smoothed out in a short time, which was the last time ZTE kept pace with Huawei.

At the historical moment, Huawei made a decisive decision to invest heavily in 3G. Yu Chengdong changed the name of "UMTS and GSM Marketing Department" to "GSM and UMTS Marketing Department", and the brothers immediately understood. They turned their guns and worked hard for GSM, earning a lot of money and completing a very important growth in Huawei's history.

When powerful people from all walks of life showed their magical powers, the financial crisis came unexpectedly in 2007, which made this century war more and more sad. Lucent invested heavily in CDMA in the United States and devoted itself to Alcatel. In the past century, Nortel went bankrupt because of gambling on WIMAX, Motorola was split and sold, and Nokia and Siemens merged to survive. The once all-powerful swordsmen, like ordinary people, quickly turned cold in the cold wind when they died. Leaving only a touch of blood as a sacrifice in the 3G era.

These frightened Huawei and ZTE, and found that as long as they do nothing and lie on the ground alive, they can climb up the rankings.

Bloody shirts, but the outcome has not yet been decided, and those who still have a breath are unwilling to leave, and the standards they defend will surely dominate the world.

It's just that every time someone brings up that embarrassing question again, everyone is still at a loss.

Why do mobile devices need such a fast network speed as 3G?

Heroes from all walks of life should be calm and might as well sit still. The person who started the era is already on his way.

It's sunny in California, and Steve Jobs, the descendant of Syrian immigrants, has a mobile phone called iPhone.

Once again, the times drew a dividing line, and Jobs redefined the mobile phone. With the iPhone and the entrance named AppStore, the question of the century in the communication field has finally found the answer.

With 3G communication speed, there are too many things that can be done in the era of smart phones. Bigger screen, richer content, those who clamor for phone calls and text messages are fed up and immediately realize that they are wrong. Although Belsley, founder and CEO of BlackBerry, confidently insisted that "the appearance of iPhone has little influence on us".

However, both Blackberry, a business mobile phone giant, and Nokia, which dominated the world mobile phone market for 16 years, were dragged down from the altar in just a few short years, and finally went to extinction after several struggles.

The old days are gone forever. The new era is rushing forward, and there is a large virgin land represented by app to be developed. An era called "Mobile Internet" by later generations is waiting for the rivers and lakes to harvest.

IPhone reviews the main standards of the communication world.

The limitation of Wimax scheme is the most obvious. WiFi coverage is limited, the connection is cumbersome, and it is impossible to switch seamlessly. "I took my boyfriend's iPad to my girlfriend's house and even connected to wifi automatically." Such convenience and luck belong to only a few people.

GSM is too slow. It takes three minutes to open Yahoo's webpage. Times must abandon you.

It is obviously not difficult to choose between WCDMA in Europe and CDMA2000 in Qualcomm.

CDMA finally won. Qualcomm condensed his persistence and accumulation of CDMA for many years into a Snapdragon Snapdragon chip, put in a batch of iPhone and sold them all over the world. In the same year, Viterbi, the second richest mathematician in the world, proudly accepted the National Science Medal from President Bush. The scholar who was a cold window in those days now enjoys both fame and fortune. At the top of the mountain, overlooking the rivers and lakes, is another plan.

First-class enterprises sell standards, second-rate enterprises sell technology, and third-rate enterprises sell products. Qualcomm, who bet on CDMA in the early days, competed in standards, bowed his head to make equipment, sold mobile phones during the day and made chips at night. When Qualcomm occupied an absolute advantage in the 3G era, especially in the 4G era by virtue of CDMA scheme, it sold the equipment business such as base stations to Ericsson and packaged the mobile phone business to Kyocera. The core business in hand, as long as chips and patents are authorized, is enough.

Qualcomm's patent fees were collected in an unusual way. Other people's patents are priced separately, but Qualcomm people are ruthless and insist on charging a patent fee of 2% to 5% of the price of a mobile phone. Apple quit. In recent years, the iPhone has become more and more expensive. Apple believes that the credit lies in its innovation in many fields such as screen, unlocking, software and camera. Why do you share your admiration with others, Qualcomm? ! This is a scene in which brothers turn against each other and fight against each other.

1G blank, 2G follow-up, 3G participation and 4G catch-up, which is an accurate summary of the communication world in China.

No matter Nokia or the knockoffs created by MediaTek turnkey solutions, China has made the most proud market achievements. Especially at the moment when CDMA, which represents 3G, and GSM, which represents 2G, are in the most stalemate, I decided to buy it from buy buy alone to help win an international dispute. China, which has been reforming and opening for 30 years, is obviously unwilling to be a buyer with no sense of existence in the future.

June, 5438+October, 2009 10, the climax of the financial crisis has passed, 4 trillion stimulus strings sounded, and the Ministry of Information Industry of China issued 3G licenses. China Telecom is responsible for CDMA2000, China Unicom is responsible for WCDMA, and China Mobile, the industry leader, is designated to undertake the TD-SCDMA construction developed by China.

Because Qualcomm has patented all the paths that can be thought of in the application of CDMA technology, future generations can only take detours except paying money. TD-SCDMA developed by China is a very circuitous method. It is difficult to popularize in use, and there are many problems in use.

The oligopoly model of China operators, which has been widely criticized by the masses, shows its two sides here. China Mobile, which used to rely on GSM business to make money, supported China's independent innovation under the guidance of the national will. See you at the same time. The CDMA technologies of China Unicom and China Telecom are both imported mature technologies, which can bring a good experience as soon as they come up. China Mobile watched its high-end customers being poached in batches.

TD-SCDMA is hardly successful. However, it is the huge investment of China people and the will of never back down that shows the world China's determination in communication. Europe and the United States understand that if China, with a population of 65.438+0.3 billion, is not allowed to participate in the formulation of mainstream communication standards, then this country that has experienced enough hardships will make a standard by itself.

Since then, when the international organization 3GPP formulated the international communication standard, China's opinion has gradually become an important consideration. Only in this way can we see a number of China enterprises at the 5G standard negotiation meeting.

4G and Apple achieve each other. Apple created value and demand for the acceleration of 4G, and it was the rapid popularization of 4G that made Joe's maverick terminal +iOS+AppStore ecology come true before his death, thus destroying human civilization and making Nokia mobile phones suddenly collapse. The sudden change of technology has also changed the fate of domestic giants.

That year, QQ was old after all, and Tencent, the king of social interaction, was cornered by the new power Sina Weibo. In order to encourage celebrities and opinion leaders to open Tencent Weibo, Tencent has tried its best to give away iPhone and pay high "creative fees". Tencent Weibo is 8 months behind Sina Weibo, but 8 months is enough to separate an era in the product life.

The restless Shenzhen headquarters heard that Zhang Xiaolong had developed an application called "WeChat" on the emerging smart phone, which quickly broke through100000 users. The horse finally breathed a sigh of relief. From that day on, he never personally invited celebrities to open Tencent Weibo.

At the 2065 438+09 MWC Mobile World Congress, Huawei said at the press conference that success depends on friends and great success depends on competitors.

Many years ago, the 3G data card business of Huawei and ZTE in Europe grew gratifying. But there is only one chip supplier in Qualcomm. Qualcomm plays a balance between Huawei and ZTE and maintains its absolute superiority. Many times, Huawei and ZTE are ready, but they can't deliver the chips because they can't get them from Qualcomm. Commercial warfare stresses strength and has no temper at all.

There are "big Xu" and "small Xu" in Huawei's history. Da Xu, Xu Wenwei, paid attention to communication system chips in 1990s, and his popularity was not as good as that of Zheng Baoyong, Li Yinan or Yu Chengdong, but solid core technology was the cornerstone of Huawei's success. In 2004, Xiao Xu and Xu Zhijun began to lead the way into the consumer electronic chip market. First of all, I thought of the English name of Huawei Silicon, abbreviated as HiSilicon, hence the name Hayes. This name is similar to the birth of Qualcomm.

A few years later, Hua, who was ashamed and brave, cut into the consumer electronics chip market with data card chips.

Seeing that MediaTek made money by turnkey solutions, Hess was jealous and developed Huawei turnkey solutions, hoping to make a big profit. Hu, the vice president in charge of marketing, felt that low confused Huawei's positioning and insisted on cutting it. In 2009, Guo Ping took Fang Maoyuan's PPT to attend the EMT meeting. Once the idea that "consumer electronic chips spend too much money and have limited benefits" is put forward, it is like igniting an explosive barrel, and everyone is arguing. The future of Huawei's mobile phone chips has reached a critical moment.

Ren personally made a decision: transfer the mobile phone terminal chip from Haisi to the mobile phone company. United front, mobile phone, chip * * * survival.

Huawei's baseband chip, named Balong, is a snowy mountain in Dingri County, Tibet, with an altitude of 70 13m, and is a neighbor of Mount Everest. Ambitious but mediocre. For example, K3V2 with 40nm technology has high calorific value and poor game compatibility. At the same time, Qualcomm APQ8064 and Samsung Exynos44 12 both adopted 28 nm and 32nm processes. [1] Yi Gongzi is the user of Huawei's first smart phone P 1. He holds it in his hand in winter and is qualified to keep the baby warm.

Previous generations of Huawei mobile phones have many ideas, but they lack a sense of the overall situation. Yu Dazui was very lively at the press conference, and there was a lot of pressure outside the camera.

Take it after getting to know it.

Although Mate7 was released in the same month as Apple and Samsung. However, Huawei's rush to enter the high-end machine this time did not have high expectations, and the stocking area was only 300,000. Who knows that the iPhone was arrested in Hollywood at the same time, and there was no server problem in China, which led to an information security alarm. Samsung Note4 accidentally used backward technologies such as plastic case and sliding fingerprint, which was full of old-fashioned.

Huawei stood out unexpectedly. People watching the fun appreciate the improvement of face value, the pressing of fingerprints and the commercial positioning. The janitor admired this Kirin925 chip, which has accumulated many years of achievements and improved the integration, compatibility and GPU graphics ability. Moreover, the 28nm process is adopted, which is really on the same level as the high-end chips in Qualcomm.

It is also a spring and autumn when Huawei people climb mountains and mountains.

In Barcelona this year, Huawei said that success depends on friends and great success depends on competitors.

Clothes childe in the audience, this is an outsider, also can't help but mind move, lofty sentiments.

Twenty years ago, in the dispute between CDMA and GSM, China could only applaud and pay the bill; Ten years ago, TD-SCDMA independently developed by China was just a marginal existence; At present, in the negotiation of the latest 5G standard, the coding scheme of data channel adopts LDPC code promoted by Qualcomm, and the coding scheme of control channel adopts Polar code promoted by China. China enterprises began to contribute to the formulation of a new generation of communication standards.

The struggle of communication rivers and lakes will continue. Qualcomm's experience tells us that if there is progress from the latecomers, there will be obstacles from those with vested interests. Whether it is the voting event or the difficulty of setting up 5G in various places in the United States, it is reminding people in the game, rivers and lakes or rivers and lakes.

In his early years, China's ideal in communication was not pinned on Huawei. For example, Lenovo, which was founded at the same time and is often compared, has a good background and leads the way. When Sun Hongbin was a "little grandson", all the fresh graduates recruited by Lenovo were from Peking University and Tsinghua. In the 1990s, if the undergraduate was not Tsinghua, they were embarrassed to say hello. Yang, the current CEO, was also born in a wealthy family. He received his undergraduate degree and graduated from the University of Science and Technology of China.

Look at Huawei, a private enterprise, who graduated from Chongqing Architecture and came from Southeast University. Huazhong University of Science and Technology (later Huazhong Science and Technology) contributed Hu, Zheng Baoyong, and South University of Science and Technology. No offense, but Ren Lao did teach later, and young people who are not top universities can still conquer the world. Ten-year lanterns in Jianghu are interesting.

In the past two years, post-60s Guo Ping has made progress in English. At MWC in Barcelona last month, Guo Ping, Huawei's rotating CEO, read in Ganzhou English: Prism, prism on the wall, who is the most trustworthy? Prism prism tell me, who is the safest communication equipment in the world? Westerners present laughed heartily at this wonderful pen, and several celebrities whistled.

Project Prism is a secret surveillance program implemented by the National Security Agency for many years. Years later, Snowden, a former CIA employee, was exposed to The Guardian and Washington post, and only the world knew the inside story.

The gifts of fate are all in unexpected ways.

In the 2G era, there were only tens of thousands of base stations in China; TD-SCDMA technology has defects in 3G era. China Mobile made up for them by building more base stations, burning money and humiliating people. In the 4G era, there are 7 million base stations in the world, and 4 million in China.

According to the formula c (speed of light) = λ (wavelength) v (frequency),

Among them, the speed of light is always bright, the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength, and the closer it is to linear propagation (the worse the diffraction and wall penetration ability). Simply put, from 1G to 5G, the wavelength is getting shorter and shorter, and more and denser base stations are needed to complete the ecology of 5G. The late China team arrived first and ran to the front of the team.

However, Ren warned everyone in the interview that 5G has actually exaggerated its role, and more people have exaggerated Huawei's achievements. In fact, there is no such urgent need for 5G in human society ... Don't think of 5G as a wave, the wave is coming, and wealth is coming. Hurry up and catch it, or you will miss it if you don't catch it. The development of 5G must be slow.

I hope this article by Yi Gongzi can help you review the history of communication, especially the story of 3G, and make you understand that Ren Lao is not ignorant of 5G, but that G's technology is mature and can support 5G communication, but the application of 5G should fully tap the value of 5G, which should be a slow process.

Ren Lao also has a wonderful metaphor. At present, 5 G has a big mouth and a small throat.

Recently, many friends of brokers and funds talked with Yi Gongzi about 5G investment opportunities. Of course, I am optimistic, but in the end, I still say, don't let 5G follow the footsteps of 3G. Humans always overestimate the changes in the last two to three years and underestimate the changes in the past ten years.

So where are the opportunities for 5G? Let's sort out the four centers of 5G: equipment vendors (Huawei, Ericsson, Nokia, ZTE) and operators (China Mobile, AT & amp； T), terminals (Samsung, Huawei, Apple and Qualcomm with core technology chips) and application providers.

1, equipment manufacturer: 5G networks need more and denser base stations. Huawei and Ericsson have introduced smaller, low-power and ecological base stations, which are small enough to be hidden under billboards under street lamps. But in the final analysis, this demand is to "build a base station." Since it is the old line, the opportunity belongs to the giants who master the core technology, and the strong are always strong, and there is no chance of spillover.

2. Operators: Continue to purchase base stations from the upstream and charge communication fees from the downstream, with the same mode and limited opportunities.

3. Terminal: Samsung, Huawei and Apple have their own communication solutions, and other brands have Qualcomm chips. Industry leaders have got rid of Qualcomm Solo. It is not difficult for other players to produce 5G mobile phones as long as they are willing to pay Qualcomm tax and take chips and baseband. In addition, the innovation of folding screen and camera is only to sell more mobile phones, and the eight immortals cross the sea and show their magical powers.

The first three centers have the same pattern and limited opportunities. The biggest opportunity in the 5G era is in the fourth center-application.

Schopenhauer said: human beings always regard the boundaries within their own vision as the boundaries of this world.

Imagine, is it possible to talk about WeChat in the 2G era? Is it possible to brush Tik Tok in 3G era? Similarly, Europeans and Americans don't like mobile payment not because of tradition, but because there are only 200,000 base stations in the United States, and there are no signals in some areas. Some signals need to be paid in 1 min, or some network delays can't make the merchants hear "AliPay arrives 10 yuan" at the first time, so the communication coverage is insufficient and the standards are not uniform, which leads to difficulties in promotion.

So what is the application of mining 5G value?

If a person introduces 5G, the first description given is "it only takes a few seconds to download one of her movies", then this person fails to grasp the key point of 5G.

In fact, in terms of transmission speed, 4G is very sufficient. The biggest charm of 5G is low latency. The delay of 4G is tens to hundreds of milliseconds, and 5G will drop to several milliseconds. People's senses are imperceptible, but for a car with a speed of several hundred per hour, the instructions of turning and braking are the real gospel. 5G sent the last piece of puzzle for autonomous driving.

For another example, the most important and expensive components of computers and mobile phones are processors (data processing) and graphics cards (image processing). As long as the delay reaches the ideal level, we might as well put the processing in the cloud, leaving only the screen (display) and keyboard (input). Is it very economic and powerful? Driven by smart products such as PCs and mobile phones, the so-called Internet of Everything is bound to set off a revolution in manufacturing.

1G blank, 2G follows, 3G participates, 4G catches up. 5G synchronization. At this moment, like Prometheus stealing fire for the world, people with lofty ideals in China stood on the same starting line with their western counterparts for the first time.

The past is like smoke. Sunset and snow in the distance, horses neighing under their legs.

References:

[1]. Veteran Dai Hui, official account of WeChat: the most fun game.