What are the five direct causes of the situation of Zhenguan rule?

Li Shimin learned a lesson from the failure of the Sui Dynasty, just as he learned a lesson from the demise of the Qin Dynasty in the early Han Dynasty, and let the people recuperate. Li Shimin himself can basically give advice with an open mind. However, Li Shimin changed in the later period. Instead of being enlightened enough to let the people recuperate, it rejoiced and conquered North Korea. These are the reasons why Zhenguan rule can't last long.

1. Social order is unprecedentedly stable.

The social order in Zhenguan Dynasty is incredibly good. Is it a real bag? What's the matter with you? In 2000, only 29 prisoners were sentenced to death in China. In 632, the number of prisoners sentenced to death increased to 290. At the end of this year, Li Shimin allowed them to go home and deal with their own affairs, and then come and die next autumn (the ancient autumn execution). In September of the following year, all 290 prisoners were put back, and none escaped. At that time, China was politically civilized, with officials performing their duties and people living and working in peace and contentment. There are few unfair phenomena in China people's minds. People with a peaceful mind are not easy to go to extremes, so the probability of committing a crime is very small.

History:

During the Zhenguan period, "many officials were conscious. They control the house of the prince and the concubines. The most common name is the house of a cunning man. They are all afraid of bullying others. They dare not invade and bully others. They traveled in the wild and there were no thieves. They are often empty, cattle and horses are wild, and people outside are not closed. They also often earn a lot of money and travel.

This is the "rule of chastity" described by feudal historians. It seems that the Zhenguan period was really prosperous and peaceful, and the people really lived a happy and prosperous life. What a touching social picture this is! Is that really the case? A little, but it's too exaggerated. During the Zhenguan period, the life of farmers was still very difficult. During the reign of Yang Di, people cut themselves to avoid heavy corvee, which was called "blessing hands" and "blessing feet". During the Zhenguan period, this "legacy still exists". It shows that in feudal society, the burden of the people is still very heavy.

2. Open national borders.

The Tang Empire was the most civilized and powerful country in the world at that time, and Chang 'an, the capital, was a cosmopolitan metropolis, just like new york in the United States today. At that time, the Tang Empire was the "sunshine zone" in the eyes of people with lofty ideals all over the world, and outstanding talents from all over the world risked their lives to rush to the Tang Empire. Diplomatic envoys of various countries, after seeing the high prosperity and civilization of the Tang Dynasty empire, all felt that their country was almost like an uncivilized "virgin forest" in their hearts. So I don't want to go back to China. I want to stay by all means. China's highly developed culture makes most people from other countries who come to China proud that they are from China (which reminds people of the green card of the United States today). Not only the capital Chang 'an, but also "expatriates" from abroad have settled all over the country, especially in emerging commercial cities. There are more than 200,000 western expatriates in Guangzhou alone. Zhenguan Dynasty is a rare open dynasty in the history of China, where foreigners enter and China leaves. I'm not worried that foreigners will usurp the role of master when they come in. This alone shows that the Zhenguan dynasty was highly confident, firmly believed that its country was the most civilized and prosperous land in the world, and was not worried that foreign cultures would overwhelm it. The national quality of Zhenguan Dynasty was so high that it neither discriminated against foreigners, nor catered to foreigners, nor was it blindly exclusive, nor did it "take advantage", showing a supercilious national bearing and kingly demeanor. Foreigners in China are just like China people in their own homes. Enjoy the same civil rights as China people, you can not only get rich, but also be an official and politician. Many expatriates from the Arab Empire and Japan hold official posts in China, and some of them also hold senior ministerial positions.

In addition to accepting a large number of foreign immigrants, the Tang Empire also received a batch of foreign students to study advanced culture in China. Only foreign students funded by the Japanese government received seven batches, each with hundreds of students. Private self-funded international students far exceed this figure. After returning to China, these Japanese students carried out the first modernization movement in Japan, that is, the Chinese Movement, which was imitated from laws and regulations to clothing customs.

1200 years later, the Japanese empire carried out the second modernization movement, fully accepted western culture, and made itself leap for hundreds of years, stepping on the former teacher and creating two terrible massacres in the teacher's "yard".

The Japanese nation is not smart, but good at learning. This nation, which is half a beat slower than others, has one of the greatest advantages-backwardness but not stubbornness. When foreign civilization invades, it always takes the initiative to accept the culture that is more advanced than itself, and accepts the advanced achievements of human civilization in the fastest and most convenient way, thus quickly jumping into the ranks of advanced nations.

It is not terrible for a nation to lag behind, but stubbornness is the most terrible!

Third, the only dynasty without corruption.

The germs of official corruption in China are so pervasive that most people in China think that corruption is an incurable disease of human society. As long as there are "officials", corruption is inevitable. When international students returning from Britain and America tell their relatives and friends that corruption has been basically eliminated in these countries, few people don't think he is talking nonsense. In fact, corruption is not a common phenomenon in human society. Many countries with high civilization have basically eliminated corruption.

Basically putting an end to corruption here does not mean completely putting an end to corruption, but it means that corruption is a very rare phenomenon in the whole officialdom. The amount of corruption is not large (the amount of corruption in one year generally does not exceed this person's salary in one year), it will not last long (few people have committed crimes for more than three years in a row), and it will be exposed quickly, hell to pay. The Clinton incident is the biggest scandal in American politics, but a China man said: We are a member of our country.

Zhenguan is the only dynasty in the history of China without corruption, which is perhaps the most noteworthy achievement of Li Shimin. In China under the rule of Li Shimin, the emperor took the lead in setting an example, officials served the public interests wholeheartedly, officials did their duty, and the phenomenon of abuse of power and corruption and dereliction of duty fell to the lowest point in history. It is commendable that Li Shimin did not use harsh laws to warn corruption. Mainly to demonstrate and formulate a set of political system to prevent corruption as scientifically as possible. In the face of smart and self-disciplined rulers, officials have little motivation for corruption, and corrupt officials are not easy to find hiding places. Zhu Yuanzhang of the Ming Dynasty imposed the severest punishment on corruption, and all corrupt officials were severely punished by peeling. However, the number of corrupt officials in the Ming Dynasty is rare in history. It can be seen that the prevention of corruption mainly depends on the scientifically cultivated political system, which can only play a temporary role and cannot be eradicated from the root.

Fourth, the preliminary attempt of decentralization system.

China's feudal system is characterized by a high degree of centralization of power, with local governments obeying the central government and the central government only obeying the emperor. This highly centralized political system greatly limits the creativity, initiative and flexibility of the people and easily leads to tyranny.

The central government of feudal society in China implemented the system of "three provinces and six departments", but the division of powers among the three provinces in Zhenguan period initially reflected the modern political characteristics ―― the principle of separation of powers. Zhongshu Province gives orders, Shangshu Province reviews orders, Shangshu Province executes orders. In order to form a decree, the prime ministers first held a meeting in the yamen of Zhongshu Province, and then reported it to the emperor for approval, and then Zhongshu Province issued an imperial edict in the name of the emperor. Before the imperial edict is issued, it is necessary. If the province under the door thinks it is inappropriate, it can refuse to sign. Without countersignature, the imperial edict cannot be promulgated according to law. Only the imperial edict countersigned by the door province became a formal state decree, which was handed over to Shangshu Province for execution. This kind of political operation is somewhat similar to the "separation of powers" system in modern democratic countries, and the theory of separation of powers, which arose in the west17th century, was applied to China's political system as early as 1000 years ago. It also shows how high the civilization level of Zhenguan Dynasty is. The most commendable thing is that Li Shimin stipulated that his imperial edict must be countersigned by the provincial government before it can take effect, thus effectively preventing him from making hasty decisions that hurt his reputation when he was in a bad mood and on a whim. There are 853 emperors in the history of China, and only Li Shimin has such outstanding wisdom and mind (Washington, the founding emperor of the United States, is a bit like his students).

5. Highly developed business.

The economic feature of China feudal dynasty was "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce". The proportion of commerce in the national economy is very low, and the status of businessmen is several times lower than that of farmers. This is also the main reason why China's feudal economy has not been substantially developed.

Zhenguan dynasty is the only feudal dynasty that does not discriminate against business. It not only does not discriminate against business, but also provides many convenient conditions for business development, which further reflects Li Shimin's foresight. Under the advocacy of Li Shimin government, the commercial economy of Zhenguan Dynasty has achieved rapid and considerable development, and new commercial cities have sprung up like mushrooms after rain. At that time, more than half of the world-famous commercial cities were concentrated in China. In addition to JIAOZHOU, Guangzhou, Mingzhou and Fuzhou along the coast, there are also Hongzhou (Nanchang, Jiangxi), Yangzhou and Yizhou (Chengdu) inland, Shazhou (Dunhuang, Gansu) and Liangzhou (Wuwei, Gansu) in the northwest. The capital Chang 'an and Luoyang are both international metropolises.